基于单片机的家用电器定时器设计

1、随着时代的进步，电子行业的发展，定时器的应用也越来越广泛。特别是在家用电器的应用方面。19世纪80年代，爱迪生效应的发现和验证电磁波存在的实验，为电子学的诞生创造了条件。20世纪初，英、美等国相继发明了第一代电子器件电子管。1919 年超外差式接收机问世，为收音机发展创造了条件。19231924年，美国V.K.兹沃雷金发明了摄像管和显像管，1931年组装成世界上第一个全电子电视系统。1954年美国始用彩色电视广播。磁性（钢丝）录音机和磁带录音机是先后在1898年和1935 年问世的，在荷兰飞利浦公司1963年发明盒式磁带的基础上，盒式磁带录音机迅速普及。集成电路的发明，使电子技术进入微电子技术

2、时代，使家用电器提高到一个新的水平它既节省了硬件成本，又能实现多功能。定时器可做倒计时秒表,又可进行定时，还可以通过扩展完成其他功能，而且功能的相互转换也十分简单。对于厂商,有很大的挖掘潜在价值的空间对于消费者，也有很大的吸引力。下面详细介绍一下定时器有关信息：一、 定时器的组成及功能：定时器顾名思义，是用来实现定时功能的，电路组成：一般分为控制电路，复位电路，键盘显示电路，报警电路，但并不是所有的定时器都有显示和报警功能，有许多功能简单的定时器，像洗衣机的内部定时器就没有显示功能，其他许多的家用电器也并没有报警功能，都是到时自动关闭，传统的定时器，要通过按键输入定时，而随着发展，定时器应用也

3、越来越广泛，各种智能化性能也开始逐步实现，现在的定时器可以实现遥控定时，语音定时，也可以延时定时，循环定时等。现在市场上出现的定时器种类很多，包括像555这样的集成芯片定时器，还有可编程的单片机定时器，在电子信息技术的飞速的发展行程中，单片机的应用也变得越来越广泛，电子这个原本没有生命的东西越来越具有智慧了，而单片机在这当中充当着“大脑”的作用，指挥着系统完成其工作以及在各种电器上面使用的电子定时器，实现定时功能的方法很多，像机械定时器就是通过，就是通过发条带动齿轮驱动带凹槽的圆形动触头控制盘转动，控制电源触点的通断。二、定时器说明：人类最早使用的定时工具是沙漏或水漏，但在钟表诞生发展成熟之后

4、，人们开始尝试使用这种全新的计时工具来改进定时器，达到准确控制时间的目的。1876年，英国外科医生索加取得一项定时装置的专利，用来控制煤气街灯的开关。它利用机械钟带动开关来控制煤气阀门。起初每周上一次发条，1918年使用电钟计时后，就不用上发条了。三、定时器优点：而定时器在家用电器领域的应用主要是为了节省能源和增加使用寿命。具体如下：1、减少不必要的用电时间，一年省电几百元。 2、自动控制,能完成许多您以前想做而做不到的事情，省心省力。 3、避免忘关电器电源，杜绝安全隐患。 4、对电器通电时间科学管理，大幅提高充电电池及各种电器的使用寿命。 5、一个定时器可以在充电、做饭、定时等不同场合使用。

5、操作简便，一机多用。 四、定时器应用： 1、出门。上班时定时热水器-方便、省时经常出差或偶尔出门或下班回来，这时一回到家就想洗热水澡，如果一直开着热水器会不停地加热，即不安全而且又费电，幸好有了微电脑定时开关，想让它几点加热都能办到,可以按照你的要求去实现。 2、电饭煲定时煮饭、煲汤-方便、省时出门逛郑8:30回家，精疲力尽，真不想开锅做饭，可是，饭还得吃.矛盾怎么解决？微电脑定时开关解决方案：出门前淘好米，洗好菜，定好18:00时开始通电煮饭或煲汤，回到家便有饭吃。 3、定时开关饮水机-省钱，安全、健康众所周知，饮用水加热六小时以上会产生亚硝酸盐，可致癌、产生血管等疾病。定时开关是最好的解决

