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1、高三语法专题:句子成分分析句子成分的分类:从句法功能的角度讲,句子成分有主要成分和次要成分。主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语(宾补&主补)和同位语。请看下面句子成分的分析,并注意这些句子成分在句子中的位置。Mr Smith , an English teache,r told me that he would help me to learn English if he was free this evening.史密斯先生,一位英语老师,告诉我说,如果他今晚有空,他会帮我学习英语。主要成分分析:Mr Smith, .told.次要成分分析:Mr Smith, a

2、n English teache,r told me that he.help me to learn English if he was free this evening.句子成分的用法在了解了句子成分的定义和分类之后,下面结合具体的例子,详细讲解有关句子成分的用法要点。一、主语 句子的主体主语是句子的主体,是句子所要说明的人或事物,表示句子描述的是谁或什么。更确切地说,主语是说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。主语通常由名词(短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语 )或从句等充当。( 1)名词:A tree has fallen across the road.( 2)代词

3、:He told a joke but it fell flat.( 3)数词:Three is enough.( 4)动名词:Smoking is bad for you.( 5)不定式:To find your way can be a problem.( 6) it 形式主语:It is certain that he will win the match.( 7) 从句: That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.链接高考:1 .找出下列句子中的主语 (2017浙江高考)

4、Up till now, 3 boys and 4 girls have joined the team. (2016江苏高考) Internet voting is quite popular nowadays.2 . 从句子成分分析角度完成下面语法填空: (2017 全国卷语法填空) Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both,is not good for the health. 分析 空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当(句子成分),且指代前面整个主句的内容,故应填。 (2015安徽高考改编) (ignore)

5、 the difference between thetwo research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make. 分析 句意:忽视这两个研究结果的不同将会是你犯的最严重的错误之一。分析句子结构可知,句中谓语为,设空处在句中充当(句子成分) ,故用。二谓语主语的行为谓语 (Predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb)是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,其位置一般在主语之后。谓语是句子的灵魂,谓语的变化可以反映:时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等,这些也是高中语法重要的内容。实义动词(短语)可以单独作谓语,有

6、时态、人称和数的变化;系动词不能单独作谓语,系表结构才可以作谓语;助动词和情态动词不能单独作谓语, “助动词 /情态动词实义动词”才可作谓语。( 1)实义的动词(短语): He worked hard all day today.The plane took off at ten o clock.( 2)系表结构:He was free this evening.( 3)情态动词/助动词+实义动词:The work should have been finished yesterday.链接高考:1 .找出下列句子中的谓语 (2017 全 国 卷 ) In the exhibition, yo

7、u will enjoy many special kinds ofpaper-cuttings. (2016全国卷 ) I should be available any time after school next week.2 .从句子成分分析角度完成下面语法填空: (2017?全国卷 )Later, engineers (manage) to construct railways in asystem of deep tunnels 隧道(), which became known as the Tube.分析 空格处在句中充当主句的(句子成分),根据时间状语later和定语从句的谓语

8、动词became可知此处应用动词的(时态) , 且 engineers与manage之间为(主动 /被动)关系,故填。 (2017全国卷语法填空)Fast food (be) full of fat and salt; by eatingmore fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. 分析 本句是由分号连接的两个并列分句,其中空格处所在的第一分句为结构;主语是,为(可数/不可数)名词短语,所以系动词应填be的第三人称单数形式,且此处叙述的是客观事实,故填。三宾语 动作的对象宾语(obj

9、ect)在句中主要充当动作、行为、活动的对象、接受者或受影响者。一般位于及物动词和介词的后面。1.宾语表现形式:名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和从句等。( 1)名词:Do you fancy a drink?( 2)代词:They won t hurt us.( 3)数词:If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.( 4)不定式:Does she really want to leave home?( 5)动名词:We do not allow / permit smoking in the kitchen.( 6)从句(即宾语从句): Do you understand

10、what I mean?( 7) it 形式宾语:I find it difficult to learn English well.2. 宾语的种类( 1) 按是否直接跟动词后面:直接宾语(Direct Object); 间接宾语 ( Indirect Object)直接宾语:动作的直接承受者或结果(一般是物sth.)间接宾语:动作对谁或者为谁而做的(一般是人sb.)My auntgivemea toy car.Heshowhis passportto the officer.主 谓 间宾 直宾主 谓 直宾间宾( 2)介词后面的宾语,构成“介宾结构 ”I am interested in c

