裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记29

1、裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记 第二十八课 课文讲解Key structures现在完成时1.现在完成时have/has+过去分词，表示过去某时的动作对现在存在影响。仔细阅读下列句子，注意与现在完成时连用的表示时间的词或词组：I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim. 我刚收到我弟弟蒂姆的来信。just 刚刚I have not seen Tim since last January. 自从去年一月我就没再见过蒂姆。since+某一时间点I have not seen Tim for thr

2、ee years. 我已经三年没有见过蒂姆了。for+一段时间Up till now he has won five prizes. 到现在为止他已经赢得五项大奖了。up till now 到现在为止I have been to New York three times so far. 迄今为止我已经去过纽约三次了。so far 到现在为止Have you seen this film? 你看过这部电影吗？通常搭配的adv.及短语有：just; already; ever; never; recently; lat

3、ely; yet; so far; for six months2.现在完成时是一个现在时态，所以它可以和包括“现在时刻”在内的时间状语连用。如：now; today; this week; this month; this yearThe rain has stopped now. 雨终于停了。now 相当于at lastI have lived here for five years now. 到现在为止我住在这儿已经五年了。now 相当于so farHave you seen John today? 今天你见过约翰吗？today相当于到现

4、在为止It has rained every day this week. 这星期每天都下雨。3.have been与have gone含义不同。I have been to the library. 我去过图书馆。He has gone to the library. 他去图书馆了。4.非延续性动词可用于完成时中，但不能加一段时间。但是，在否定句中，非延续性动词可用于现在完成时并加一段时间。因为“否定”本身是可以延续的。I have bought a car. 我买了一辆车。I have had the car for 3 weeks. 我买

5、这辆车已经3周了。I havent bought anything for three months. 我已经三个月没有买任何东西了。I havent touched beer for a whole week. 我已经一周没沾过啤酒了。5.现在完成时有时带有感情色彩。What have you done ! 你干了些什么！Now you have done! 这下你可闯祸了！定语从句一、在主从复合句中，充当主句某一成分（主语，宾语，表语，状语）的定语的主谓结构叫定语从句。二、定语从句一般是由关系代词（who, that, which, whose, w

6、hom）或关系副词（when, where, why）引导的。Do you know the man who came to see Xiao Yang this morning?你认识那个今早来找小杨的人吗？At the time when I saw him, he was well. 我看见他的时候，他很好。三、定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。1. 限定性定语从句修饰的词代表一个或一类特定的人或东西，如果拿掉了定语从句，剩下的部分就会失去意义，不能成立或意思不清或不能说明问题。Those who want to go please sign their

7、names here. 那些想去的人请在这里签名。The letter that I received from him yesterday is very important.昨天我收到的那封他寄来的信非常重要。The students who went to see the film were very disappointed.那些去看了电影的学生非常失望。2.非限定性定语从句，只对所修饰的词作进一步说明，拿掉之后其他部分仍可成立。She was very fond of speaking French, which indeed she spoke well.她非常喜欢说法语

8、，而且她说得非常好。I have many friends, some of whom are painters.我有许多朋友，其中一些是画家。非限定性定语从句通常用逗号隔开。3.限定性定语从句1）如果修饰人，一般用关系代词who或用that，作主语时用who较多，且不可省略，如果这个关系代词在从句中作宾语，用宾格whom或that，在口语中可用who代替，但在大多数情况下都可以省略。The people _ you were talking to were Swedes.  (who/that/whom/空)宾语He is a man _ you can safely d

9、epend on. (who/that/whom/空)宾语Here is the man _ youve been looking for. (who/that/whom/空)宾语2）在表示“的”这个所有关系的时候，可以用它的所有格whose。Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast?你们班有家在东北的人吗？3）限定性定语从句如果修饰“物”，用关系代词that或which（但在从句中做主语时不可省略）。The parcel that/which came just now was for Tom. 刚

10、刚到的包裹是给汤姆的。The train that/which has just left is for Xian. 刚开走的火车是去西安的。当这个代词在从句中做宾语时，大多数情况下可省略，尤其在口语中。Is there anything you need? 有你需要的东西吗？Anything I can do for you?我能为你做些什么？）在介词后只能用which。The tool with which he is working is called a wrench./the tool that he is working with is called

11、a wrench.他用来工作的工具叫做扳手。5）当限定性定语从句修饰一个时间的时候，常用关系副词when来引导定语从句，在很多情况下还可以不用或用that来表达。There are moments when I forget all about it. 总有一天我会忘了的。Come any time that you like. 你喜欢的话随时都可以来。She made me feel at home the moment I arrived.我一到她就让我感觉好像到了自己家一样。6）限定性定语从句在修饰表示地点的名词前，用关系副词where，在从句中充当状语成分。I kn