6、方案，没人的时关电还能保证安全，饮水机因为没有关电引起火灾的事情并不少见。 4、电动车定时充电-省电池设定好需要充电时间，想充几小时就充几小时，不会过充，可以充分地延长电池寿命！一组电池要好几百元，电池过充会加大电池的损失，加速板栅腐蚀，活性物质软化，最终造成对电池的致命伤害。用不好就只能用1年多，用好了可以用3年，想一想，可以省下好几百了。同时，还可以避免浪费。一般充电器功率300W左右，就是在充好电后的空损功率也在100W左右。十几个小时的用电量可不是个小数目。 5、手机定时充电-省电池手机等凡是要给电池充电的设备均要求充电不超过额定时间，用它可以确保您心爱的设备的安全，不至于过充电损坏电

7、池。 6、定时给鱼缸中的鱼儿充氧-省电、省心养鱼的朋友你是不是正在为你自己的氧气机一直开机而烦恼呢?那么赶快买一只定时器吧！有了定时器插座，可以让你的氧气机根据你的设置定时开机充氧、关机，根本不用担心心忘记充氧影响心爱的金鱼的生存了！定时器是一项了不起的发明，使相当多需要人控制时间的工作变得简单了许多。现在的不少家用电器都安装了定时器来控制开关或工作时间。以后也将越来越普及！英文- 摘自：电子电脑报元器件的检测是家电维修的一项基本功，如何准确有效地检测元器件的相关参数，判断元器件的是否正常，不是一件千篇一律的事，必须根据不同的元器件采用不同的方法，从Component detection is

8、 an appliance repair basics, how to accurately and effectively detect the components of the relevant parameters to determine whether the normal component is not a cookie-cutter thing, must be based on the different components use different methods to determine components normal or not. 特别对初学者来说，熟练掌握

9、常用元器件的检测方法和经验很有必要，以下对常用电子元器件的检测经验和方法进行介绍供对考。 Especially for beginners, proficiency in commonly used components of the detection methods and experience is essential, the following pairs of electronic components commonly used method of testing experience and are introduced for the right test. 一、电阻器的检测

10、方法与经验：.resistors detection methods and experiences: 1固定电阻器的检1.fixed resistor testing.TA将两表笔 ( 不分正负 ) 分别与电阻的两端引脚相接即可测出实际电阻值。The two tables T (regardless of positive or negative) between two ends of pin-phase resistance can be measured by the actual resistance value. 为了提高测量精度，应根据被测电阻标称值的大小来选择量程。 In or

11、der to improve measurement accuracy, measured resistance should be based on the size of the nominal value of the chosen range. 由于欧姆挡刻度的非线性关系，它的中间一段分度较为精细，因此应使指针指示值尽可能落到刻度的中段位置，即全刻度起始的 20 80 弧度范围内，以使测量更准确。 Since Ohm block scale non-linear relationship, its the middle of a period of more refined index

12、ing and should therefore be directed to the pointer value is the middle position as far as possible fall into the scale, that is the start of full scale of 20% to 80% within the arc, to to make measurements more accurate. 根据电阻误差等级不同。According to a different level of resistance errors. 读数与标称阻值之间分别允许有

13、 5 、 10 或 20 的误差。 Readings and the difference between the nominal resistance value is allowed 5%, 10% or 20% error. 如不相符，超出误差范围，则说明该电阻值变值了。If not match, exceed the error range, then change the value of the resistor value.B注意：测试时，特别是在测几十 k 以上阻值的电阻时，手不要触及表笔和电阻的导电部分；被检测的电阻从电路中焊下来，至少要焊开一个头，以免电路中的其他元件对测试

14、产生影响，造成测量误差；色环电阻的阻值虽然能以色环标志来确定，但在使用时最好还是用万用表测试一下其实Note: The test, especially in the test scores of more thank resistor values, the hands do not touch the table and the resistance of the conductive part of the pen; detected resistance welding down from the circuit, at least to open a welding head, so

15、 as to avoid circuit testing have an impact on other components, resulting in measurement error; color ring while resistance is able to mark to determine the color wheel, but is best when used with a multimeter to test the actual resistance. 2水泥电阻的检2.cement resistance testing. 检测水泥电阻的方法及注意事项与检测普通固定电

