大学园林专业英语

1、 成员与分工：成员与分工：卷首语：卷首语： 对于中国古典园林，我们经过对于中国古典园林，我们经过上学期的学习已经有了初步的了解，上学期的学习已经有了初步的了解，如今，就让我们踏上探寻美国园林如今，就让我们踏上探寻美国园林的发展历程吧的发展历程吧1纽约中央公园纽约中央公园23 Landscape Architecture in Landscape Architecture in America-European Influence on America-European Influence on American Landscape American Landscape Architecture

2、 and Colonial Architecture and Colonial gardens.gardens. 美国园林美国园林欧洲对美国园欧洲对美国园林的影响和殖民地园林林的影响和殖民地园林Unit 3Unit 34In studying the progress of garden art and In studying the progress of garden art and landscape architecture in America,especially landscape architecture in America,especially whenever any c

3、omparison with Europe is whenever any comparison with Europe is implied,one fundamental difference should implied,one fundamental difference should always be taken into account.By comparison always be taken into account.By comparison with Europe,America has never had a large with Europe,America has

4、never had a large number of great private garden estates.number of great private garden estates.在研究美国园林艺术和园林学的发展历程中，在研究美国园林艺术和园林学的发展历程中，特别是无论何时与欧洲做任何比较，应该重特别是无论何时与欧洲做任何比较，应该重视一个根本差别，即和欧洲相比，美国从没视一个根本差别，即和欧洲相比，美国从没有出现过大量著名的私人花园。有出现过大量著名的私人花园。1、5A certain number were indeed created,but A certain number

5、 were indeed created,but many of them have already been many of them have already been abandoned,and none has ever had a abandoned,and none has ever had a permanent leadership or influence.At most permanent leadership or influence.At most they represent a transitory phase of they represent a transit

6、ory phase of American culture.American culture.一定数量的私人花园的确存在过，但是一定数量的私人花园的确存在过，但是它们中的大多数已经被废弃，没有一个它们中的大多数已经被废弃，没有一个有过持久的领导力和影响力。他们最多有过持久的领导力和影响力。他们最多只能代表美国文化的一个短暂阶段。只能代表美国文化的一个短暂阶段。6On the other hand the American taste in On the other hand the American taste in small home grounds represents somethin

7、g small home grounds represents something permanent,general and significant;and permanent,general and significant;and this may be said to be a natural this may be said to be a natural corollary of the earliest tradition. corollary of the earliest tradition. 另一方面，美国人对小型庭院的偏另一方面，美国人对小型庭院的偏好代表着某种永久的、普遍

8、的和重好代表着某种永久的、普遍的和重大的意义，这也可能是由于其早期大的意义，这也可能是由于其早期的传统风格所导致的必然结果。的传统风格所导致的必然结果。72、Civilization in America began,as it Civilization in America began,as it were,full-fledged,The early colonists were,full-fledged,The early colonists came direct from the settled came direct from the settled civilization of

9、 Europe,particularly civilization of Europe,particularly from England. Many of them were from England. Many of them were persons of education and persons of education and refinement;some were men of substance.refinement;some were men of substance.美洲文明可以说很早就已经成熟了。因美洲文明可以说很早就已经成熟了。因为早期的殖民者直接来自高度文明的欧为早

10、期的殖民者直接来自高度文明的欧洲，特别是英国。他们中的很多人都受洲，特别是英国。他们中的很多人都受过良好的教育，举止文雅，其中不乏富过良好的教育，举止文雅，其中不乏富人。人。8Under such circumstance one might Under such circumstance one might expect that evidences of culture, expect that evidences of culture, including the making of gardens in including the making of gardens in Americ

11、a,would be shown very early,and America,would be shown very early,and that some of the slow and painful that some of the slow and painful stages of progress as witnessed in stages of progress as witnessed in the Old World might be altogether the Old World might be altogether elided. elided. 在这种情况下，有