12、ow a place where we can swim. 我知道一个可以游泳的地方。Is there a shop around where we can get fruit? 附近有没有能买水果的商店？7）在reason后的的定语从句可由why来引导，也可常省略。This is the reason (why) I did it. 这就是我为什么做这件事的原因。8）在way后也可跟定语从句，不需要关系代词或副词。Thats the way I look at it. 那就是我看它的方式。That was the way she looked afte

13、r us. 那就是她照顾我们的方式。Exercise 1: 用正确的动词填空1. Up till now we _ (plant) over 24,000 fruit trees.  (have planted)2. I _ just _ (receive) an invitation to the party.  (have, received)3. So far we _ (discuss) the first five chapters.  (have discussed)4. I _ (not hear) much of him rec

14、ently.  (havent heard)5. _ you ever _ (see) each other before?  (Have, seen)Exercise 2: 在需要的地方填上who，which，whose，that，when，where或why。1. The only games _ I play are football and tennis.                 

15、      that/which/空2. Thats the way _ I look at it.                                    

16、0;                      that/空/in which3. He is the only student _ understands English well.              

17、0;                that/who4. He is a writer _ books are seldom read.                         &#

18、160;                     whose5. This is the hotel at _ we are staying.                   

19、                                 which6. This is the hour _ the place is full of children.       

20、60;                             when7. Lets think of a situation _ this idiom can be used.           

21、;                     where8. Thats the horse _ won the race.                      &#

22、160;                          which/that9. This is the reason _ I did it.                &

23、#160;                                                 w

24、hy/空10. Is she the girl _ sells flowers?                                           &#

25、160;          who/that课文内容：Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners. When he returns home a

26、t night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate. Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once. Jasper has put up 'No Parking' signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect. Now he has put an ugly stone head over the ga

27、te. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon. Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone. But none of them has been turned to stone yet!参考翻译：贾斯珀.怀特是少有的相信古代神话的人之一。他刚在城里买下一所新房子，但自从搬进去后，就和汽车及车主们发生了磨擦。当他夜里回

28、到家时，总是发现有人把车停在他家大门外。为此，他甚至一次也没能把自己的车开进车库。贾斯珀曾把几块“禁止停车”的牌子挂在大门外边，但没有任何效果。现在他把一个丑陋的石雕头像放在了大门上边，这是我见过的最丑陋的头像之一。我问他那是什么？他告诉我那是蛇发女怪美杜莎。贾斯珀希望她把汽车和车主们都变成石头。但到目前为止还没有一个变成石头呢！1. Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.贾斯珀.怀特是少有的相信古代神话的人之一。定语从句修饰Jasper Whitebeliev

29、e in 信仰，信奉She believes in ancient myths. 她相信古代神话。I believe in God. 我信奉上帝。I believe in Jesus 'di:zs. 我信耶稣。/I believe in Jesus Christ kraist.believe 相信I believe you forever. 我永远相信你。I dont believe this story. 我不相信这个故事One of+ n. 复数One of my friends 我的一个朋友

30、2. He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.他刚在城里买下一所新房子，但自从搬进去后，就和汽车及车主们发生了磨擦。现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响。have trouble with sb/sth 与产生摩擦3. When he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outsi

31、de his gate.当他夜里回到家时，总是发现有人把车停在他家大门外。4. Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once.为此，他甚至一次也没能把自己的车开进车库。because of +n. / pron. /doing由于because+ 从句Because it was raining, I had to stay at home./Because of the rain, I had to stay at home.even once 

32、;甚至一次（否定句中）5. Jasper has put up 'No Parking' signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.贾斯珀曾把几块“禁止停车”的牌子挂在大门外边，但没有任何效果。put up 张贴；搭起put up a notice 张贴通知put up a tent 搭起帐篷have not had any effect/have had no effect 没有任何效果（现在完成时）6. Now he has put an u

33、gly stone head over the gate. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen.现在他把一个丑陋的石雕头像放在了大门上边，这是我见过的最丑陋的头像之一。This is the best film I have ever seen. 这是我所看过的最好看的电影。He is the noisiest person I have ever met. 他是我所见过的最吵闹的人。It is the most expensive car I have ever driven. 这是我所开过的最贵的车。

34、This is the worst photo I have ever taken. 这是我所拍过的最难看的照片。另一种方式表达同样感情色彩：What a pretty girl! I have never met such a pretty girl before!What a good meal! I have never had such a good meal before!What a silly story! I have never read such a silly story before!What bad luck! I have never had such b

