植物生理学甲双语复习资料

1、Chapter 1 Water Relationship in Plant一、Term definition：1、Water potential (w): Water potential is defined as the difference in free energy per unit volume, between matrically -bound, pressurized, or osmotically- constrained water and pure water.水势就是每偏摩尔体积水的化学势差。2、 Apoplast (质外体)是指原生质以外的包括细胞壁、细胞间隙和木质部

2、的导管等无生活物质互相连结成的一个连续的整体3、 ansymplast 是指活细胞内的原生质体通过胞间连丝及质膜本身互相连结成的一个连续的整体.4、 Free water (自由水) It does not tightly bind to components of cell and it moves freely in plant.距离细胞质胶体微粒远而可以自由流动的水分。5、 bound water（结合水）：It tightly binds to components of cell and cannot move freely in plant. 靠近细胞质胶体微粒而被胶粒吸附束缚不易

3、自由流动的水分。6、 Bleeding伤流汁液从伤口（残茎）的切口溢出的现象 7、 Guttation吐水土壤水分充足、大气温暖、湿润的环境中或清晨，未受伤叶尖或叶缘向外溢出液滴的现象8、 Root pressure由于根系的生理活动使液流从根部沿木质部导管上升的压力。9、 Soil available water(土壤有效水或土壤可利用水）是指能被植物直接吸收利用，其含水量高于萎蔫系数(wilting coefficient)以上的水10、 Temporary wilting 暂时萎焉当蒸腾作用大于根系吸水及转运水分的速度时，植物会产生萎蔫现象称暂时萎蔫。当蒸腾速率降低时，能消除萎蔫状态。如

4、晚间、遮阴等and11、 permanent wilting永久萎焉土壤中缺少有效水，根系吸不到水而造成的萎蔫叫做永久萎蔫。12、 Transpiration pull蒸腾拉力由于蒸腾作用产生的一系列水势梯度使水分沿着导管上升的力13、 Transpiration coefficient (water requirement) (蒸腾系数又名需水量） 植物制造1 g干物质所需水分的克数。14、 Transpiration efficiency (ratio)植物每消耗1kg的水所形成的干物质的g数。15、 Transpiration rate植物在一定时间内单位叶面积蒸腾的水量(g/m2s)1

5、6、 Critical period of water(水分临界期)是指需水量不一定多，但植物对水分不足最敏感，最易受害的时期17、 Transpiration-cohesion-tension theory (蒸腾内聚力张力学说)用水分子由于蒸腾作用和分子间内聚力大于张力，来解释水分在导管内连续不断向上输送的学说18、Osmosis absorption19、imbibition absorption20、metabolism absorption21、Semipermeable membrane半透膜 水分子能通过而大分子物质不能通过的膜22、Plasmolysis 高浓度溶液中，植物细胞

6、液泡失水，原生质体与细胞壁分离的现象23、Deplasmolysis 质壁分离复原低浓度溶液中，植物细胞液泡吸水，原生质体与细胞壁重新接触的现象 ssolute potential:渗透势是由于溶质颗粒的存在，降低了水的自由能，因而其水势低于纯水水势的水势下降值。 ppressure potential:由于细胞膨压的存在而提高的水势。 mmatric potential: 细胞内胶体物质（如蛋白质、淀粉、细胞壁物质等）对水分吸附而引起水势降低的值 Water channel proteins or aquaporins指细胞膜或液泡膜上，可减少水分跨膜运输阻力，加快水分进出生物膜的一类蛋白质

7、 Stomatal transpiration植物通过气孔将水蒸气从体内排到体外的蒸腾过程，气孔蒸腾是作物蒸腾的主要途径。 Law of micro-pore diffusionperimeter diffusion小孔条件下面积、周长与水分扩散的关系 Stomatal complex（气孔复合体）保卫细胞与邻近细胞或副卫细胞共同组成二、 key points1.Understand water relationship between plant tissue and the surrounding water status. 回答：当外界环境浓度高于细胞液浓度时，细胞失水；当外界环境浓度低

