2021年浙江绍兴【中考冲刺】英语试题解题技巧：阅读技巧-主旨大意题、推理判断题(学生版)

1、阅读技巧 -主旨大意题、推理判断题主旨大意题 考查学生对短文主题思想或全文梗概的掌握和理解情况的题目,叫主旨大意题。(一)主旨大意类题目常见的设问方式1. What ' s the main idea of this passage?2. What does the passage mainly tell us?3. What does the passage mainly discuss?4. The writer means to tell us that .5. The main idea/point of the passage is that.6. The passage i

2、s mainly about.7. From the passage we can learn/conclude that.8. The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with.9. What ' s the best title for the passage?10. What would be the best title for the passage?11. The best title/headline( 标题 )for the passage is.(二)主题句段落的主题通常由被称为主题句 (Topic Sentence)的句子来表

3、示。主题句有两个功能 : 介绍段落的主题 (Topic); 阐述控制概念 (Controlling idea), 控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。主题句通常是一段的第一句或末尾一句,偶尔在一段中间。我们在阅读非故事性文章如科普文章的时候,主题句尤其明显。有的文章无明显的主题句,主题句隐含在段意之中。1. 主题句位于段首 主题句位于段首是由作者先立论 ,后摆事实、讲道理的写作手法形成的。这种段落称作演绎型段落。据 有关统计数字表明 ,在英语议论文或说明文中 ,有 60%90% 的主题句是段落的第一句。(1)寻找主题句有些段落 ,有明显的引出细节的信息词 ,常见的信息词有 :for exam

4、ple,an example of,the most important example,first,second,next,then,last,finally,to begin with,also,besides that 等。在阅读中,应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。 从该段落中的 for example可以断定 ,第一句是主题 句。如果无明显的信息词 ,可先假设第一句为主题句 ,在第二句前面添加一个 for example, 看看第二句是否可以 支撑第一句话 ,如果第二句不能支撑第一句话 ,便在其他地方找出主题句。(2)选择答案先彻底弄懂主题句的句意 ,然后阅读 A、B、C、D 四

5、选项 ,选择与主题句句意相吻合的答案 ,如主题句的 再现 ,主题句句意的复述或推论等 ,排除与主题句句意无关的答案 ,如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。2. 主题句位于段末 主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实,后做结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。3. 主题句位于段落的中间 主题句偶尔也出现在段落的中间,但不一定就在正中间。有时 ,第一句并非主题句 ,而是承上启下的过渡句。在这种情况下 ,第二句便成了主题句。此外 ,主题句也可能是段落的倒数第二句。推理判断题推理判断题主要考查考生根据文章的字面意思,通过语篇逻辑关系 ,研究细节的暗示 ,推敲作者的态度 ,理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观

6、性较强的高层次阅读理解题。推理判断题问句中常含有 suggest,conclude,learn,intend,mean,describe,purpose 等 词 , 或 提 问 中 含 有 表 示 推 测 的 情 态 动 词 , 如 can,could,might,would 等和其他表示可能性的词 ,如 probably,most likely 等。(一)解题思路 做推理判断类试题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思,更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义,以及作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作出合理的猜测和推论。关键是:意思要靠推断得出 ,而不是原文照搬。 这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段

7、的内容;明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的 ;分析文章里所给的有关信息 ; 注意词汇在词典里的定义和词典以外的含义;最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理,挖出文章的伏笔 ,得出正确的推论。这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到,必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算 ,从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体来说,考生应当注意以下几点 :1. 首先注意一定要忠实于原文 ,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知,推断未知 ,遵循“词不离句 ,句不离段 ,段不离篇 ”的原则。千万不能主观臆想 ,凭空想象 ,随意揣测 ,更不能以自己的观点代

8、替作者的观点。2. 要吃透文章的字面意思 ,从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索,这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断 ,考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节 ,再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推 敲,从而得出符合文章原意的结论。3. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工 ,由表及里 ,由浅入深 ,从具体到抽象 ,从特殊到一般 ,通过分析、综合、 判断等 ,进行深层处理。不能就事论事 ,断章取义 ,以偏概全。4. 要把握句、 段之间的逻辑关系 ,了解语篇的结构 ,同时还要体会文章的基调 ,揣摩作者的态度 ,摸准逻辑发 展方向 ,悟出作者的言外之意。5. 在解答推理性问题时 ,一定要注