35、ad luck before!7. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon.我问他那是什么？他告诉我那是蛇发女怪美杜莎。I asked him what it was 宾语从句He told me that 宾语从句8. Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone.贾斯珀希望她把

36、汽车和车主们都变成石头。turn sth into/to sth 把变成The witch turned the prince into a fog. 女巫把王子变成了青蛙。turn to 翻到Please turn to page 20.turn to sb 向某人求助，依赖I turned to him for advice. 我向他求助意见。9. But none of them has been turned to stone yet!但到目前为止还没有一个变成石头呢！none of 没有none of之后的名词前一

37、定要接the，this，my，your，等修饰限定成分。None of the students could answer the question. 没有学生能够回答这个问题。He did none of his task. 他没有完成任务。接名词复数时，谓语动词通常视为复数来使用，但作较正式的表达时，则视为单数。None of us have/has ever been abroad. 我们中没有人出过国。若名词为不可数，谓语动词则视为单数形式来使用。None of the money was paid to me. 一分钱都没有付给我。所接名词若为

38、复数形式时，指三者中间没有任何一个。neither of 指两者中没有一个none other than 不外是，就是none the less 然而，尽管如此Exercises1. There is always a car outside his gate. _ he cant get his own car into his garage.A. For this   B.Because   C. Thats why   D. Because of2. It is one

39、 of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. Ive never seen _ .A. an ugly one   B. an ugliest one   C. the ugliest one   D. an uglier one3._ of them has been turned to stone.A. no one   B. not one   C. no   D. even

40、one4. Once out of the earths gravity, the astronaut is _ by the problem of weightlessness.A. affected   B. effected   C. inclined   D. related1. C  2. D  3. B  4. A谚语：1. A rose by any name would smell as sweet.人或物不在乎其叫什么，而在于其实质；玫瑰花换一个名字仍然一样

41、香。2. A stitch in time saves nine.一出差错就采取行动可省却以后很多工作；小洞不补，大洞吃苦；即时一针省九针。stitch  stit  n.(缝纫或编织中的)一针；胁部的突然剧痛；衣服裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记 第二十九课 单词学习taxi  n. 出租汽车Pilatus Porter 皮勒特斯·波特（飞机名）land  v. 着陆plough plau v. 耕地lonely adj. 偏僻的，人迹罕至的Welsh adj. 威尔士的

42、roof n. 楼顶block n. 一座大楼flat n. 公寓房desert di'z:t v. 废弃taxi   n. 出租车take a taxi to     打的去cab kæb n.出租车；(公共汽车、火车等的)司机室, 驾驶室；出租马车(Am)by taxi      by cabtaxi stand  出租车站（美）taxi driver=cab dr

43、iverland1) n.U 陆地，土地，地landsea， water     groundskyfarming land 农业用地building land 建筑用地C 祖国（喻）mother landhome landnative 'neitiv landthe land of the dead 黄泉路by land 由陆路 by air, by sealandlord店主，房东 landlady  女店主，女房东2) v. （使）

44、着陆The plane can land anywhere. 这架飞机能在任何地方着陆。（不及物，无宾语）The pilot was trying to land the damaged plane safely. 这个飞行员试图使这架损坏的飞机安全着陆。（及物）land on ones feet  化险为夷land in / land up 陷入We landed in a lot of trouble. 我们陷入了许多麻烦。plough  plau v. 用犁耕plow plau  (Am)ploug

45、h a field/plough up a field  耕田They plough in spring. 他们在春天耕种田地。plough a lonely furrow   孤独无援地工作furrow  'f:r, 'fr n.犁沟；(脸上的)皱纹 vt.犁田,开沟plough through a dull textbook 费劲地读一本枯燥的教科书the Plough 北斗七星  the Big Dipper (Am)lonely  adj.1) adj

46、. 孤寂的，寂寞的 alone; unhappy because of being alone or without friendsAlthough he lives in a big family, he feels very lonely. 尽管他住在一个大家庭里，他还是觉得很孤独。I live alone but I never feel lonely. 我一个人住但是我不觉得孤独。2) adj. 指地方偏僻的，人迹罕至的of places far from inhabited places; without people; unvisi

47、tedAntarctic is the loneliest place on the earth. 南极是世界上最偏僻的地方。Antarctic  æn't:ktik 南极区; 南极地方a lonely village in Africa 在非洲一个偏僻的小村庄alone adj. / adv. 独自的（地）；单独的（地）He lives alone. (adv.) 他一个人住。Leave me alone. (adj.) 别理我。I want to be alone. (adj.) 我想一个人呆