8、于细胞液浓度时，细胞吸水；当外界环境浓度等于细胞液浓度时，细胞不吸水也不失水。2.Distingush two kinds of wilting.回答：暂时萎焉：是由于蒸腾作用过强引起的萎焉。遮阴、增加空气湿度可以消除。永久萎焉：是因为缺乏土壤有效水引起的的萎焉。浇水可以消除。三、Questions:1. Why do we often see that some plants wilt at noon but recover to normal at night in the sunny summer day? And what should you do to avoid this wil

9、ting?回答：夏天中午气温很高，植物蒸腾作用十分强烈，吸水的速度没有蒸腾来得快，植物出现暂时萎蔫。遮阴，增加空气湿度。2. Why should we not apply a large number of fertilizers to plant in one time? 回答：一方面：在外界溶液浓度较低的情况下，随着浓度的增高，根部吸收离子的数量也增多，两者几乎成正比。而当一次性施肥过多时，造成土壤浓度增高，根系吸收例子的速率与外界溶液浓度无紧密联系，原因是离子载体和通道数量有限。所以一次性施肥过多，造成了肥料的浪费。另一方面：土壤溶液浓度增加，渗透势低，水势低，而植物细胞内的水势就相对

10、高，水分交换是从水势高处流向水势低处，导致植物细胞失水即根系吸水困难，从而产生“烧苗”现象Because the application of a large number of fertilizer to plant in one time may result in the rapid increase of soil solute concentration. Since the root absorbs water from the soil only when the water potential of the root cell is lower than that of the

11、 soil solution, the high soil solute concentration means very low water potential of soil solution, which prevent the absorption of water by the root. It can bring about the deficiency of water and wilting of plant, which damages the plant.3. How to improve water utilization efficiency in production

12、.回答：根据作物的需水规律，制定合理的灌溉指标。喷灌滴灌调亏灌溉控制性分根交替灌溉第二章1.Essential elements （必须元素）and all element names 所有元素的名称Essential elements, in brief, is necessary for plants to grow and develop, and a deficiency of the element makes it impossible for the plant to complete a normal life cycle. 必需元素就是植物生长所必不可少的元素。三个特性：不可

13、缺失性、不可替代性、直接性。C、H、O、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mm、B、Zn、Cu、Mo、Cl、NiIron/copper/zinc/manganese/molybdenum/chlorine/nickel/boron2. Macroelements (Major elements)大量元素是指植物需要量较大的元素，在植物体内含量较高，占干重的0.1%以上。它们是C、H、O、N、P、K、Ca、MgThe elements are in large quantity required by plants and are higher contents(higher than 0.1%

14、 of the dry weight) in plant body, including3. Microelements (Trace elements)微量元素是指植物需要量较少，在植物体中含量较低，常占干重的0.01%一下。它们是Fe、Mm、B、Zn、Cu、Mo、Cl、NiThe elements are in small quantity required by plants and are lower contents(lower than 0.01% of dry weight)in plant body, including4.Beneficial elements 有益元素有益元

15、素是指能促进植物生长发育，但不为植物普遍所需的，或在一定条件下为植物所必须，或只有某些植物生长所必须的元素。例如Si、Al、Na等A group of elements to enhance plant growth and development, but they are not necessary for plants. It can become necessary for special plants or conditions, like Si required by rice, Al by tea, and Na by beet.5.Physiologically acid ,

16、alkaline and neutral salts 生理酸性盐、生理碱性盐、生理中性盐由于植物的选择性吸收，引起阳离子吸收量大于阴离子吸收量使溶液变酸的这一类盐，称为生理酸性盐，如氯化铵，硫酸铵等相反，植物对阴离子的吸收量大于阳离子的吸收量，溶溶液pH上升的这一类盐，称为生理碱性盐。如硝酸钾，硝酸钙还有一类盐，植物对其阴阳离子的吸收相等，不因植物的吸收引起溶液pH的改变，称为生理中性盐，如硝酸铵。6. Solution (water) culture (hydroponics) 水培法It is a kind of method to identify plant essential ele

