生物化学与分子生物学名词中英文对照表

1、分子生物学adenine(A)腺嘌呤base碱基guanine(G)鸟嘌呤nudeotide核苷酸cytosine(C)胞嘧啶nucleoside核苷uracil(U)尿嘧啶thymine(T)胸腺嘧啶base pair碱基对phosphodiester linkage磷酸二酯键nucleosome核小体ribosome核糖体ribosomal RNA(rRNA)核糖体RNAtransfer RNA(tRNA)转运RNAmessenger RNA(mRNA)信使RNAnuclease核酸酶salvage pathway补救合成de novo synthesis从头合成uric acid尿酸in

2、osine肌苷the central dogma中心法则semiconservative replication半保留复制DNA dependent DNA polymerase依赖DNA的DNA聚合酶mitochondria DNA线粒体DNAexonuclease核酸外切酶incorporation掺入helicase解螺旋酶DNA topoisomeraseDNA拓扑异构酶single stranded DNA binding protein单链DNA结合蛋白gyrase旋转酶primosome引发体primase引物酶DNA ligaseDNA连接酶origin 起始点bidirect

3、ional replication双向复制replicon复制子leading strand领头链lagging strand随从链Okazaki fragment冈崎片段rolling circle replication滚环复制telomerase端粒酶mutation突变dimer二聚体mismatch错配excission repairing切除修复recombination repairing重组修复reverse transcriptase逆转录酶integration整合ribozyme核酶DNA dependent RNA polymerase依赖DNA的RNA聚合酶codin

4、g strand编码链template strand模板链core enzyme核心酶holoenzyme全酶operon操纵子promoter启动子Pribnow boxPribnow盒transacting factor反式作用因子transcriptional factor转录因子stern loop茎环hairpin发夹primary transcripts初级转录产物post-transcriptional modification转录后修饰hetero-nuclear RNA hnRNAsmall nuclear RNAsnRNAsplit gene断裂基因exon外显子intro

5、n内含子self splicing自我剪接translation翻译codon密码子initiation codon起始密码termination codon终止密码code密码ribozyme cycle核糖体循环adaptor转换器post-translational processing翻译后加工interferon干扰素antibiotics抗生素anticodon反密码子releasing factor释放因子wobble pairing摇摆配对degeneracy简并性signal peptide信号肽secretory protein分泌性蛋白质elongation factor

6、延长因子streptomycin链霉素tetracycline四环素chloromycetin氯霉素puromycin嘌呤霉素cycloheximide防线菌酮promoter启动子lac operon乳糖操纵子temporal specificity时间特异性spatial specificity空间特异性housekeeping gene管家基因constitutive expression组成性基因表达induction诱导repression阻遏operator操纵序列cis-acting element顺式作用元件trans-acting factor反式作用因子repressor阻

7、遏物activator激活物catabolite gene activation proteinCAP分解代谢物基因激活蛋白attenuation转录衰减attenuator衰减子enhance增强子general transcription factor基本转录因子zinc finger锌指transformation转化transfection转染transduction转导transposition转座transposon转座子recombination重组homologous recombination同源重组clone克隆cloning克隆化copy拷贝genetic enginee

8、ring基因工程restriction endonulease限制性内切酶cloning rector基因载体plasmid质粒complementary DNA，cDNA互补DNAmolecular medicine分子医学gene therapy基因治疗genomic DNA library基因组DNA文库signal transduction信号转导hormone激素receptor受体secondary messenger第二信使ligand配体guanylate binding protein鸟苷酸结合蛋白(G蛋白)adenylate cyclase腺苷酸环化酶protein kin

9、ase A蛋白激酶AcAMP response element，CREcAMP应答元件protein kinase C蛋白激酶Ccalmoduline，CaM钙调蛋白tyrosine-protein kinase，TPK酪氨酸蛋白激酶autophosphorylation自身磷酸化protein phosphatase蛋白磷酸酶cross talk交联对话生物化学1章random coil无规卷曲threonine苏氨酸motif模体valine缬氨酸zinc finger锌指结构leucine亮氨酸chaperon分子伴侣lysine赖氨酸tertiary structure三级结构phen

10、ylalanine苯丙氨酸domain结构域methionine蛋氨酸fibronectin纤连蛋白histine组氨酸quaternary structure四级结构arginine精氨酸subunit亚基tyrosine酪氨酸myoglobin肌红蛋白cysteine半胱氨酸hemoglobin(Hb)血红蛋白alanine丙氨酸allosteric effect变构效应glycine甘氨酸denaturation变性serine丝氨酸renaturation复性aspartic acid天冬氨酸protein coagulation蛋白质凝固asparagine天冬酰胺ninhydrin