48、着。alone无不愉快的含义，lonely含不愉快的含义。alone作形容词不可放名词前，只能做表语，补语，后置定语。roof  ru:f1) n. 房顶，车顶，顶部   pl. roofsAlthough divorced, they continued to live under the same roof.尽管离婚了，他们还是住在同一栋房子里。have no roof over ones head /have no place to live in没有地方住2) n. 最高处the roof of the world&

49、#160;世界屋脊the roof of the mouth 上颚-What kind of roof cant keep the wet? 哪种房顶不能挡雨？-The roof of the mouth.3) ceiling  'si:li 天花板hit the ceiling 勃然大怒 hit the roof 大发雷霆 raise the roof 闹翻了天block blk1) C n. （木，石，金属等的）大块a block of concrete 'knkri:t 一

50、块混凝土块 a block of marble 'm:bl 一块大理石a block of rock 一大块岩石2) C n. 大建筑物，大楼（内有许多相互独立的公寓或办公室的）a block of flats 一栋公寓楼a tower block 高层建筑，塔楼3) C 街区，四面街道围成的一大片建筑物，或指此类建筑群一边的长度 AmThe two buildings share the block. 这两栋建筑物整整占满了这个街区。The post office is two blocks a

51、way. 邮局在两个街区之外。flat flæt1) n. 公寓，单元房，一套房间 Brapartment 'p:tmnt  Amflatlet flætlet小公寓  -let小的 booklet 小册子 piglet  小猪  tablet 'tæblit 药片 bomblet 'bmlit 小炸弹2) adj. 平坦的flat land 平原3)

52、adj. 泄了气的，瘪下去的flat tyre 瘪了的轮胎4) adj. 浅的，扁的a flat dish 浅碟子The cake was flat. 这个蛋糕没有发起来。5) adj. 啤酒等会起泡的饮料走了气My cola has gone flat. 我的可乐走气了。desert1) 'dezt n. 沙漠，荒漠the Sahara sh:r Desert 撒哈拉大沙漠2) di'z:t v. 离弃，放弃，遗弃desert sb / desert sp 抛弃某人，

53、放弃某个地方desert 强调丢弃，抛弃abandon 'bændn：give up 强调放弃某一想法，打算等He deserted his wife and children and went abroad. 他抛弃妻子出国了。desert a house 放弃一个房子 desert a city 放弃一座城市3) deserted dz:td adj. 无人的  empty, with no one presenta deserted street 空无一人的大街 

54、; a deserted office 空荡荡的办公室a deserted area 无人地区deserted adj. 被离弃的，被遗弃的，被抛弃的a deserted wife 被抛弃的妻子  a deserted house 被遗弃的房子裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记 第二十九课 课文学习Key structures一般过去时和现在完成时的比较1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作。时间状语多为：last year, last month, 3 years ago, in 1994, just n

55、ow等。2）现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果；或表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在，而且还可能继续延续下去的动作；或表示经验。时间状语多为表示到现在为止的这段时间。since 1994, for three years, up until now, just, before等。此外，在用already, yet, just ,ever, never这类副词做状语时，常可用现在完成时。I saw him in 1994. 我在1994年看见他的。I havent seen him since 1994. 我从1994年以后就再也没有

56、见过他了。I saw him 3 years ago. 我三年前见过他。I havent seen him for 3 years. 我已经三年没有见过他了。He stayed at this hotel last month. 他上个月住过这家旅馆。Have you ever stayed at this hotel? 你住过这家旅馆吗？I went abroad last year. 我去年出国了。Up till now, I have never been abroad before. 至今为止，我从没出过国。1. We _ e

57、ach other again since then. not see have not seen从那以后，我们再没有见过对方。2. I _ in last night. am was昨天晚上我在家。3. I _ much of him recently. not see have not seenrecently=these days我最近没见过他几次。4. The day before yesterday / Yesterday she _ for the U.K.  leave leftU.K. = the United Kindom of Gre

58、at Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。英国。leave for 离开去某地前天她去了英国。5. He _ a good deal since he _ here. learn / come has learnt / came自从他来这儿，他学到了很多东西。课文内容：Captain Ben Fawcett has bought an unusual taxi and has begun a new service. The 'taxi' is a small Swiss aero

59、plane called a 'Pilatus Porter'. This wonderful plane can carry seven passengers. The most surprising thing about it, however, is that it can land anywhere: on snow, water, or even on a ploughed field. Captain Fawcett's first passenger was a doctor who flew from Birmi