17、ments and study for function of the elements and mechanism of its absorption. 是把植物生长所需的各种元素按一定的比例，适宜的pH配制成溶液，用以培养植物的方法。7.Critical period of nutrition 营养临界期植物对缺乏矿质元素最敏感，缺乏后最易受害的时期。8.Nutrition maximum period 营养最大效率期这个时期对矿质元素需要量最大，吸收能力强，若能满足肥料需求，增产效果十分显著。9. Hydrophyte 水生植物指那些能够长期在水中正常生活的植物。10. Ion anta

18、gonism 离子拮抗作用离子键相互消除单盐毒害的现象。11. Halophyte盐生植物能在盐含量较高的环境中正常生活的植物。12. Deficient symptoms缺乏症植物因缺少某种元素所表现出的症状13. Chlorosis萎黄病14. Biomembrane 生物膜生物膜式细胞内所有膜系统的总称，包括脂膜和所有细胞器膜。15. Donnan equilibrium 杜南平衡 细胞内可扩散正负离子浓度乘积等于细胞外液可扩散正负离子浓度乘积时的状态16. Ion active transport利用呼吸释放的能量才能逆电化学梯度吸收离子。17. Carrier theory 载体学说

19、载体蛋白是一类跨膜转运物质的内在蛋白。18. Ion channel theory 离子通道学说通过细胞膜中一类具有选择性功能的横跨膜两侧的孔道蛋白进行运输。19Ion pump theory 离子泵学说 一些膜载体蛋白具有ATP水解功能，能利用ATP的能量将离子逆电化学势梯度进行跨膜运输的膜载体蛋白。20. Root hair 根毛21.Ion intereaction 离子间相互作用22.Antagonism and synergism 拮抗作用和协同作用离子键相互消除单盐毒害的现象。一种离子的存在促进另一种离子的吸收，从而提高了后者的有效性称为协同作用。23. .Nitrate redu

20、ctase 硝酸还原酶催化硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐的酶24. Nitrite reductase 亚硝酸还原酶催化亚硝酸盐转化为铵的酶25.Rhizosphere根区二、Key points1. Symptoms of N, P, K ,Fe and Mg deficiency in plant. 回答：deficient symptoms,N, 1）Growth stun, roots show thinner and longer, less branches and tillerings 2) Older leaves turn yellow 3) Base of stem appears

21、vinicolor in N-deficient maize（anthocyanin accumulation） 植物细胞分裂及生长受阻，发育停滞，植株矮小，分枝或分蘖少或无，根系老化细长；老叶发黄；P, Extremely stun，young leaves appear dark-green in color and older leaves and base of stem exhibit vinicolor.叶色暗绿；叶小，分枝或分蘖少，根系发育不良，植株特别矮小（发僵）；叶色暗绿；影响开花期和成熟期。K, Stem weak, lodging easily, less resista

22、nce to stresses. Older leaves develop mottling or chlorosis, followed by necrotic lesions at the leaf margins.“焦边”.Leaf margin (dicots) or leaf tip (monocots) appeared yellow spots to brown necrotic lesions“焦边”.茎秆柔弱，易倒伏，缺钾前期叶色略深，后期老叶出现坏死黄斑，逐渐褐色烧焦状。与光合产物的运输到块茎块根有关。Fe, Leaf chlorosis in vein islets. T

23、hereafter, the young leaves become yellowish to white. The leaves are thinner and flaccid (薄而光滑)with less pubescences (表皮毛).首先幼叶叶脉间失绿，叶脉仍为绿色；严重时整片新叶变为黄白甚至灰白，叶薄而柔软，表面茸毛很少。Mg, 1.Chlorosis in the vein islet of old leaf appears in netlike veins (网状脉) in dicots) or Striato-reticulate veins (串珠状脉) in mono

24、cots. 2.Sometimes the plant exhibits reddish in stem base. 3.It produces large area necrosis in severely Mg-deficient.老叶脉间失绿，叶脉仍绿而脉间变黄，常可见到明显的绿色网状脉（双子叶植物）和条状脉（单子叶植物），叶脉有时呈紫红色；严重缺镁，形成坏死斑块。2.How does plant cell take up mineral nutrition?回答： 被动吸收passive absorption 1.扩散diffusion; 2.杜南平衡Donnan equilibrum