12、人认为包括造园艺术在这种情况下，有人认为包括造园艺术在内的文明进程很早就在美国出现，而在内的文明进程很早就在美国出现，而且跳过了旧大陆出现的漫长而痛苦的摸且跳过了旧大陆出现的漫长而痛苦的摸索过程。索过程。9This is in fact what happened.Other This is in fact what happened.Other circumstances contributed to the circumstances contributed to the popularity of gardening in popularity of gardening in Ameri

13、ca.Every colony was compelled America.Every colony was compelled under threat of imminent starvation to under threat of imminent starvation to gain an immediate living from the soil. gain an immediate living from the soil. Practical gardening and simple Practical gardening and simple agriculture beg

14、an at once and in great agriculture began at once and in great earnestness.earnestness.事实上也正是这样。其他情况也影响着美国造园事实上也正是这样。其他情况也影响着美国造园的风格。所有殖民地居民在饥饿的威胁下都不得的风格。所有殖民地居民在饥饿的威胁下都不得不依靠土地获得暂时的生存。实用性的造园和简不依靠土地获得暂时的生存。实用性的造园和简单的农业马上开始并显示出其重要性。单的农业马上开始并显示出其重要性。10The American colonists were forced to The American

15、colonists were forced to strain every never,not alone to make strain every never,not alone to make a living,but to make homes and a living,but to make homes and gardens.These they conceived gardens.These they conceived inevitable in English terms-a house inevitable in English terms-a house surrounde

16、d by a garden,and in the surrounded by a garden,and in the garden always plants both for food garden always plants both for food and for delight.There were flowers and for delight.There were flowers for colour and for perfume. for colour and for perfume. 美国殖民地居民被迫竭尽全力谋生，还要造屋造美国殖民地居民被迫竭尽全力谋生，还要造屋造园。他

17、们必然是用英国式的思维：一个花园包围园。他们必然是用英国式的思维：一个花园包围着的房子，花园中的植物总是食用和观赏并存，着的房子，花园中的植物总是食用和观赏并存，花卉既鲜艳又芳香。花卉既鲜艳又芳香。113、 Even the first-comers brought seeds Even the first-comers brought seeds and cuttings and with these began at and cuttings and with these began at once the experiment of growing the once the experi

18、ment of growing the English favourites English favourites ：applies,plums,cherries;beetroot,turniapplies,plums,cherries;beetroot,turnips and carrots;catnip,marjoram and ps and carrots;catnip,marjoram and thyme ;gillyflower,poppies and roses,thyme ;gillyflower,poppies and roses,甚至最初的殖民者带来的种子和插条后，他们就甚至

19、最初的殖民者带来的种子和插条后，他们就立刻开始种英国人喜欢的植物，有苹果、李、樱立刻开始种英国人喜欢的植物，有苹果、李、樱桃、甜菜、芜菁、胡萝卜、假荆芥、香花薄荷、桃、甜菜、芜菁、胡萝卜、假荆芥、香花薄荷、百里香、紫罗兰、虞美人和玫瑰。百里香、紫罗兰、虞美人和玫瑰。12While some of these failed,other While some of these failed,other happily succeeded.then there were happily succeeded.then there were the native plants of the New th

20、e native plants of the New World,which were not to be World,which were not to be neglected .Here were fruits and neglected .Here were fruits and shrubs and flowers ready to be shrubs and flowers ready to be pressed into cultivation.pressed into cultivation.其中一些未存活而有一些幸运地存活。除此其中一些未存活而有一些幸运地存活。除此之外还有许

21、多新大陆当地的植物可以使用，之外还有许多新大陆当地的植物可以使用，包括当地果树，灌木以及花卉等。包括当地果树，灌木以及花卉等。13Their enlistment moved more slowly Their enlistment moved more slowly than one might have expected,but it than one might have expected,but it went on.There is to be considered the went on.There is to be considered the further fact that