9、意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个 细节进行推断 ,还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning 的方法 ,迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围 ,然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想做推断时,则常常要纵览全篇文章。（二）解题方法1. 抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理 做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断,利用逆向思维或正面推理 ,从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。2. 整合全文 （段 ）信息进行推断做推理题时 , 有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息 ,综合起来去推理判断 ,确定最

10、佳结论。3. 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定褒贬性,这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图,因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握文意主旨的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文 并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子,对我们掌握文章主旨 ,了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化,从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。4. 根据文章的结论推断作者的态度作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定,对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此

11、 ,在推断过程中 ,应特别注意文中作者的措辞 ,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。5. 根据上下文的逻辑得出结论 逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理 ,从而得出合乎逻 辑的结论 ,而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时,应把握作者的写作思路 ,预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可按事件发展的经过描写,也可按因果关系 ,对比关系来描写。6. 结合已有的知识进行推断知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节,运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲,从而得出符合文章原意的结论的一种推断方法。知识推断题一般都是针对细节。解答此类题,不仅需要我们有一定的社会基

12、础知识而且还需要对细节以及有关背景知识有一个充分的理解。五、文章结构题推理判断题的一种特殊设题形式。考查文章的整体篇章结构或某一段落的发展层次。这类考题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次。在中考题中,这是一种较为新颖的考查方式。文章结构题的设题方式有 :a. What is the right order of the steps in doing ?b. Which of the following pictures shows the structure of the passage?c. In the next part, the author

13、 would most probably talk about六、态度观点题 推理判断题的又一种特殊设题形式。考查作者的写作意图、对观点的态度和对事件的评价。 态度观点题的设题方式有 :a. What is the purpose of the passage?/The purpose of the passage is.b. What is the opinion of the writer in this passage?c. What is the writer' s attitude toward.?解题方法 :通读全文 ,寻找判断依据 ,揣摩作者的思路 ,得出结论。专题训练A

14、re You Right Handed or Left Handed?Which hand do you use when you write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed , try this experiment:Take

15、a knife withyour left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Donsurprised if you feel awkward（ 别扭的 ）.In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write.

16、 But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write.What causes people to be left handed or right handed? Experts have searched long and hard on this. They concluded（ 得出结论 ）that left-handed people are lef

17、t handed for the same reason that right-handed people are right handed. One out of every ten people just is a left- hander. It ' s simikpely t hle color of our eyes some people have brown eyes, while some others have black eyes.However, many researchers think that left-handers and right-handers

18、are different in some aspects. Right-handers are more talkative and outgoing than left-handers. Many right-handed people understand spoken words better. For example, after they listen to directions to a supermarket, they can find it easily. Right-handers are good at organizing people, too. They are

19、also better basketball guards. Just ask Yao Ming.Research shows that left-handers are creative and artistic. Many famous performers, like Jim Carrey and Paul McCartney, are left handed. Many left-handers learn better visually（ 在视觉方面 ）. In art, both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were left handed

20、. In music, Ludwig van Beethoven was left handed. In science, you find Newton and Einstein. The left-handed people are also really good at tennis and other single sports.If you prefer one hand, but you are still good at writing with the other, you are mixed handed. Research shows mixed-handers can r

21、emember everyday things better than other people. What did you eat for lunch two weeks ago? If you ' re mixed handed, you can probably remember.1.If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will.A. get hurtB.give up cuttingC.feel awkwardD.change their tools2. What is Paragraph 2

22、mainly about?A. Causes of being left handed.B. Encouragement to left-handers.C. Punishment for using the left hand.D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.3. According to the passage, right-handers.A. learn better visuallyB. are good organizersC. are better at single sportsD.give clear directions to

23、others4. From the passage, we can learn that left-handers.A. may be more talkative and outgoingB. are ordinary people like right-handersC. might remember everyday things betterD. no longer need to use right-handed toolsDiabetes is caused by a group of metabolic disorders * in which there are high bl

24、ood sugar levels over a long period of time. There are three main types of diabetes:·Type 1 Diabetes results from the body not having enough insulin.·Type 2 Diabetes mainly happens to those who do not have enough physical exercise, eat too much unhealthy food and get too heavy.·Gestat

25、ional Diabetes is the third main form. It appears when a woman is having a baby. She will probably get well again after the birth of the baby.Diabetes can bring serious problems. People with diabetes, especially the Type 1, will easily get thirsty and hungry, and quickly lose weight. If it is not tr