16、阻完全相同。 Detection of resistance of cement and detection methods and note exactly the same as ordinary fixed resistor. 3熔断电阻器的3.fuse resistor testing. 在电路中，当熔断电阻器熔断开路后，可根据经验作出判断：若发现熔断电阻器表面发黑或烧焦，可断定是其负荷过重，通过它的电流超过额定值很多倍所致；如果其表面无任何痕迹而开路，则表明流过的电流刚好等于或稍大于其额定熔断值。 In the circuit, when the fuse resistor fuse

17、 open circuit, may make judgments based on experience: If it is found fusing resistor surface black or charred, it can be concluded its overloaded by more than its current rating due to many times; If the surface without any trace of the open, this indicates that the current flow is just equal to or

18、 slightly larger than the value of its rated fuse. 对于表面无任何痕迹的熔断电阻器好坏的判断，可借助万用表 R1 挡来测量，为保证测量准确，应将熔断电阻器一端从电路上焊下。 For the surface without any trace of the fuse resistor to judge good and bad, can draw support from multimeter to measure the R 1 block, in order to ensure measurement accuracy, should fus

19、e resistor from the circuit welding one end of the next. 若测得的阻值为无穷大，则说明此熔断电阻器已失效开路，若测得的阻值与标称值相差甚远，表明电阻变值，也不宜再使用。 If the measured resistance is infinite, then the fuse resistor has failed open circuit, if the measured resistance and the,nominal value falls far short of that change resistance values,

20、we should not be used. 在维修实践中发现，也有少数熔断电阻器在电路中被击穿短路的现象，检测时也应予以注Maintenance practices found that a small number of fuse-resistor in the circuit was short-circuit breakdown phenomena, testing, also should be noted. 4电位器的检测4.potentiometer detection. 检查电位器时，首先要转动旋柄，看看旋柄转动是否平滑，开关是否灵活，开关通、断时 喀哒 声是否清脆，并听一听电

21、位器内部接触点和电阻体摩擦的声音，如有 沙沙 声，说明质量不好。Check potentiometer, the first rotating rotary handle, turn handle to see if rotation is smooth, the switch is flexible, switch pass, off time Cameroon clatter sound is crisp, and listen to a potentiometer, and resistors within the contact points of friction sound, if

22、 imperfections sound, indicating poor quality. 用万用表测试时，先根据被测电位器阻值的大小，选择好万用表的合适电阻挡位，然后可按下述方法进行检测。 With the multimeter test, the first according to the size of the tested potentiometer resistance, choose the appropriate resistance gear a good multimeter, and then the following method may be detected.B

23、A用万用表的欧姆挡测 1 、 2 两端，其读数应为电位器的标称阻值，如万用表的指针不动或阻值相差很多，则表明该电位器已损坏Block measured with a multimeter ohm 1, 2 at both ends, the reading should be nominal potentiometer resistance, such as the meter pointer does not move or resistance is far too small, then show that the potentiometer is damaged. B检测电位器的活动臂

24、与电阻片的接触是否良好。detect the activities of potentiometer arm and the contact resistance is a good film. 用万用表的欧姆档测 1 、 2( 或 2 、 3) 两端，将电位器的转轴按逆时针方向旋至接近 关 的位置，这时电阻值越小越好。 Ohms file with the multimeter test 1, 2 (or 2, 3) at both ends of the potentiometer counter-clockwise rotation of the shaft according to n

25、early off position, then the smaller the resistance value better. 再顺时针慢慢旋转轴柄，电阻值应逐渐增大，表头中的指针应平稳移动。 Handle clockwise rotation axis and then slowly, the resistance value should be increased gradually, the table header pointer should be a smooth move. 当轴柄旋至极端位置 3 时，阻值应接近电位器的标称值。When the shaft rotating

26、handle to its extreme position 3, the resistance should be close to the nominal value potentiometer. 如万用表的指针在电位器的轴柄转动过程中有跳动现象，说明活动触点有接触不良的故障。 Such as the multimeter pointer in the handle potentiometer shaft rotation in the process of beating the phenomenon, indicating activities, contacts are being