22、 the first colonies further fact that the first colonies were planted in regions of propitions were planted in regions of propitions soil and climate.soil and climate.虽然驯化栽培进展比我们想象中缓慢的多，虽然驯化栽培进展比我们想象中缓慢的多，但是他们仍然被渐渐地利用起来。还有一个需但是他们仍然被渐渐地利用起来。还有一个需要考虑的更深层次的事实，最初的殖民地都安要考虑的更深层次的事实，最初的殖民地都安置在土壤和气候条件适宜的地区。

23、置在土壤和气候条件适宜的地区。144、The first American colonists were The first American colonists were practically all English. They came practically all English. They came from a country of gardens. They had from a country of gardens. They had been bred in the tradition of gardens been bred in the tradition of gar

24、dens and some of them were skilled in and some of them were skilled in garden practice.garden practice.美国最初的殖民者基本上是英国人，他们美国最初的殖民者基本上是英国人，他们来自花园之国，他们在花园的传统中长大，来自花园之国，他们在花园的传统中长大，其中一些人对园艺工作很熟练。其中一些人对园艺工作很熟练。15And the great preponderance of And the great preponderance of English blood and of English cu

25、lture, English blood and of English culture, so marked in the beginning ,has so marked in the beginning ,has continued to rule American life even continued to rule American life even to the present day, in no realm-not to the present day, in no realm-not excepting even literature and common exceptin

26、g even literature and common law-more strongly than in gardening.law-more strongly than in gardening.英国血统和英国文化的巨大优势，从一开始就英国血统和英国文化的巨大优势，从一开始就打上烙印，持续影响着美国人的生活，直到今打上烙印，持续影响着美国人的生活，直到今天，没有哪个领域，文学和普通法律也不例外，天，没有哪个领域，文学和普通法律也不例外，比造园的影响更加深刻。比造园的影响更加深刻。16In later years American received In later years Ameri

27、can received large levies of immigrants from other large levies of immigrants from other nations, notably from Germany and the nations, notably from Germany and the Scandinavian countries,and quite Scandinavian countries,and quite recently from Italy,Greece and their recently from Italy,Greece and t

28、heir neighbours.These neighbours.These immigrants,especially the Germans and immigrants,especially the Germans and the Scandinavians,contributed science the Scandinavians,contributed science and technology,for example-but not and technology,for example-but not appreciably to gardening.appreciably to

29、 gardening.后来美国吸收了其他国家的大量移民，特别是后来美国吸收了其他国家的大量移民，特别是德国和北欧国家，近来是意大利、希腊及其邻德国和北欧国家，近来是意大利、希腊及其邻国。这些移民，尤其是德国人和北欧人，对美国。这些移民，尤其是德国人和北欧人，对美国的一些思想和文化产生实质性影响，如教育、国的一些思想和文化产生实质性影响，如教育、科技方面，但是在造园方面影响不大。科技方面，但是在造园方面影响不大。17To conclude in a sentence this very To conclude in a sentence this very brief account of fo

30、reign influence in brief account of foreign influence in American landscape architecture,it American landscape architecture,it may be noted that French may be noted that French contributions have been nil:only two contributions have been nil:only two French settlements survived on the French settlem

31、ents survived on the continent,a small one at New Orleans continent,a small one at New Orleans and larger, more prolific and more and larger, more prolific and more permanent one in Quebec in permanent one in Quebec in Canada.Neither has affected American Canada.Neither has affected American culture

32、,least of all American culture,least of all American gardening.gardening.最后用一句话结束外国对美国园林的影响，也最后用一句话结束外国对美国园林的影响，也许提到的是法国的影响几乎为零，仅有两个法许提到的是法国的影响几乎为零，仅有两个法国人定居点在北美大陆幸存下来，小一点的在国人定居点在北美大陆幸存下来，小一点的在新奥尔良市，另一个大一点，更繁华持久的定新奥尔良市，另一个大一点，更繁华持久的定居点在加拿大魁北克。两者都没有影响美国的居点在加拿大魁北克。两者都没有影响美国的文化，更不用说影响美国的造园。文化，更不用说影响美国的