25、;3.离子交换主动吸收active absorption 1.载体Carrier theory;2.离子通道Ion Channel theory ;3离子泵学说Ionic pump theory ;4胞饮作用pinocytosis;5溶质在液泡中的积累。3.Distingush the different physiologically salts 回答：1） Physiologically acid salts：the salts can result in solution acidification, as uptake of cation by plant is larger than

26、 that of anion. NH4Cl、NH4SO4、KCl、CaCl2 etc.2）Physiologically alkaline salts：the salts can result in solution alkalinization, as uptake of anion by plant is larger than that of cation. Ca(NO3) 2、KNO3.3）Physiologically neutral salts: uptake of cations is equal to uptake of anions, pH keeps stable. NH4

27、NO3.1.生理酸性盐：由于植物的选择吸收，引起阳离子吸收量大于阴离子吸收量使溶液变酸 的这一类盐。NH4Cl、NH4SO4、KCl、CaCl2 etc.2.生理碱性盐：由于植物的选择吸收，引起阴离子吸收量大于阳离子吸收量使溶液pH值上升的这一类盐。Ca(NO3) 2、KNO3.3.生理中性盐：植物对阴阳离子的吸收相等，不因植物吸收引起溶液pH值改变的盐类。NH4NO3.三、 Questions1、 What are the mineral nutrients with deficient symptoms appearing on older leaves or younger leaves

28、? 回答：N, older leaves turn yellow; P, young leaves appear dark-green in color and older leaves and base of stem exhibit vinicolor.K,Older leaves develop mottling or chlorosis, followed by necrotic lesions at the leaf margins.“焦边”.Ca, Notch in young leafMg, Chlorosis in the vein islet of old leaf appe

29、ars in netlike veins (网状脉) in dicots) or Striato-reticulate veins (串珠状脉) in monocots.S, young leaf exhibits chlorosis to whiteFe, the young leaves become yellowish to whiteN，老叶发黄枯死，新叶色淡P，新叶暗绿，老叶和茎等花色素甘积累，呈（紫）红色；K，老叶出现缺绿斑点，叶缘（双子叶）或叶尖（单子叶）出现坏死黄斑；Ca，幼叶先表现症状，叶尖与叶缘变黄，有缺刻状；Mg，老叶脉间失绿，叶脉仍绿而脉间变黄，常可见到明显的绿色网状脉

30、（双子叶植物）和条状脉（单子叶植物），叶脉有时呈紫红色；严重缺镁，形成坏死斑块。S，新叶均一失色，直到黄白色；Fe，幼叶先表现症状，叶脉间失绿，叶脉仍为绿色；严重时整片新叶变为黄白甚至灰白； 老组织先出现症状 新组织先出现症状N P K Mg ZnB Ca Fe S Mo Cu2、 How to improve fertilizer utilization efficiency.回答：(1)Key stages for fertilizer application(2)Nutrients application based on crop types Leaf vegetables、mulbe

31、rry、tea、fiber cropsmuch application of N.N fertilizer inhibits N fixation.Potato, sweet potato and beet- much application P, K, B. And so on.(3)According to the principles for fertilizer application, Nutrient Return Theory (养分归还说）, Law of Minimum（最小养分律）, Law of diminishing yield increment （报酬递减律）;(4

32、)Choose the Physiologically acid salts or alkaline salts or Physiologically neutral salts;一、根据作物一生的需肥特点施肥：营养临界期和营养最大效率期是作物一生中施肥的两个关键时间。在这两个关键时间必须保证有适当的养料供应；二、根据不同作物收获对象施肥：叶菜类、桑、茶。麻等以生产茎叶类的作物，对N的需求量大，应多施氮肥；豆科植物对P、K、Ca需求较多；甘薯、甜菜、马铃薯等块根，块茎类作物应多施P、K、B以利光合产物向地下器官运输；禾谷类、棉花等需要N、P、K配合使用，适当增磷可以使谷粒籽粒饱满，等等；三、结