27、exposed failures. 5正温度系数热敏电阻 (PTC) 的检测5. positive temperature coefficient thermistor(PTC) detection. 检测时，用万用表 R1 挡，具体可分两步操作： A常温检测 ( 室内温度接近 25 ) ；将两表笔接触 PTC 热敏电阻的两引脚测出其实际阻值，并与标称阻值相对比，二者相差在 2 内即为正常。 Detection with a multimeter R 1 block, concrete can be a two-step operation:temperature detection (ind

28、oor temperature close to 25 ); the two tables sum of the two contact pins PTC thermistor measured the actual resistance, and with the compared to the nominal resistance, both of difference shall be within 2 in the normal. 实际阻值若与标称阻值相差过大，则说明其性能不良或已损坏。 Resistance if it is the actual difference between

29、 the nominal resistance value is too large, its performance is illustrated in bad or damaged. B加温检测；在常温测试正常的基础上，即可进行第二步测试 - 加温检测，将一热源 ( 例如电烙铁 ) 靠近 PTC 热敏电阻对其加热，同时用万用表监测其电阻值是否随温度的升高而增大，如是，说明热敏电阻正常，若阻值无变化，说明其性能变劣，不能继续使用。heat detection; at room temperature, on the basis of the tests are normal, you can

30、 carry out the second step tests - heat detection, will be a heat source (for example, iron) near the PTC thermistor to its heating, while monitoring its resistance with the multimeter whether it increases with increasing temperature which, in the case shows that the thermistor to normal, if no chan

31、ge in resistance, indicating inferior performance changes are not in use. 注意不要使热源与 PTC 热敏电阻靠得过近或直接接触热敏电阻，以防止将其烫坏。 Be careful not to make the heat source and the PTC thermistor by too close or direct contact thermal resistance, in order to prevent their Tanghuai. 6负温度系数热敏电阻 (NTC) 的检测6.negative temper

32、ature coefficient thermistor(NTC) detection. (1) 、测量标称电阻值 R(1), measured nominal resistance value Rt用万用表测量 NTC 热敏电阻的方法与测量普通固定电阻的方法相同，即根据 NTC 热敏电阻的标称阻值选择合适的电阻挡可直接测出 Rt 的实际值。NTC thermistor with the multimeter measuring methods and measured the same way as ordinary fixed resistor that, according to the

33、 nominal resistance of NTC thermistor select the appropriate power block can be directly measured the actual value of Rt.但因 NTC 热敏电阻对温度很敏感，故测试时应注意以下几点： ARt 是生产厂家在环境温度为 25 时所测得的，所以用万用表测量 Rt 时，亦应在环境温度接近 25 时进行，以保证测试的可信度。 But NTC thermistor is sensitive to temperature, so testing should note the follow

34、ing: Rt is a manufacturer of environmental temperature measured at 25 , so the measure with the multimeter Rt should also be at ambient temperature when close to 25 in order to ensure the credibility test. B测量功率不得超过规定值，以免电流热效应引起测量误差。measuring power shall not exceed the specified value in order to av

35、oid current heating effect caused by measurement error. C注意正确操作。attention to proper operation. 测试时，不要用手捏住热敏电阻体，以防止人体温度对测试产生影响。 Test, do not pinch fingers thermistor body, in order to prevent the body temperature of the test impact. (2) 、估测温度系数 t(2), estimate the temperature coefficient t先在室温 t1 下测得电

36、阻值 Rt1 ，再用电烙铁作热源，靠近热敏电阻 Rt ，测出电阻值 RT2 ，同时用温度计测出此时热敏电阻 RT 表面的平均温度 t2 再进行计算。First measured at room temperature under t1 resistance Rt1, electric iron to heat and then, near the thermistor Rt, measure the resistance RT2, the same time, measured with the thermometer at this time the surface of the therm

37、istor RT and then calculated the average temperature t2.7压敏电阻的检测7.varistor testing. 用万用表的 R1k 挡测量压敏电阻两引脚之间的正、反向绝缘电阻，均为无穷大，否则，说明漏电流大。With the multimeter measuring R 1k block varistors are between the two pins, reverse insulation resistance, are infinite, otherwise, indicating leakage current. 若所测电阻很小