33、造园。185、In quite recent times(the 1920s),however, In quite recent times(the 1920s),however, a certain amount of Latin influence, a certain amount of Latin influence, mainly Italian,has been manifest. This mainly Italian,has been manifest. This has flowed in through two openings. has flowed in through

34、 two openings. First has been the stream of wealthy First has been the stream of wealthy (and largely parvenu) Americans who (and largely parvenu) Americans who have traveled and lived abroad.have traveled and lived abroad.在近代（在近代（2020世纪世纪2020年代），一定程度上的拉年代），一定程度上的拉丁化影响（主要是意大利）显现出来。这些丁化影响（主要是意大利）显现出来

35、。这些影响从两条渠道开始涌入美国。首先是那些影响从两条渠道开始涌入美国。首先是那些在国外旅游或生活的美国富人（大部分是暴在国外旅游或生活的美国富人（大部分是暴发户）的流动，发户）的流动，19They have found Paris a place They have found Paris a place convenient for the spending of money convenient for the spending of money by persons of limited imagination.If by persons of limited imagination.

36、If they have returned to America at all, they have returned to America at all, they have returned measurably they have returned measurably Europeanized and in a temper to Europeanized and in a temper to imitate the customs of France and imitate the customs of France and Italy, even in the making of

37、gardens. Italy, even in the making of gardens. 他们发现巴黎是一个便于那些想象力有限的人他们发现巴黎是一个便于那些想象力有限的人肆意花钱的地方。一旦他们带着一定程度的欧肆意花钱的地方。一旦他们带着一定程度的欧洲化回到美国，会模仿法国和意大利的习俗，洲化回到美国，会模仿法国和意大利的习俗，甚至在造园方面。甚至在造园方面。20Since the Latin garden forms Since the Latin garden forms offered special opportunities for offered special opportu

38、nities for extravagance, it was natural that extravagance, it was natural that some of them should adopt this way some of them should adopt this way of showing their wealth. of showing their wealth. 因为拉丁式花园为奢华提供了特别的机会，因为拉丁式花园为奢华提供了特别的机会，很自然地他们中的一些人会采取这种方式很自然地他们中的一些人会采取这种方式来炫耀自己的财富。来炫耀自己的财富。216、But t

39、he old garden forms,especially But the old garden forms,especially the Renaissance gardens of the Renaissance gardens of Italy ,have strong attractions for Italy ,have strong attractions for more cultured minds also.Thus it more cultured minds also.Thus it happened,in the second place that happened,

40、in the second place that Americans of refinement began to be Americans of refinement began to be moved by Italian garden traditions.moved by Italian garden traditions. 但是古代花园的形式，特别是意大利文艺复但是古代花园的形式，特别是意大利文艺复兴时期的花园对那些文化人吸引更大。因此，兴时期的花园对那些文化人吸引更大。因此，第二条途径是这些优雅的美国人开始受意大利第二条途径是这些优雅的美国人开始受意大利传统园林影响。传统园林影响。

41、22Here entered the new profession of Here entered the new profession of landscape architecture,with a group landscape architecture,with a group of ambitious young men eager to learn of ambitious young men eager to learn all that Europe had to teach.The all that Europe had to teach.The architecture a

42、nd gardening of the architecture and gardening of the Italian villas were studied Italian villas were studied intensively,sympathetically,and with intensively,sympathetically,and with some regard to their acclimatization some regard to their acclimatization in America.in America.接着，新的园林职业出现了，一群雄心勃勃的