33、合施肥原则、规律进行施肥：养分归还说，最小养分律，报酬递减律；四、根据土壤酸碱性，选择生理酸性盐或生理碱性盐或生理中性盐。Chapter3 Photosynthesis in Plant 娜娜 葛航 巧燕一、Term definition 1.Greenhouse effectsCO2及CH4会造成温室效应。透过太阳短波辐射，反回地球长波辐射，地球散失能量减少，地球变暖。The sun emits short-wave radiation which passes though atmospheric layer, but the earth emits long-wave radiation

34、 which difficultly passes though it, making the earth warmer and warmer, which likes in the greenhouse.2.Reaction center pigments 中心色素又名陷井少数特殊状态的叶绿素a，吸收集光色素传递而来的激发能后，发生光化学反应引起电荷分离的光合色素。Reaction center pigment or trapcan absorb light energy (or accept the energy transferred from the antenna pigment)

35、and then convert that into electric energy.Include a few Chla in special conditions.3.Light harvesting pigments (Antenna pigments)集光色素或天线色素只起吸收和传递光能的作用，不进行光化学反应的光合色素，包括叶绿素b，类胡萝卜素，大部分叶绿素a。Light-harvesting pigment or antenna pigmentonly play roles in light absorption and transfer but does not undertak

36、e photochemical reaction.Include all the Chlb, carotenoids, most Chla.4.Photosynthetic chain光合链是类囊体膜上由两个光系统(PS、PS)和若干电子传递体，按一定的氧化还原电位依次排列而成的电子传递系统。Photosynthetic chain:A system consists of two photosystems and some electron (or hydrogen) transporters, which are exactly arranged in thylakoid membrane

37、 according to their oxidative-reductive electric potentials. 注：光合链的主要成分：1. PS及其集光色素复合体(LHC)2. PSI及其集光色素复合体(LHCI)3. 细胞色素复合体(含Cytf、Cytb6和Fe-S蛋白)4. 偶联因子复合体(又名ATP合成酶）Main complexes consisting of photosynthetic chain: PSand its light-harvesting complex (LHC) PSI and its light-harvesting complex (LHCI) Cy

38、tochrome complex (Cytf、Cytb6 and Fe-S protein), ATP synthase (Cofactor complex) 5.PQ shutterPQ穿梭：在光合电子传递过程中PQ使间质中H+不断转入类囊体腔，导致间质pH上升，形成跨膜的质子梯度。PQ shutter: H+ is pumped into thylakoid lumen from stromal side, which causes the increase of pH in the stroma, while photosynthetic electron is transported

39、in photosynthetic chain.注：PQ(质体醌或质醌)：担负着传递氢(H+和e-)的任务。PQ (plastoquinones):hydrogen (H+ and e-) transporter.6.Photophosphorylation 光合磷酸化：绿色植物光下催化ADP和Pi形成ATP的过程。Photophosphorylation:A process, in which generation of ATP by using ADP and Pi is accompanied with photosynthetic electron transport, is call

40、ed photophosphorylation (PSP).注：包括非环式PSP、环式PSP和假环式PSP.7.Assimilatory power光合作用前两阶段结束形成活跃的化学能ATP和NADPH合称为“同化力”。Both ATP and NADPH.8.Photorespiration 光呼吸：是指高等植物的绿色细胞在光下吸收O2放出CO2的过程。A process is carried out for uptake of O2 and release of CO2 under light.注：光呼吸底物乙醇酸glycolic acid； 条件光；乙醇酸的生物合成及其氧化代谢过程，完成

41、全过程依次涉及到叶绿体、过氧化物体和线粒体三种细胞器。光呼吸的生理功能：(1) Protection of photosynthetic apparatus from damage by high intensity of light . 防止高光强对光合器的破坏。同化力的过剩易引发超氧自由基，或单线态氧(1O2)对光合器官有很强的氧化破坏作用。(2) Avoiding inhibition of O2 to photosynthetic carbon assimilates 防止O2对光合碳同化的抑制作用。维持RuBP羧化酶活化状态（E-CO2-Mg2+）。(3) Limiting glyc

