美国现实主义AmericanRealism学习教案

1、会计学1美国美国(mi u)现实主义现实主义American Realism第一页，共38页。ImaginationfictionalRealismReality truev. s第1页/共38页第二页，共38页。3第2页/共38页第三页，共38页。4第3页/共38页第四页，共38页。5第4页/共38页第五页，共38页。6第5页/共38页第六页，共38页。7第6页/共38页第七页，共38页。8第7页/共38页第八页，共38页。9第8页/共38页第九页，共38页。“The industrial North had triumphed over the agrarian South, and fr

2、om that victory came a society based on mass labor and mass consumption.”“an age of extremes”-“of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope”第9页/共38页第十页，共38页。第10页/共38页第十一页，共38页。第11页/共38页第十二页，共38页。The new intercontinental rail system, inaugurated in 1869, and the

3、transcontinental telegraph, which began operating in 1861, gave industry access to materials, markets, and communications. The constant influx of immigrants provided a seemingly endless supply of inexpensive labor as well.D. Social ProblemsD. Social ProblemsProblems of urbanization and industrializa

4、tion appeared: poor and overcrowded housing, unsanitary conditions, low pay (called wage slavery), difficult working conditions, and inadequate restraints on business.第12页/共38页第十三页，共38页。第13页/共38页第十四页，共38页。 American Realism 1. American Realism The American Civil War brought the Romantic Period in Ame

5、rican literature to its end, and realism, as a literary movement, came in the latter half of the nineteenth century and became a major trend in the 1870s and 1880s.第14页/共38页第十五页，共38页。16The three major realistic writers Mark TwainWilliam Dean HowellsHenry James第15页/共38页第十六页，共38页。Broadly defined as th

6、e faithful representation of reality or verisimilitude, realism is a literary technique practiced by many schools of writing. Although strictly speaking, realism is a technique, it also denotes a particular kind of subject matter, especially the representation of middle-class life.A. A. RealismReali

7、smB. American RealismB. American RealismIn American literature, the term realism encompasses the period of time from the Civil War to the turn of the century during which William Dean Howells, Rebecca Harding Davis, Henry James, Mark Twain, and others wrote fiction devoted to accurate representation

8、 and an exploration of American lives in various contexts. 第16页/共38页第十七页，共38页。a.American realists renders reality closely and in comprehensive detail. b. American realists selectively present the reality with an emphasis on verisimilitude, even at the expense of a well-made plot.c. Character is more

9、 important than action and plot; his/her complex ethical choices are often the subject. Characters appear in their real complexity of temperament and motive. They are in explicable relation to nature, to each other, to their social class, and to their own past. 第17页/共38页第十八页，共38页。d. Class is importa

10、nt. The novel has traditionally served the interests and aspirations of middle class. (characters from all social levels are examined in depth).e. Events are usually plausible. Realistic novels avoid the sensational, dramatic elements of naturalistic novels and romances. f. Diction is natural vernac

11、ular, not heightened or poetic; tone being comic, satiric, or matter-of-fact. g. Objectivity in presentation becomes increasingly important: overt authorial comments or intrusions diminish as the century progresses. 第18页/共38页第十九页，共38页。A. They are instances of realism insofar as they depict contempor

12、ary life, use the speech of the common people, and avoid, in general, fantastic plotlines.B. There are also often a romantic flavor in regional and local color writings as they receive influences from Washington Irving and the frontier tradition of tall tales.第19页/共38页第二十页，共38页。A. A regional work re

13、lies on the cultural, social and historical settings. If the setting is removed, the work is destroyed. B. Local color writings are just as dependent upon a specific geographical location, but they give more emphasis to the local details by tapping into its folklore, history, customs, beliefs and sp

14、eech. Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristic of local color writing. 第20页/共38页第二十一页，共38页。a. Henry James (18431916), Daisy Miller (1878), The Ambassadors (1903), The Wings of the Dove (1902) and The Art of Fictionb. William Dean Howells (18371920), The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885) and C

15、riticism and Fictionc. Mark Twain (18351910), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), Life on the Mississippi (1883)第21页/共38页第二十二页，共38页。第22页/共38页第二十三页，共38页。- born in Hannibal, Missouri- apprenticed to a printer- a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi- fought in