11、omputer studies.介词宾语(英语中除了动词宾语外,介词也有宾语,构成“介宾结构 ”) 链接高考:1 .找出下列句子中的宾语 (2017北京高考) My classmates and I decided to do something. (2016全国卷) I know you take good pictures and youve always wanted to do6something for environmental protection.2 .从句子成分分析角度完成下面语法填空: (2017 全卷 )But Sarah, who has taken part in s

12、hows along with top models, wants (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.分析 根据句子结构可知,此处应该使用作动词 want的语(句子成分)。 (2017 江苏高考)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to$20, half of it used to charge. 分析 句意:我们选择这家宾馆,因为这里一晚的价格降到了20 美元,这是他们以前要价的一半。分析句子结构可知,空格处既引导从句,又在从句中作charge

13、的,故应填。四表语 主语的特征表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语(系表结构),用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。可以用作表语的有:名词(短语)、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等。( 1)名词:The wedding was that Sunday.( 2)代词:Seventy-four? You don t look it.( 3)数词:We are seven.( 4)形容词:Are you busy?( 5)副词:I am here.( 6)不定式:All I could do was to wait.( 7)动名词:Seeing is bel

14、ieving.( 8)过去分词:I m very pleased with what he has done.( 9)介词短语:She is in good health.( 10)从句:That is why I was angry.常见的 6 类系动词:1. 状态系动词: be (am、 is、 are) 是2. 感官系动词: feel(摸起来 );look; sound; taste; smell3. 动态系动词: become;turn; get; go; grow; fall (进入,陷入某种状态)54. 静态系动词: keep; remain(依然是); stay(保持)链接高考:

15、1 .找出下列句子中的表语 (2017全国卷 )You know we Chinese have a lot of traditional art forms, of whichpaper-cutting is one of the most popular. (2016全国卷 )I will be very grateful if you can help me.2 .从句子成分分析角度完成下面练习: (2017全国卷 )However, be(care) not to go to extremes. 分析 句意:小心不要走极端。系动词be 后应用(词性) , care 的形容词形式是作语(

16、句子成分)。 (2014全国卷短文改错)The teachers here are kind and helpfully. 分析 :该句是“ ”结构,其中连词 and 连接并列的语(句子成分) ,故后者需要用词(词性)。五定语名词的修饰语定语是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语,它常和名词构成名词短语。可以用作定语的有:形容词、 名词、 代词、 数词、 副词、 不定式、 动名词、 分词、介词短语和从句等。( 1)形容词:She is a natural musician.( 2)名词:A baby girl is crying.( 3)代词:Your hair needs cutting(物主代

17、词).Everybody s business is nobody s(不定代词所有格) business.( 4)数词:Do it now, you may not get a second chance.(序数词前置定语)( 5)副词:The room above is my sister (副词作定语后置) s.( 6)不定式:Her promise to write was forgotten(不定式作定语后置).7)动名词:Learning methods vary from person to person.8)分词:The broken window has been repla

18、ced by a new on(过去分词) e.The girl rose her head and saw the rising sun现在分词) .(9)介词短语:This is a map of China.10)从句(定语从句): The car that is parked outside is mine.链接高考:1 .找出下列句子中的定语 (2017全国卷书面表达)Therefore, before class, you can read some booksrelated to the history of the Tang Dynasty to better apprecia

19、te the poems. (2016北京高考书面表达)All were very happy with those unexpected gifts,especially little kids and elderly people.2 .从句子成分分析角度完成下面练习: (2017浙江高考语法填空)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a(shine) object. 分析 分析句子结构可知,空格处在句中作(句子成分)修饰名词object, 故应用词形式 (词性) 。 “发光的; “发光的, 发亮的”或 (2017全国卷短文

20、改错) It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in themiddle of the road.分析 本句为 and连接的并列分句,stop在第二分句中作( 句子成分),为词(词性),修饰名词应用。六、状语动词、形容词、副词或句子的修饰语状语是用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的一种成分。可以用作状语的有:副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结构和从句等。状语的分类:状语按用途来分,可以分为时间、地点、 方式、 原因、 结果、 目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等。( 1)时间状语:多位于句末和句首,有时亦