43、接着，新的园林职业出现了，一群雄心勃勃的年轻人渴望学到欧洲的全部造园知识，他们对年轻人渴望学到欧洲的全部造园知识，他们对意大利的建筑和园林进行了深入学习，并研究意大利的建筑和园林进行了深入学习，并研究它们在美国的适应情况。它们在美国的适应情况。23These two groups-persons of These two groups-persons of education-both helped to introduce education-both helped to introduce French and Italian ideas,especially French and Ita

44、lian ideas,especially the latter,into American landscape the latter,into American landscape architecture.Later an attempt will be architecture.Later an attempt will be made to estimate more exactly of this made to estimate more exactly of this impact.impact.这两群人这两群人富人和受过良好教育的人，都促富人和受过良好教育的人，都促进了法国、意

45、大利理念引入到美国园林，特别进了法国、意大利理念引入到美国园林，特别是后者。后文将试图更准确地评估这个影响的是后者。后文将试图更准确地评估这个影响的结果。结果。247、Before this topic is dismissed Before this topic is dismissed mention should be made of truly mention should be made of truly remarkable cultural unity of the remarkable cultural unity of the North American people.Th

46、ough they are North American people.Though they are derived from many races and derived from many races and nationalities,there is an astonishing nationalities,there is an astonishing uniformity of speech,thought and uniformity of speech,thought and felling.felling.在本专题结束之前，应该提一下真正值得注意的在本专题结束之前，应该提一

47、下真正值得注意的北美人的文化统一。随人他们源自许多种族和国北美人的文化统一。随人他们源自许多种族和国籍，但在语言、思想和情感方面却惊人的一致。籍，但在语言、思想和情感方面却惊人的一致。25There are of course appreciable There are of course appreciable differences of dialect,but not more differences of dialect,but not more over the whole continent than may be over the whole continent than may

48、 be found in two adjoining counties in found in two adjoining counties in England or than can be diacovered England or than can be diacovered between the German spoken in Hanover between the German spoken in Hanover and that of Bavaria.and that of Bavaria.当然在方言方面会存在显著差异，但整个大陆当然在方言方面会存在显著差异，但整个大陆的这些差

49、异都不会超过英格兰的两个相邻县或的这些差异都不会超过英格兰的两个相邻县或者德国汉诺威和巴伐利亚州之间的差异。者德国汉诺威和巴伐利亚州之间的差异。26he newspapers,inordinately read,are he newspapers,inordinately read,are highly standardized,printing the highly standardized,printing the same news and the same same news and the same “featuresfeatures”from Maine to from Maine

50、 to California and from Texas to California and from Texas to Canada.Everybody on the continent Canada.Everybody on the continent sees precisely the same sees precisely the same “moviesmovies”. .从缅因州到加利福尼亚州，从德克萨斯州到加从缅因州到加利福尼亚州，从德克萨斯州到加拿大，人们大量阅读的报纸，都高度标准化，拿大，人们大量阅读的报纸，都高度标准化，登载着相同的新闻和相同的专题。登载着相同的新闻和相

51、同的专题。27Everybody listens at the same Everybody listens at the same instant by means of the universal instant by means of the universal radio to the same lectures,the same radio to the same lectures,the same songs,the same ball games.School songs,the same ball games.School are graded exactly alike fr

52、om the are graded exactly alike from the kindergarten through to the college.kindergarten through to the college.整个大陆人人看相同的电影，人人同时通过整个大陆人人看相同的电影，人人同时通过全球广播收听相同的演讲、歌曲、球赛。学全球广播收听相同的演讲、歌曲、球赛。学校的分级从幼儿园到大学也是一样的。校的分级从幼儿园到大学也是一样的。28Every article of daily use is Every article of daily use is “nationally advertisednationally advertised”and and continentally sold.One buys continentally sold.One buys precisely the same precisely the same toothpaste,collars,canned foods or toothpaste,collars,canned foods or cigarettes in Montreal,New cigarettes in Montreal,New Orleans,San Francisco and BostonOrle