11、 reaction茚三酮反应glutamic acid谷氨酸biuret reaction双缩脲反应glutamine谷氨酰胺salt precipitation盐析isoelectric point等电点electrophoresis电泳peptide bond肽键dialysis透析glutathione(GSH)谷胱甘肽chromatography层析neuropeptide神经肽gel filtration凝胶过滤conformation空间构象ultracentrifugation超速离心amino acid sequence氨基酸序列sedimentation coefficien

12、t(S)沉降系数2章purine嘌呤deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)脱氧核糖核酸pyrimidine嘧啶ribonucleic acid(RNA)核糖核酸adenine(A)腺嘌呤guanine(G)鸟嘌呤nudeotide核苷酸cytosine(C)胞嘧啶nucleoside核苷uracil(U)尿嘧啶thymine(T)胸腺嘧啶phosphodiester linkage磷酸二酯键nucleosome核小体ribosome核糖体hybridization杂交genetic code遗传密码double helix双螺旋supercoil超螺旋probe探针ribosom

13、al RNA(rRNA)核糖体RNAtransfer RNA(tRNA)转运RNAmessenger RNA(mRNA)信使RNA3章biocatalyst生物催化剂proximity effect邻近效应enzyme酶orientation arrange定向排列substrate底物multielement catalysis多元催化monomeric enzyme单体酶surface effect表面效应oligomeric enzyme寡聚酶rectangular hyperbola矩形双曲线Multienzyme system多酶体系Michaelis equation米氏方程式mu

14、ltifunctional enzyme多功能酶Michaelis constant(Km)米氏常数tandem enzyme串联酶maximum velocity(Vmax)最大反应速度simple enzyme单纯酶mover number转换数conjugated enzyme结合酶double reciprocal plot双倒数作图法apoenzyme酶蛋白optimum temperature最适温度cofactor辅助因子optimum pH最适pHholoenzyme全酶inhibitor抑制剂metalloenzyme金属酶irreversible inhibition不可逆

15、性抑制metal activated enzyme金属激活酶reversible inhibition可逆性抑制coenzyme辅酶competitive inhibition竞争性抑制prosthetic group辅基non-competitive inhibition非竞争性抑制essential group必需基团uncompetitive inhibition反竞争性抑制active center活性中心activator激活剂binding group结合基团essential activator必需激活剂catalytic group催化基团non-essential activ

16、ator非必需激活剂activation energy活化能katal(kat)催量(开特)specificity特异性zymogen酶原absolute specificity绝对特异性allosteric site变构部位relative specificity相对特异性allosteric regulation变构调节stereospecificity立体异构特异性allosteric enzyme变构酶induced-fit hypothesis诱导契合学说allosteric effector变构效应剂transition state过渡态allosteric activator变构

17、激活剂oxidoreductase氧化还原酶allosteric inhibitor变构抑制剂tmnsferase转移酶covalent modification共价修饰hydrolase水解酶inducer诱导剂lyase裂解酶corepressor辅阻遏剂isomerase异构酶lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)乳酸脱氢酶ligase合成酶creatine kinase(CK)肌酸激酶isoenzyme同工酶TaqDNA polymeraseTaqDNA聚合酶ribozyme(RNAenzyme)核酶immobilized enzyme固定化酶rate limiting

18、enzyme限速酶abzyme抗体酶enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)酶联免疫吸附测定法4章starch淀粉glucose葡萄糖glycogen糖原-amylase-淀粉酶mactose麦芽糖lactate乳酸glucose transporter(GLUT)葡萄糖转运体glycolysis糖酵解pyruvate丙酮酸glycolytic pathway酵解途径aldolase醛缩酶hexokinase己糖激酶phosphoglycerate mutase磷酸甘油酸激酶glucokinase葡萄糖激酶pyruvate kinase丙酮酸激酶eno

19、lase烯醇化酶fructose-2,6-biphosphate2,6-双磷酸果糖isocitrate异柠檬酸aerobic oxidation有氧氧化tricarboxylic acid cycle三羧酸循环citrate柠檬酸citrate synthase柠檬酸合酶isocitrate dehydrogenase异柠檬酸脱氢酶-ketoglutatrate-酮戊二酸succinyl CoA琥珀酰CoAfutile cycle无效循环fumarate hydratase延胡索酸酶substrate cycle底物循环succinate dehydrogenase琥珀酸脱氢酶malate d