38、，说明压敏电阻已损坏，不能使用。If the measured resistance is very small, shows varistors have been damaged and can not be used. 8光敏电阻的检测。8.photosensitive resistance testing.A用一黑纸片将光敏电阻的透光窗口遮住，此时万用表的指针基本保持不动，阻值接近无black pieces of paper with a translucent window, the photosensitive resistor cover, this time multimete

39、r pointer remained motionless close to infinite resistance. 此值越大说明光敏电阻性能越好。 This value shows the bigger the better performance of light-sensitive resistors. 若此值很小或接近为零，说明光敏电阻已烧穿损坏，不能再继续使用。 If this value is very small or close to zero, indicating photosensitive resistor has burn damage, can no longer

40、 continue to be used. B将一光源对准光敏电阻的透光窗口，此时万用表的指针应有较大幅度的摆动，阻值明显减小。will be a light source aligned photosensitive resistance translucent window, this time multimeter pointer should be more substantial swing, resistance significantly reduced. 此值越小说明光敏电阻性能越好。 The smaller this value shows the better perfor

41、mance of light-sensitive resistors. 若此值很大甚至无穷大，表明光敏电阻内部开路损坏，也不能再继续使用。 If this value is great or even infinite, indicating that the internal resistance of open photosensitive damage, can no longer continue to use.C将光敏电阻透光窗口对准入射光线，用小黑纸片在光敏电阻的遮光窗上部晃动，使其间断受光，此时万用表指针应随黑纸片的晃动而the photosensitive resistance

42、 translucent window aligned incident light line, with the black pieces of paper in the upper window shading photosensitive resistor shaking to break by the light, this time with the black pieces of paper multimeter pointer should be about the rock and swing. 如果万用表指针始终停在某一位置不随纸片晃动而摆动，说明光敏电阻的光敏材料已经损坏。

43、 If the meter pointer is always parked in a certain location does not rock and sway with the pieces of paper, indicating the photosensitive photosensitive resistance materials have been damaged. 二、电容器的检测方法与经验. capacitors detection methods and experience 1固定电容器的检测1.detection of the fixed capacitor A检

44、测 10pF 以下的小电容Detect the small capacitance below,因 10pF 以下的固定电容器容量太小，用万用表进行测量，只能定性的检查其是否有漏电，内部短路或击穿现象。10pF capacitors due to the following fixed-size too small to measure with the multimeter, only a qualitative check whether there is leakage, the internal short circuit or breakdown phenomenon. 测量时，可选

45、用万用表 R10k 挡，用两表笔分别任意接电容的两个引脚，阻值应为无穷大。 Measurements, it can use multimeter R 10k block, using two tables T 2 respectively, the capacitance of arbitrary access pin, resistance should be infinite. 若测出阻值 ( 指针向右摆动 ) 为零，则说明电容漏电损坏或内部击穿。 If the measured resistance (pointer to the right swing) is zero, then

46、capacitor leakage damage or internal breakdown. B检测 10PF 001 F 固定电容器是否有充电现象，进而判断其好Detection 10PF 0.01 F capacitor whether there is a fixed charge phenomenon, and then judge its good or bad. 万用表选用 R1k 挡。 Multimeter selected R 1k block. 两只三极管的值均为 100 以上，且穿透电流要小。 2 transistor values are above 100, and

47、the current penetration is smaller. 可选用 3DG6 等型号硅三极管组成复合管。 Can choose 3DG6 silicon transistor models such as the composition of composite pipe. 万用表的红和黑表笔分别与复合管的发射极 e 和集电极 c 相接。 Multimeters red and black table pen and composite pipe, respectively e emitter and collector c-phase.由于复合三极管的放大作用，把被测电容的充放电

48、过程予以放大，使万用表指针摆幅度加大，从而便于观察。 As the composite transistor amplification, the process of charging and discharging capacitor under test to be larger, so that the pointer of swing meter increase, and thus easy to observe. 应注意的是：在测试操作时，特别是在测较小容量的电容时，要反复调换被测电容引脚接触 A 、 B 两点，才能明显地看到万用表指针的摆动。 It should be note