16、the Civil War -went to the silver fields of Nevada- joined the staff of Territorial Enterprise- began his career as a frontier humorist第23页/共38页第二十四页，共38页。Innocents Abroad (1869);Roughing it (1872);The Gilded Age (1873);The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876);The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884);Li

17、fe on the Mississippi (1883) .第24页/共38页第二十五页，共38页。a. His works sum up the tradition of Western humor and frontier realism. b. He writes about his people and his own life. c. His greatest achievement on literature is his use of the dialect and his portrayal of the locale. 第25页/共38页第二十六页，共38页。In thema

18、tic terms, James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society, and Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life, whereas Mark Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society.Technically, Howells wrote in the vein of genteel realism, James pursued an “imaginative” treatment

19、of reality or psychological realism, but Mark Twains contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of localism in American fiction, and partly through his colloquial style.第26页/共38页第二十七页，共38页。A. Plot SummaryMark Twains classic novel,

20、 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, tells the story of a teenaged misfit who finds himself floating on a raft down the Mississippi River with an escaping slave, Jim. In the course of their perilous journey, Huck and Jim meet adventure, danger, and a cast of characters who are sometimes menacing and

21、 often hilarious. 第27页/共38页第二十八页，共38页。a. Huckleberry Finn: Main character of the book. He is an illegitimate child who runs away from his adopted family to be free of society and civilization. b. Jim: Miss Watsons slave. He runs away and journeys down the Mississippi River with Huck. Together, they

22、have many adventures, and Jim becomes a father figure for Huck. 第28页/共38页第二十九页，共38页。d. Widow Douglas: Adopts Huck to try and civilize him. e. Miss Watson: Sister of the Widow Douglas. She tries to teach Huck religion and how to spell. f. Pap: Hucks drunkard father. He kidnaps Huck because he wants h

23、is money, but Huck escapes. c. Tom Sawyer: Hucks best friend who freely spins lies and loves adventure. 第29页/共38页第三十页，共38页。The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the wi

24、dow was in all her ways; and so when I couldnt stand it no longer I lit out. I got into my old rags and my sugar-hogshead again, and was free and satisfied. But Tom Sawyer he hunted me up and said he was going to start a band of robbers, and I might join if I would go back to the widow and be respec

25、table. So I went back. (Chapter I) Paragraph Analyses道格拉斯寡妇认我做干儿子，说要教我做人的规矩；可是只要想想这寡妇为人道格拉斯寡妇认我做干儿子，说要教我做人的规矩；可是只要想想这寡妇为人处世多古板、多正经，就能明白一天到晚呆在她屋里真是活受罪；所以到了我处世多古板、多正经，就能明白一天到晚呆在她屋里真是活受罪；所以到了我再也受不了的时候再也受不了的时候(sh hou)，我就溜啦。我又穿上原来的破衣烂衫，重新躲到，我就溜啦。我又穿上原来的破衣烂衫，重新躲到我那只大木桶里，真是自在逍遥，可汤姆我那只大木桶里，真是自在逍遥，可汤姆索亚找到我，说

26、他要成立一个强盗帮索亚找到我，说他要成立一个强盗帮，如果我肯回到寡妇那儿做一个受人尊敬的人，我可以加入这个帮、于是我就，如果我肯回到寡妇那儿做一个受人尊敬的人，我可以加入这个帮、于是我就回去了。回去了。第30页/共38页第三十一页，共38页。Well, you see, it uz dis way. Ole missus-dats Miss Watson-she pecks on me all de time, en treats me pooty rough, but she awluz said she wouldn sell me down to Orleans. But I notic

27、ed dey wuz a nigger trader roun de place considable lately, en I begin to git oneasy. Well, one night I creeps to de do pooty late, en de do warnt quite shet, en I hear old missus tell de widder she gwyne to sell me down to Orleans, but she didn want to, but she could git eight hundd dollars for me,

28、 en it uz sich a big stack o money she couldn resis. (Chapter VIII)“好吧，听我说，事情是这样的。老小姐好吧，听我说，事情是这样的。老小姐就是说华珍小姐就是说华珍小姐她从早到晚挑剔我她从早到晚挑剔我对我可凶啦对我可凶啦不过她老说，她不会把我卖到下游奥尔良那里去。不过我注意不过她老说，她不会把我卖到下游奥尔良那里去。不过我注意到，最近到，最近 有一个黑奴贩子，老在这里走动，我就心神不定。啊，一天晚上，我有一个黑奴贩子，老在这里走动，我就心神不定。啊，一天晚上，我偷偷到了门口偷偷到了门口(mnku)，那是很，那是很 晚了，门没有关紧