20、ehydrogense苹果酸脱氢酶citrate lyase柠檬酸裂解酶Pastuer effect巴斯德效应pentose phosphate pathway磷酸戊糖途径lactonase 内酯酶hexose phosphate shunt磷酸己糖旁路transketolase转酮醇酶transaldolase转醛醇酶biotransformation生物转化glutathione谷胱甘肽glycogen synthase糖原合酶primer 糖原引物branching enzyme分支酶glycogenolysis糖原分解debranching enzyme脱支酶cascade syste

21、m级联放大系统calmodulin 钙调蛋白glycogen storage disease糖原累积症gluconeogenesis糖异生gluconeogenic pathway糖异生途径pyruvate carboxylase丙酮酸羧化酶insulin胰岛素glucagon胰高血糖素glucosuria糖尿症hyperglycemia高血糖hypoglycemia低血糖diabetes mellitus糖尿病glucose tolerance葡萄糖耐量(耐糖现象)glucose-6-phophatase葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶glycogen phosphorylase糖原磷酸化酶phospho

22、glycerate mutase磷酸甘油酸变位酶fructose biphosphatase-2果糖双磷酸酶-2triose phosphate isomerase磷酸丙糖异构酶phosphoenol pyruvate(PEP)磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸6-phosphofroctokinase-26-磷酸果糖激酶-2succinyl-CoA synthetase琥珀酰CoA合成酶glucose-6-phosphate(G-6-P)6-磷酸葡萄糖fructose-6-phosphate(F-6-P)6-磷酸果糖substrate level phsophorylation底物水平磷酸化作用Na+-dep

23、endent glucose transporter(SGLT)Na+依赖型葡萄糖转运体1,6-fructose-biphosphate(F-1,6-2P)1,6-双磷酸果糖glyceraldehyde-3-phsophate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体uridine diphosphate glucose(UDPG)尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖UDPG pyrophophosphorylaseUDPG焦磷酸化酶cAMP-dependent protein kinase依赖cA

24、MP的蛋白激酶5章Lipids脂类Lipase脂酶mixed micelles混和微团cholesteryl esterase胆固醇脂酶colipase辅脂酶pancreatic lipase胰脂酶triglyceride甘油三酯fat脂肪fatty acid脂肪酸essential fatty acid营养必须脂肪酸non-essential fatty acid非营养必须脂肪酸arachidonic acid花生四烯酸linoleic acid亚油酸linolenic acid亚麻酸palmitic acid软脂酸stearic acid硬脂酸oleic acid油酸unsaturated

25、 fatty acid不饱和脂肪酸free fatty acid游离脂肪酸monoglyceride pathway甘油一酯通路carnitine肉碱-oxidation-氧化ketone body酮体acetoacetate乙酰乙酸acetone丙酮-hydroxybutyrate-羟丁酸citrate-pyruvate cycle柠檬酸-丙酮酸循环acetyl CoA carboxylase乙酰CoA羧化酶leukotriene白三烯prostaglandin前列腺素thromboxane血栓噁烷phosphotipid磷脂phosphatidylcholine(PC)磷脂酰胆碱(卵磷脂)

26、phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)磷脂酰乙醇胺(脑磷脂)phospholipase磷脂酶phosphatidic acid(PA)磷脂酸phosphatidyl inositol肌醇磷脂cardiolipin心磷脂ceramideN-脂酰鞘氨醇，神经酰氨sphingo lipid鞘脂sphingomyelin神经鞘磷脂cholesterol胆固醇3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylCoA3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰CoAmevalonic acid(MVA)甲羟戊酸squalene鲨烯bile acid胆汁酸chylomicron(CM)乳糜微粒lipop

27、rotein脂蛋白apolipoprotein载脂蛋白very low density lipoprotein(VLDL)极低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein(LDL)低密度脂蛋白high density lipoprotein(HDL)高密度脂蛋白acylcholesterol acyl transferase(ACAT)脂酰-胆固醇脂酰转移酶lecithin cholesterol aeyl transferase (LCAT)卵磷脂-胆固醇脂酰转移酶lipoprotein lipase(LPL)脂蛋白脂酶hyperlipoproteinemia高脂蛋白血症6章bi