42、olic acid poison and amend partial amino acid (Ser and Gly).消除乙醇酸毒害和补充部分氨基酸：甘氨酸和丝氨酸。9.Quantum efficiency 量子效率：每吸收一个光量子所能同化的CO2(释放的O2)的分子数。Quantum efficiency:The plant assimilates number of CO2 by absorption of 1 molecule of quantum.注：C3途径3ATP和2NADPH。量子需要量是8-10，量子效率则是1/8-1/10。蓝紫光高达15-20%。1/8 1/10 for

43、 C3 plants. 10.Quantum requirement量子需要量：光合作用中每同化一分子CO2(放出一分子O2)所需的光量子数。Quantum requirement:During photosynthesis plant requires number of quantum for assimilating 1 molecule of CO22(or releasing 1 molecule of O2).8-10 for C3 plants (3ATP and 2NADPH).11.CO2 compensation and saturation points CO2补偿点：净

44、光合率等于0时的环境CO2浓度称CO2补偿点。CO2 compensation point:Environmental CO2 concentration at which Pn is equal to zero.CO2饱和点：在一定范围内，光合速率随CO2浓度而增加当CO2浓度达到一定数值，光合速率不再增加，这时环境的CO2浓度称为CO2饱和点。CO2 saturation point:photosynthetic rate rises no longer, even if CO2 concentration further increases. This point of CO2 conc

45、entration is called CO2 saturation point.注：C4植物与C3的CO2饱和点和补偿点不同。大气中的CO2浓度对于C4植物来说，光合作用已接近饱和，这是因为C4植物的PEPCase能强烈地固定CO2。CO2饱和点与光照强度有关。12.Light compensation and saturation points光饱和点：净光合速率达到最大时的光强叫光饱和点。光补偿点：净光合速率等于零时的光强，叫做光补偿点。LSP (Light saturation point):the light intensity at which Pn reaches maximum

46、.LCP (Light compensation point): the light intensity at which Pn is zero.13、Noncyclic, cyclic and pseudo-electron transports 是光合电子传递途径（Photosynthetic electron transport pathways）的三种方式。Noncyclic:Photosynthetic electrons are transported in photosynthetic chain (H2OPSII PSI NADP).Results: O2 evolving,

47、NADPH2 and ATP formation，70% of total photosynthetic electron transport。产生O2，NADPH和ATP，占总电子传递的70%以上。Cyclic: PSI PSI ，only generate ATP, 能产生ATP, ATP的补充形式。占总电子传递的30%左右。Pseudo:形成超氧自由基，对植物体造成危害。在强光下，CO2不足，NADPH过剩下发生。It happens under high irradiation, CO2-deficiency and superfluous NADPH2.14、Red drop小球藻能

48、大量吸收波长690nm的长波红光，但光合作用的效率却很低，这种现象红降现象。波长大于680nm的光照射植物引起的量子场量急剧下降的现象。15、Emerson enhancement effect 红降出现，如果加入辅助的短波红光（650nm）则光合效率大增，并且比这两种波长单独照射的总和还要高，这种现象双光增益效应（爱默生效应）。在远红光照射的基础上再加一个短波红光，使量子产量增加的现象。15、Hill reaction希尔反应离体叶绿体(类囊体)加到有适宜氢受体(A)的水溶液中，照光后即有O2放出，并使氢受体(A)还原。Hill reaction.With the isolated chlo

49、roplasts and artificial electron acceptors (ferricyanide), light-driven reduction of the electron acceptors was accompanied by O2 evolution. 水在OEC中被氧化，生成质子，放出氧气的反应。16、Photosynthetic pathway？C3 photosynthetic pathway (Calvin cycle, RPPP),C4 photosynthetic pathway (C4途径，C4-dicarboxylic acid pathway),C