26、eated, it will develop rapidly(weeks or months), and cause many long-term complications *. All the complications relate to damage to blood vessels *. For example, damage to the eyes. It is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the eyes, and results in gradual vision loss * and blindness. The comp

27、lications will greatly increase the risk of diabetes, by which about 75% of the deaths are caused.According to a report from the WHO(World Health Organization) in 2015, about 415 million people have diabetes worldwide, which means 8.3% of the adults in the world have diabetes. Of all the cases, 85%

28、to 90% are Type 2 Diabetes. That is to say, most cases of diabetes result from the unhealthy life style. Diabetes doubles a person ' s risk of early death. From 2012 to2 015, about 1.5 to 5 million deaths each year resulted from this disease. The global economic cost of diabetes in 2014 was arou

29、nd 612 billion USD.A healthy life style can help prevent diabetes. Doing a lot of physical activities and having a healthy diet will help have normal body weight. Higher levels of physical activity(more than 90 minutes per day) can reduce the risk of diabetes by 28%. Healthy diet includes foods rich

30、 in whole grains and fiber, foods with good fats from nuts, vegetable oils and fish, little sugar, and less red meat.1. Diabetes is .A. a serious diseaseB. a damage to blood vesselsC. an unhealthy life styleD. an unusual blood sugar level2. According to the passage, what problem can diabetes cause?A

31、. A person gets too heavy.B. A perso n doesn 't want to eat.C. A person becomes blind.D. A woman will not have a baby.3. The WHO report （2015） tells us that in the world.A. 8.3% of the people have diabetesB. 85% to 90% of the adults have Type 2 DiabetesC. about 1.5 to 5 million people died of di

32、abetes every yearD. the economic cost of diabetes was about 612 billion USD in 20144. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. A Report on HealthB. Diabetes and Its CauseC. How to Prevent DiabetesD. Diabetes: Harm and PreventionArkansas may give up the BMI program or weaken it

33、 with the help of the new governor, who said it had of negative, unexpected results ”.The number of overweight children in the United States has more than doubled in the past 20 years. Being seriously overweight can lead to health problems later in life. As a result, Arkansas first started the BMI p

34、rogram in 2004 public schools were required to provide parents with a yearly report of their children 'bosd y mass index（BMI）, a number to show whether their weight is appropriate（ 合适的 ）. Along with students ' BMIs, parents also received information on health risks of being overweight.A stud

35、y shows that obesity（肥胖）rates in Arkansas have stopped increasing since 2004. But not everyone supports schools in re porting students' BMIs. Some parents have complained their kids worry that they are being“ graded ” by their weight, although Dr. Joe Thompson, who helped plan the BMI program, g

36、ave the explanation at the start of the program,“Just like a schoovl icshioenc ko rf ohre aring, this is a way to raise awareness（ 意识） abouta health risk.”Critics argue that telling parents their children weigh too much could hurt children -esteem（自尊）. Some 's self also question whether it '

37、s the role of schools to monitor stuediegnhtts. Dr. Nancy Krebs', a w nutrition expert, also thinks obesity report cards aren 'gto od enough. “ They 'mrea king kids feel bad about how they are, ”sh e says.Instead of focusing on kidsBMIs, schools should provide better health and physical

38、eduacsasteiosnn a cnld servehealthier foods.However, supporters of the program say overweight children have had self-esteem problems before their parents get obesity report cards. Dr. Karen Young at Arkansas Children' s Hospital says,“ The ovalready being teased（被嘲弄 ）. ”Health experts from the U

39、niversity of Arkansas think it would be a pity to stop the BMI program. They see the program as a wake-up call for families and the letter is spurring some parents into some major action. Danita Thomas said she knew her son Irie was too heavy. But since getting that first BMI report, Irie has lost n

40、early 100 pounds and given up junk food.“ It was helpful,” she said.“ It made me realize that we needed to do somdifferent. ”The BMI reports and other steps, such as limits on vending machine（ 自动售货机 ） use at school, are leading to healthier students. If there was no BMI program, there should be othe

41、r effective tools to get schools and parents involved in preventing children from becoming overweight adults.1. What might be the purpose of the BMI program in Arkansas?A. To make the schools realize the importance of health education.B. To warn parents of health risks of being overweight.C. To driv

42、e parents to learn more knowledge of health.D. To explain why some students gain weight quickly.2. Dr. Nancy Krebs believes that.A. overweight students are usually laughed at by classmatesB. schools should teach students how to lead a healthy lifeC. overweight students usually get low grades at scho