49、d: In the test operations, especially in the measured capacitance of a smaller capacity, they must repeatedly exchange the measured capactance pin contacts A, B two points, in order to clearly see the multimeter pointer swing. C对于 001 F 以上的固定电容，可用万用表的 R10k 挡直接测试电容器有无充电过程以及有无内部短路或漏电，并可根据指针向右摆动的幅度大小估计

50、出电容器的容量。For0.01 F or above a fixed capacitor can be used multimeter R 10k block directly test whether the process of charging capacitor, as well as whether the internal short circuit or leakage, and can swing under the pointer to the right size to estimate the magnitude of the capacity of capacitors

51、 . 2电解电容器的检测2.electrolytic capacitor testing A因为电解电容的容量较一般固定电容大得多，所以，测量时，应针对不同容量选用合适的量程Because the capacity of electrolytic capacitors is much greater than the average fixed capacitor, therefore, measurements should be the appropriate choice of different capacities range. 根据经验，一般情况下， 1 47 F 间的电容，可用

52、R1k 挡测量，大于 47 F 的电容可用 R100 挡测量。 Based on experience, under normal circumstances, 1 47 F between the capacitance, R 1k block can be measured, greater than 47 F capacitor can be used R 100 block measurement. B将万用表红表笔接负极，黑表笔接正极，在刚接触的瞬间，万用表指针即向右偏转较大偏度 ( 对于同一电阻挡，容量越大，摆幅越大 ) ，接着逐渐向左回转，直到停在某一位置。The multime

53、ter red pen then negative, then positive black table pen, in the new to the moment, multimeter pointer that the right side deflection of a larger degree (for the same power to block the capacity the greater the greater the swing), and then gradually to the left turn, until the stop at a certain loca

54、tion. 此时的阻值便是电解电容的正向漏电阻，此值略大于反向漏电阻。 At this point the resistance is positive electrolytic capacitor leakage resistance, this value is slightly larger than the reverse leakage resistance. 实际使用经验表明，电解电容的漏电阻一般应在几百 k 以上，否则，将不能正常工作。 Actual experience has shown that the leakage resistance of electrolytic

55、capacitors in general should be more than a few hundred k , otherwise, it will not work properly. 在测试中，若正向、反向均无充电的现象，即表针不动，则说明容量消失或内部断路；如果所测阻值很小或为零，说明电容漏电大或已击穿损坏，不能再使用。 In the test, if positive, no charge reverse phenomenon, namely,needle not move, then lost the capacity or the internal circuit;if t

56、he measured resistance of very small or zero, indicating large capacitor leakage or breakdown damaged, can not be used again. C对于正、负极标志不明的电解电容器，可利用上述测量漏电阻的方法加以判别。Cfor the positive and negative signs unknown electrolytic capacitors can be measured using the above method to determine leakage resistanc

57、e. 即先任意测一下漏电阻，记住其大小，然后交换表笔再测出一个阻值。 Which is to look at any measure leakage resistance, remember its size, and then swap the table T and then measured by a resistance. 两次测量中阻值大的那一次便是正向接法，即黑表笔接的是正极，红表笔接的是负极。 Two measurements of resistance and that one is a big positive then the law, that the black pen

58、 then the table is positive, the red pen then the table is the negative. D使用万用表电阻挡，采用给电解电容进行正、反向充电的方法，根据指针向右摆动幅度的大小，可估测出电解电容的容量。power to block the use of multimeter, using electrolytic capacitors to be positive, the reverse charge method, according to the size of a pointer to the right swings can estimate a capacity of electrolytic capacitors. 3可变电容3.variable capacitor testing A用手轻轻旋动转轴，应感觉十分平滑，不应感觉有时松时紧甚至有卡滞现象。Hand gently rotating shaft, should feel very smooth and should not feel tight and sometimes lax, and even catching the phenomenon. 将载轴向前、后、上、下、左、右等各个方向推动时，转轴不应有松动的