50、rassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway.C3 pathway is a photosynthetic pathway, in which the initial product of CO2 fixation is C3 compound. 详见后面大题。17、CarboxylationCO22与受体结合，固定在植物体内的过程。（待定）18、dicarboxylic acidC4途径C4-dicarboxylic acid pathway.固定CO2后的初产物是OAA，四碳二羧酸,故称该途径为C4途径或C4二羧酸途径。19、mesophyll cel

51、l 叶肉细胞20、Chloroplast chloroplasts in higher plants look like flat balls. 高等植物的叶绿体多呈扁平的椭圆形,直径约36,厚约23.shade leavessun leaves.50200/cell.被膜(envelop)类囊体(thylacoid) 叶绿体(Chloroplast）外被膜permeability内被膜selective permeability (H2O,O2,CO2 Free, Pi,TP,aa-Transporters) 膜光合色素、光合链原初反应、电子传递和光合磷酸化（光合膜 photosynthet

52、ic membrane）腔光合放O2 water photolysis and oxygen evolve 间质 光合碳循环酶（Rubisco ）CO2固定（同化）（stroma） DNA，RNA，核糖体70S部分遗传自主。21、Envelope被膜包裹叶绿体的生物膜22、Thylakoid类囊体由单层膜围起的扁平小囊，是光反应的场所。23、Stroma间质 被膜以内的基础物质，以水为主体，内含多种离子，低分子的有机物以及多种核酸和蛋白质等。24、 Rubisco1，5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶，依CO2/O2比值决定RuBP进行加氧反应还是羧化反应。25、Carotenoid类胡萝卜素类植

53、物体中的一种色素，主要吸收蓝紫光。可猝灭激发态叶绿素分子或以叶黄素循环耗散能量，减少或避免强光的损害。26、Xanthophyll叶黄素植物体中的一种色素，主要吸收蓝紫光。可猝灭激发态叶绿素分子或以叶黄素循环耗散能量，减少或避免强光的损害。27、Primary reaction指光合色素分子被光激发，到引起第一个光化学反应为止的过程，包括光化学反应和光物理反应两部分28、Glucoprotein糖蛋白29、Porpyrin卟啉叶绿素类有带极性的头部：镁卟啉Mg-porpyrin hydrophilic,head” with color.30、Phytol叶醇叶绿素类有无极性的尾部：叶醇phyt

54、ol（diterpene）,hydrophobic“tail”.31、Fluorescence and phosphorescence荧光现象(Fluorescence)：If a sufficiently concentrated solution of either Chl a or Chl b or mixture of chloroplast pigments is illuminated, a red light called fluorescence can be seen. It is light production accompanying rapid decay of el

55、ectrons in the excited state. 10-9s.叶绿素溶液在透射光下呈绿色，而在反射光下呈红色(叶绿素a为血红色，叶绿素b为棕红色)的现象。荧光的寿命很短,约为10-9s。光照停止，荧光也随之消失。在进行光合作用的叶片很少发出荧光。荧光的产生是由于Chl分子吸收光能后，重新以光的形式释放所产生的。磷光现象（phosphorescence）：在暗处叶绿素还会发出弱光，磷光的寿命为10-2103秒，强度仅为荧光的1%。32、Photochemical reaction光化学反应Photochemical reaction is defined as the oxidativ

56、e and reductive reaction of pigments (Chla680 or Chla700) driven by photon. 光化学反应是指中心色素分子受光激发引起的氧化还原反应。 作用中心包括原初电子供体(D，Donor)、原初电子受体(A，accepter)、和作用中心色素(P，pigment) 组成。使反应中心色素分子与P与原初电子受体A之间发生电子转移33、Carbon dioxide assimilation碳同化光和生物将二氧化碳转化为碳水化合物的过程。二氧化碳固定与还原过程。活跃的化学能转变为稳定的化学能。34、Accepter接收电子受体35、Donor给出电子供体36、Excited state激发态色素分子吸收光能后能量增大,激发到高能状态。.37、Inductive resonance(诱导共振):Inductive resonance is referred as a neighboring pigment molecule is excited, while an excited-state pigment molecule retur