29、，我听到老小姐告诉寡斧妇晚了，门没有关紧，我听到老小姐告诉寡斧妇，说她要把我卖到下游奥尔良去。说她本不愿意卖，不过卖了能得八百块大洋，说她要把我卖到下游奥尔良去。说她本不愿意卖，不过卖了能得八百块大洋，这么大的一个数目，她不能不动心。，这么大的一个数目，她不能不动心。 第31页/共38页第三十二页，共38页。And at last, when it hit me all of a sudden that here was the plain hand of Providence slapping me in the face and letting me know my wickedness

30、was being watched all time from up there in heaven, whilst I was stealing a poor old womans nigger that hadnt ever done me no harm, and now was showing me theres One thats always on the lookout, and aint a-going to allow no such miserable doings to go only just so fur and no further. I most dropped

31、in my tracks I was so scared. 到后来，我突然之间猛然醒悟了，认识到这明明是上帝到后来，我突然之间猛然醒悟了，认识到这明明是上帝(Shngd)的手在打我的耳的手在打我的耳光，让我明白，我的种种邪恶始终逃不开在天上的眼睛。一个可怜的老妇人平生光，让我明白，我的种种邪恶始终逃不开在天上的眼睛。一个可怜的老妇人平生从没有损害过我一根毫毛，我却把她的黑奴拐跑，为了这个，上帝从没有损害过我一根毫毛，我却把她的黑奴拐跑，为了这个，上帝(Shngd)正指正指引着我，让我明白什么都逃不过引着我，让我明白什么都逃不过“他他”那高悬的明镜，那高悬的明镜，“他他”决不允许这类不幸决不允许

32、这类不幸的事再发展下去，只能到此为止。一想到这些，我差点就跌倒在地，委实吓得不的事再发展下去，只能到此为止。一想到这些，我差点就跌倒在地，委实吓得不得了啦。得了啦。第32页/共38页第三十三页，共38页。Well, I tried the best I could do to kinder soften it up somehow for myself by saying I was brung up wicked, and so I warnt so much to blame; but something inside of me kept saying, “There was the S

33、unday School, you could a gone (could have gone) to it; and if youd a done it theyd a learnt you there that people that acts as Id been acting about that nigger goes to everlasting fire.” (Chapter XXXI)于是，我就想方设法地试图为自己开脱。我对自个儿说：我从小就在邪恶的于是，我就想方设法地试图为自己开脱。我对自个儿说：我从小就在邪恶的环境中长大，因此不能过于怪罪我啊。不过，在我的心里，还有另外一个

34、声环境中长大，因此不能过于怪罪我啊。不过，在我的心里，还有另外一个声音在不停地说，音在不停地说，“还有主日学校哩。你本该到那儿去。要是你早去的话，他还有主日学校哩。你本该到那儿去。要是你早去的话，他们会在那儿教导们会在那儿教导(jiodo)你的嘛，教导你的嘛，教导(jiodo)你说，谁要像我那样为了黑奴你说，谁要像我那样为了黑奴所干的这一切，是要下地狱受到永恒的烈火的煎熬的。所干的这一切，是要下地狱受到永恒的烈火的煎熬的。第33页/共38页第三十四页，共38页。It was a close place. I took it up, and held it in my hand. I was a

35、- trembling, because Id got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself: All right, then, Ill GO to hell-and tore it up. It was awful thoughts and awful words, but they was said. And I let them stay said; and never thought no more about reforming. (Chapter XXXI)这真叫我难做。我拿起纸捏在手里。我浑身哆嗦，因为我得在两种做法中做出决定，从此这真叫我难做。我拿起纸捏在手里。我浑身哆嗦，因为我得在两种做法中做出决定，从此定局，这一点我心里明白。我几乎屏住气，琢磨了一阵儿，然后对自己说：定局，这一点我心里明白。我几乎屏住气，琢磨了一阵儿，然后对自己说：“好吧，我就下地狱吧。好吧，我就下地狱吧。”我把纸撕了。我把纸撕了。这是