28、ological oxidation生物氧化respiratory chain呼吸链electron transport chain电子传递链oxidative phosphorylation氧化磷酸化uncoupler解偶联剂adenosine triphosphate腺嘌吟三核苷酸free energy自由能flavoprotein黄素蛋白energy rich phosphate bond高能磷酸键ubiquinone泛醌high energy compound高能化合物flavin mononucleotide(FMN)黄素单核苷酸iron-sulfur protein铁硫蛋白chem

29、iosmotic hypothesis化学渗透学说cytochrome(Cyt)细胞色素reduction potential还原电位ATP synthaseATP合酶-glycerophosphate shuttle-磷酸甘油穿梭catalase过氧化氢酶malate-aspartate shuttle苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭peroxidase过氧化物酶superoxide dismutase(SOD)超氧物歧化酶mixed-function oxidase混合功能氧化酶hydroxylase羟化酶flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸nicotin

30、amide adenine dinucleotide(NAD，coenzymel)尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(辅酶1)nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP，coenzyme)尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(辅酶)reduced nicotinamide adenine dinudeotide (NADH)还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌吟二核苷酸reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸7章nitrogen balance氮平衡nutrition

31、value营养价值essential amino acid营养必需氨基酸non-essential amino acid非营养必需氨基酸pepsin胃蛋白酶pepsinogen胃蛋白酶原autocatalysis自身激活作用casein酪蛋白endopeptidase内肽酶exopeptidase外肽酶trypsin胰蛋白酶chymotrypsin糜蛋白酶elastase弹性蛋白酶carboxypeptidaseA羧基肽酶Aenterokinase肠激酶oligopeptidase寡肽酶aminopeptidase氨基肽酶dipeptidase二肽酶carrier protein载体蛋白-gl

32、utamyl cycle-谷氨酰基循环putrefaction腐败作用amine胺octopamine-羟酪胺false neurotransmitter假神经递质ammonia氨degradation降解half-life半寿期protease蛋白酶ubiquitin泛蛋白metabolic pool代谢库aminotransferase氨基转移酶transaminase转氨酶transamination转氨基作用glutamic pyruvic transaminase谷丙转氨酶g1utamic oxaloacetic transaminase谷草转氨酶L-glutamate dehydr

33、ogenaseL-谷氨酸脱氢酶purine nucleotide cycle嘌呤核甘酸循环-ketoacid-酮酸glucogenic amino acid生糖氨基酸ketogenic amino acid生酮氨基酸glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid生糖兼生酮氨基酸alanine-glucose cycle丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环glutamine synthetase谷氨酰胺合成酶glutaminase谷氨酰胺酶asparaginase天冬酰胺酶ornithine cycle鸟氨酸循环urea cycle尿素循环N-acetyl glutamic acidN-乙

34、酰谷氨酸Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶Iornithine carbamoyl transferase鸟氨酸氨基甲酰转移酶argininosuccinate synthetase精氨酸代琥珀酸合成酶argininosuccinase精氨酸代琥珀酸裂解酶decarboxylation脱羧作用decarboxylase脱羧酶amine oxidase胺氧化酶-aminobutyric acid(GABA)-氨基丁酸taurine牛磺酸orinithine decarboxylase鸟氨酸脱羧酶one carbon unit一碳单位tetrahyd

35、rofolic acid四氢叶酸dihydrofolate reductase二氢叶酸还原酶S-adenosyl methionine(SAM)S-腺苷甲硫氨酸methyl transterase甲基转移酶methylation甲基化homocysteine同型半胱氨酸methlonine cycle甲硫氨酸循环cystathionine synthase胱硫醚合酶creatine肌酸creatinine phosphate磷酸肌酸creatine kinase肌酸激酶creatinine肌酸酐3-phospho-adenosine-5-phosphosulfate(PAPS)3-磷酸腺苷-5

36、-磷酸硫酸phenylalanine hydroxylase苯丙氨酸羟化酶3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine(dopa)3,4二羟苯丙氨酸dopamine多巴胺Parkinsons disease帕金森氏病norepinephrine去甲肾上腺素epinephrine肾上腺素catecholamine儿茶酚胺melanin黑色素tyrosinase酪氨酸酶albinism白化病phenylketonuria(PUK)苯丙酮尿症tryptophan oxygenase(pyrrolase)色氨酸加氧酶(吡咯酶)nuclease核酸酶salvage pathway补救合成de n

37、ovo synthesis从头合成uric acid尿酸inosine肌苷9章metabolism regulation代谢调节regulatory enzyme调节酶key enzyme关键酶1imiting velocity enzymes限速酶allosteric regulation别构调节allosteric enzyme别构酶feedback inhibition反馈抑制covalent modification共价修饰chemical modification化学修饰protein kinase蛋白激酶protein phosphatase蛋白磷酸酶inducer诱导repres