21、可置于句中Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow? ( 2)地点状语:多置于句末,有时也位于句首和句中。There are plenty of fish in the sea. She kissed her mother on the platform月台().( 3)原因状语:包括表理由的状语,多置于句末,有时亦可置于句首。Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. I eat potatoes because I like them.( 4)结果状语:多由不定式、分词和从句表示,常位于句末。She woke su

22、ddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.She spoke so softly that I couldn t hear what she said.( 5)目的状语:多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示常位于句末强调时放句首。In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.( 6)条件状语:多由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。We ll be lucky to get there before dark.If he were to come, what should

23、we say to him?( 7)让步状语:由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。He helped me although he didn t know me.( 8)程度状语:常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。The lecture is very interesting.( 9)伴随状语:常由短语和独立主格等表示。He stood there, pipe in mouth.链接高考:1 .找出下列句子中的状语 (2017浙江高考 ) However, they still approached to the wolf bravely. (2016四川高考 )Among the four s

24、easons in a year, summer is my favorite.2 .从句子成分分析角度完成下面练习 (2017全国卷 语法填空)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it musthave been(fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. 分析 unpleasant是词形式 (词性) , 故用 fair 的形式 (词性)12作(句子成分)。 (2017全国卷 语法填空)It is (certain) fun but the

25、 lifestyle is a littleunreal. 分析 此处应该使用词形式(词性)作语(句子成分),修饰形容词fun。七补足语宾语或主语的补充说明补足语是用来补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补充说明主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补足语;补充说明宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补足语。They paint the house green. He died young.主 谓 宾 宾补主 谓 主补宾语补足语较常见也是经常考查的内容,宾补在被动语态中将变成主语补足语。可以用作补足语的有:名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、和等。( 1)名词(短语): They named the

26、child Jimmy. (名词)My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister(名词短语).( 2)形容词(短语): He boiled the egg hard(形容词).I found the book very interesting.(形容词短语)( 3)介词短语:We found the old lady in good health.( 4)不定式:The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover.( 5)分词:I heard Jean singing this mo

27、rning(现在分词) .He had his wallet stolen yesterday.(过去分词)链接高考: (2017全国 书面表达)So I invite you to attend an exhibition of it.(2016上海翻译 ) Although I was then too young to understand the meaning of thefilm, I remember my family were moved to tears.2.从句子成分分析角度完成下面练习 (2017全国卷 短文改错)When summer comes, they will

28、 invite their students pickthe fresh vegetables! 分析 本句为含时间状语从句的主从复合句,主句谓语动词为, “ theirstudents是宾语, ”“ pick the fresh vegetable是s” 语 (句子成分), 根据 invite的固定用法“ invite sb. to do sth可知,此处应在.” pick 前加。(2015浙江高考)Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it(perform) live is quite another. 分析 在家听音

29、乐是一回事,去现场听正在被演奏的音乐完全是另一回事。空格处为hear的语 (句子成分), 宾语 it 与 perform 之间为( 主/被动)关系,故填。八同位语同等重要的修饰语对句子中的某一成分作进一步解释、说明, 与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。可以用作同位语的有:名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。( 1) 名词: We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.( 2)代词:They all wanted to

30、see him. He himself doesn t know why.( 3)数词:Are you two ready?你们俩准备好了吗 ?( 4) 不定式: Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.( 5)动名词:The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.( 6) of 短语: The city of Rome is a attractive place.( 7) 从句 (同位语从句): T

31、he news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.链接高考:1.找出下列句子中的同位语15 (2017全国卷 书面表达)Im Li Hua, one of your students in your cultural class. His ambition, conquering the whole world, was never fulfilled.2.从句子成分分析角度完成下面练习(2017全国卷 短文改错)Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school. 分析 改法 1: all 在句

32、中充当主语Mr.and Mrs. Zhang 的语(句子成分) ,因为主语是两个人,故同位语应用而非。改法2:。(2018济宁一模短文改错 )Mr. Johnson cares for us student very much.解析:名词student在句中作us的语(句子成分),故根据us的意义可知,student需要用(单数/复数)形式。综合练习1.Recently I have carried out a survey among the students in our class.2.One day some of my students were talking about what we would like to be in the future3.Music can ma

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