43、olD. schools should do the job to record students weight '3. The words “ spurring some parents into some major action” in Paragraph 6 proba”bly. mean“A. keeping some parents from worriesB. encouraging some parents to make changesC. helping some parents learn from other familiesD. supporting some

44、 parents in expressing their opinions4. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. What schools should report to parents.B. How schools can care about overweight students.C. Why schools should help students control their weight.D. Whethe r schools should report students' BMIs to parents.四Motivat

45、ed（ 积极的 ） or Overachieving?Everyone has the occasional classmate who hands in his homework ahead of time with really beautiful handwriting. Some teachers may cheerfully get the homework by saying “Ofc ourse you did it early. I 'msu re you ' ve done a good job! ” Some teachers may feel annoye

46、d because “The deadline is not until next Friday. this student 'basc k are tons of whispers from his classmates, “ Ugh,h e is such an overachiever and it 'sso annoying. ”If you ask the same student to explain his behavior, he probably says that he is simply “ motivated S”uc.h students refuse

47、 to call themselves overachievers but prefer“ motivated ” instead. They want to shy awaunpleasant term “ overachiever ” bute cmhboroascee t toh e word “ motivated ”.Why is the term“ overachiever ” used as侮 an辱 in）?su Dlto （ not we all work hard to achieve our goals? Whydoes not the“ motivated ” stud

48、ent proudly call himself an“ overachiever ”?In my personal experience, being called an overachiever in front of my classmates is not pleasant at all. The word is often connected with an unkind smile or sometimes a hint of jealousy （嫉妒）. “ Overachiever ” carries theimplied（ 暗指的 ） sense which“over ” l

49、enydosu iht ave done too much and you have gone too far. Anyway, it isbeyond the proper degree and just annoying to those students who refuse to put in the effort themselves and get dissatisfied with you for doing so.A student would rather think of himself as an excellent student and it is motivatio

50、n that drives him to do his best. What is the implied meaning of “ motivated C”on?n ected with positive words like willpower, spirit and determination, the “ motivated ” student would appear to be competing in an event of the brain Olympics.Al though there are differences in their implications, the

51、student who calls himself“ motivatebe a secret overachiever, going over the top for all his work; while the “ overachiever is n”o thing more than a motivated student, driven by the simple desire to do well and willing to put in time and effort. In fact, the choice lies within the student: to overach

52、ieve or not to overachieve; to find the motivation to do well and be driven by it, or to sit back and blame others for overachieving to hide his inability to achieve.1. According to the passage, overachiversB.hand in homework ahead of timeA. are popular with their classmatesC.are much loved by their

53、 teachersD.look down on others for being slow2. The word “ embrace ” in Paragraph 2 probably means ”. “A. understandB.explainC.doubtD.accept3. What can we learn from the passage?A. Teachers expect students to benefit from their extra work.B. Students compete with each other to become overachievers.C

54、. Classmates may laugh at overachievers to hide their inability to achieve.D. The writer has some pleasant experiences of being called an overachiever.4. The writer probably agrees that.A. students shouldn' t be encouraged to be overachieversB. students without motivation will become overachieve

55、rsC. motivated students make better progress than overachieversD. motivated students have something in common with overachievers五What is the difference between a fear( 害怕 )and a phobia?You might have a fear of dogs if you have ever been bitten by one. However, if you avoid walking down streets where

56、 you think there might be a dog, you may have a phobia, which is a strong unnatural fear. If the fear has started to change a person' s life, he or shphobia. Different surveys say that between 10 and 80 percent of us have at least one phobia.You can probably guess what some of the most“ popular

57、” phobias are. Flying may be the safest way to travelbut many people are scared of doing it. Fear of heights is also very common. For example, Spider-Man actor Tobey Maquire can 'st and high places. However, Tobey is not afraid of spiders that most people are afraid of. Rupert Grint, who plays i

58、n the Harry Potter movies, is in fear of spiders.“ In one scene of the moev ie, we comespider ' s hole, and there we meet a spider that is the size of an elephant and really scary because he has these hairs.I ' m really scared of spiders,” he said.For example, cats are very cute for most of us, but not for such powerful people in history asAlexander the Great and Napolean Bonaparte. Actor Nicole Kidman says,“ I ' m not scared of snakes or spidI ' m scared of butterflies. Sometimes when I came h