38、sor阻遏proteosome蛋白酶体ubiquitin泛素cyclin细胞周期蛋白receptor受体homone response element激素反应元件10章the central dogma中心法则semiconservative replication半保留复制DNA dependent DNA polymerase依赖DNA的DNA聚合酶template模板primer引物Klenow fragmentKlenow片段mitochondria DNA线粒体DNAexonuclease核酸外切酶incorporation掺入helicase解螺旋酶DNA topoisomeras

39、eDNA拓扑异构酶single stranded DNA binding protein单链DNA结合蛋白gyrase旋转酶primosome引发体primase引物酶DNA ligaseDNA连接酶origin 起始点bidirectional replication双向复制replicon复制子leading strand领头链lagging strand随从链Okazaki fragment冈崎片段rolling circle replication滚环复制telomerase端粒酶mutation突变dimer二聚体mismatch错配insertion插入rearrangement重

40、排frame-shift框移突变point mutation点突变deletion缺失1ight repairing光修复excission repairing切除修复recombination repairing重组修复reverse transcriptase逆转录酶integration整合ribozyme核酶11章DNA dependent RNA polymerase依赖DNA的RNA聚合酶coding strand编码链template strand模板链core enzyme核心酶holoenzyme全酶operon操纵子promoter启动子Pribnow boxPribnow

41、盒transacting factor反式作用因子transcriptional factor转录因子stern loop茎环hairpin发夹primary transcripts初级转录产物post-transcriptional modification转录后修饰hetero-nuclear RNA hnRNAsmall nuclear RNAsnRNAsplit gene断裂基因exon外显子intron内含子self splicing自我剪接12章translation翻译codon密码子initiation codon起始密码termination codon终止密码code密码r

42、ibozyme cycle核糖体循环adaptor转换器post-translational processing翻译后加工interferon干扰素antibiotics抗生素anticodon反密码子releasing factor释放因子wobble pairing摇摆配对degeneracy简并性signal peptide信号肽secretory protein分泌性蛋白质elongation factor延长因子streptomycin链霉素tetracycline四环素chloromycetin氯霉素puromycin嘌呤霉素cycloheximide防线菌酮secretory

43、protein分泌性蛋白质elongation factor延长因子streptomycin链霉素tetracycline四环素chloromycetin氯霉素puromycin嘌呤霉素cycloheximide防线菌酮13章promoter启动子lac operon乳糖操纵子temporal specificity时间特异性spatial specificity空间特异性housekeeping gene管家基因constitutive expression组成性基因表达induction诱导repression阻遏operator操纵序列cis-acting element顺式作用元件tr

44、ans-acting factor反式作用因子repressor阻遏物activator激活物catabolite gene activation proteinCAP分解代谢物基因激活蛋白attenuation转录衰减attenuator衰减子enhance增强子general transcription factor基本转录因子zinc finger锌指14章transformation转化transfection转染transduction转导transposition转座transposon转座子recombination重组homologous recombination同源重组cl

45、one克隆cloning克隆化copy拷贝genetic engineering基因工程restriction endonulease限制性内切酶cloning rector基因载体plasmid质粒complementary DNA，cDNA互补DNAmolecular medicine分子医学gene therapy基因治疗genomic DNA library基因组DNA文库15章signal transduction信号转导hormone激素receptor受体secondary messenger第二信使ligand配体guanylate binding protein鸟苷酸结合蛋白

46、(G蛋白)adenylate cyclase腺苷酸环化酶protein kinase A蛋白激酶AcAMP response element，CREcAMP应答元件protein kinase C蛋白激酶Ccalmoduline，CaM钙调蛋白tyrosine-protein kinase，TPK酪氨酸蛋白激酶autophosphorylation自身磷酸化protein phosphatase蛋白磷酸酶cross talk交联对话16章albumin清蛋白globulin球蛋白immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白fibrinogen纤维蛋白原blood coagulation血液凝固coagulation factor凝血因子anticoagulation factor抗凝血因子prothrombin凝血酶原thrombin凝血酶heme血红素erythropoietin，EPO促红细胞生成素17章-fetoprotein甲胎蛋白biotransformation生物转化detoxication解毒作用monooxygenase单加氧酶monoamine oxidase，MAO单胺氧化酶alcohol dehydrogenase醇脱氢酶aldehyde dehydro