60、ngham to a lonely village in the Welsh mountains. Since then, Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places. Once he landed on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park. Captain Fawcett has just refused a strange

61、0;request from a businessman. The man wanted to fly to Rockall, a lonely island in the Atlantic Ocean, but Captain Fawcett did not take him because the trip was too dangerous.参考翻译：本.弗西特机长买了一辆不同寻常的出租汽车，并开始了一项新的业务。这辆“出租汽车”是一架小型瑞士飞机，叫“皮勒特斯.波特“号。这架奇妙的飞机可以载7名乘客。然而，最令人惊奇的是它能够在任何地方降落：雪地上，水面上，甚至刚耕

62、过的田里。弗西特机长的第一名乘客是位医生，他从伯明翰飞往威尔士山区一个偏僻的村庄。从那时开始，弗西特机长已经载送乘客到过许多不寻常的地方。一次，他把飞机降落在了一栋公寓楼的屋顶上；还有一次，降落在了一个废弃的停车场上。弗西特机长刚刚拒绝了一位商人的奇怪要求。这个人想要飞往大西洋上的一个孤岛 - 罗卡尔岛，弗西特机长之所以不送他去，是因为那段飞行太危险了。解析：1. Captain Ben Fawcett has bought an unusual taxi and has begun a new service.本.弗西特机长买了一辆不同寻常的

63、出租汽车，并开始了一项新的业务。captain 机长 （本文含义）可指上尉，队长，船长，连长，领班等。service 's:vis1) n. 服务，贡献，帮助，功劳social services 社会福利事业He did me a great service. 他帮了我很大的忙。2) n. 供水，通讯等公共事业，业务，公共汽车的行驶，班次等。a mail service / a postal service 邮政业务the telephone service 电话业务，电话网络Is there a good trai

64、n service into the city?往市内的火车班次方便吗？3) n. 车辆，机器等定期的维修When did you take your car for service? 你什么时候修的车？after-sale service 售后服务4) n. 军务，兵役He was in the service for two years. 他在服两年兵役。at a persons service 随时为某人服务Im at your service. 我随时为您效劳。2. The 'taxi' i

65、s a small Swiss aeroplane called a 'Pilatus Porter'.这辆“出租汽车”是一架小型瑞士飞机，叫“皮勒特斯.波特“号。Swiss adj. 瑞士人的，瑞士的 n. 瑞士人（单复数同形）Switzerland 瑞士called a Pilatus Porter被叫做的飞机过去分词短语作定语3. This wonderful plane can carry seven passengers.这架奇妙的飞机可以载七名乘客。4. The most su

66、rprising thing about it, however, is that it can land anywhere: on snow, water, or even on a ploughed field.然而，最令人惊奇的是它能够在任何地方降落：雪地上，水面上，甚至刚耕过的田里。that 引导表语从句。anywhere 任何地方 somewhere 某个地方 nowhere 没有什么地方ploughed 过去分词过定语。刚刚被耕过的。5. Captain Fawcett's first pass

67、enger was a doctor who flew from Birmingham to a lonely village in the Welsh mountains.弗西特机长的第一名乘客是位医生，他从伯明翰飞往威尔士山区一个偏僻的村庄。who引导定语从句，修饰医生。6. Since then, Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places.从那时开始，弗西特机长已经载送乘客到过许多不寻常的地方。since then 现在完成时的时间状语。fly-flew-flown1)

68、vi. 鸟，飞机等飞Look, we are flying over the Rocky Mountains.看，我们在落基山脉上面飞行呢。2) vt. 驾驶飞机It seems very difficult to fly a jumbo. 驾驶大型喷气式飞机看起来很难。jumbo 'dmbu 大型喷气式飞机3) Time flies. 光阴似箭。soar  s: 急速升空，高飞float  flut 漂浮hover  'hv 盘旋glide laid 滑行skim 

69、skim 掠过7. Once he landed on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park.一次，他把飞机降落在了一栋公寓楼的屋顶上；还有一次，降落在了一个废弃的停车场上。onceon another occasion 一次还有一次on one occasionon another occasionoccasion 'kein n. 场合on several occasions&#

70、160;在几次不同场合in honor of the occasion 为表庆贺on rare occasions 偶尔I have met him on several occasions. 我见过他几次。8. Captain Fawcett has just refused a strange request from a businessman.弗西特机长刚刚拒绝了一位商人的奇怪要求。refuse 拒绝请求或给予某种东西He refused my help. 他拒绝了我的帮助。He refused my present. 他拒绝了我的礼物。r