模联专业词汇

1、A弃权   Abstain在一个关于实体性问题的投票中，代表除了可以选择“是”或者“否”，还可以选择“弃权”。这意味着此代表既不支持也不反对正在进行投票表决的决议。 During a vote on a substantive matter, a delegate may abstain rather than vote yes or no. This means that the delegate neither supports nor opposes the resolution on the go.议程   Agenda点名完毕后，委员会所设定的议题讨论顺

2、序。Agenda is the order of topics to be discussed in a conference, usually being set after the roll call.修正案   Amendment修正案是用来对正在讨论的决议草案提出修改意见的文件。修正案分为两种：友好修正案与非友好修正案。Amendment is a form of document to amend a draft resolution. The two types of amendments are friendly amendment and unfriendly ame

3、ndment.B背景指导   Background Guide背景指导是一份关于会议即将讨论议题的调研报告，一般由会议主席团撰写，并在会前分发给各国代表。A background guide is a research report of topics on the conference written by the dais and distributed to the delegates before the conference.约束力 Binding约束力是指联合国决议对成员国具有法律效力。安理会决议和联合国国际法庭的判决是具有约束力的；而联合国大会和经社委员会的决议不具有约

4、束力。Binding is the legal force to impose UN resolutions on the Member States. Resolutions of Security Council and the Internaitonal Court of Justice are binding. Decisions made by the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council are non-binding.国家集团   Bloc一组处于同一地理区域或者就某一议题有类似观点的国家。组成国家集团的决定性

5、因素是具有共同的国家利益。A bloc is a group of countries within a same geographical region or holding similar country positions on a particular topic. The determining factor in forming a bloc is sharing the common national interests.集团领导者 Bloc Leader在一个国家集团中充当着领导者的代表。A bloc leader is the delegate who plays the l

6、eading role in a bloc.C磋商   Caucus磋商是正式辩论过程中一种深入讨论议题的方式。磋商分为两种类型：有主持核心磋商和自由磋商。Caucus is a form of discussion in formal debate, in which delegates may discuss a subtopic more specifically. There are two types of caucus: moderated caucus and un-moderated caucus.主席   Chair主席是负责主持辩论、计时、裁决问题及动议

7、，并执行会议流程的主席团成员。Chair is a member of the dais who is responsible for moderating debate, timing, ruling on points and motions, and imposing the rules of procedure.委员会 Committee  “委员会”是一个协商会议，一个由代表组成,按议事程序讨论议题并做出决策的有序组织。模拟联合国会议中的委员会大多模仿联合国主要机构、附属机构、规划署、基金会、调研及培训机构、特殊组织、实体和区域委员会建立。代表需依据所在委员会的职

8、权范围和议事规则讨论相关议题。A committee is a deliberative assembly, an organization comprising members who use parliamentary procedure for making decisions. In Model UN conference, committees are usually the simulations of principal organs, subsidiary bodies, programs, funds, research and training institutes, sp

9、ecial organizations, entities or regional commissions of UN system. Delegates discuss relevant topics and resolutions according to the given functions, powers, and rules of procedure of the committees.危机 Crisis危机是会议进行当中，各国代表需要立即处理的突发性事件。模联会议中的危机一般由主席团在会前设置好，事件可能与代表们讨论的议题相关。事件的形式有若干种，可能是突发事件的新闻报道，可能是

10、国际组织的文件，可能是相关人员的视频资料，也可能是外交官派出国政府发来的外交指令等。“Crisis”, to which delegates must respond immediately, is an emergent matter or unexpected event that happens during a conference. Usually designed by the dais before the conference, a crisis may be related to the topic being discussed on the floor. The form

11、s of crisis include news report, official document from international organizations, video profile, or directive from embassies or governments.D主席团   Dais主席团由主席、会议总监和主席助理组成，负责组织模拟联合国的会议。Usually consisted of a Chair, a Director and a Rapporteur, a dais is a group of people in charge of a Model U

12、N conference.代表   Delegate代表是模拟联合国会议中受委托或指派表达意见的人，可以代表一个联合国成员国，一个观察国，或一个国际组织。Representing an UN Member State, an observer or an international organization, delegate is a person chosen or elected to express views in a Model UN conference.代表团   Delegation代表团是指模联会议中，在不同委员会代表同一个成员国或观察国的全体代表。代表

13、团也指来自同一参与团体的所有代表，例如来自同一高中或大学的全体代表。Delegation is a group of delegates representing the same UN Member State, an observer or an international organization in a Model UN conference. Delegation is also used to describe the delegates from the same participating group, e.g. the same high school or college

14、.会议总监   Director会议总监是负责监督代表角色扮演、文件写作及议题调研的主席团成员。Director is a member of the dais who is in charge of overseeing delegates role-playing, document writing and topic researching.决议草案   Draft Resolution决议草案是由代表草拟、为委员会所讨论的议题寻求解决方案的一种文件格式。如果被投票通过，那么决议草案就成为正式决议。在一个委员会中，有关同一个议题的决议草案只能通过一份。Written

15、by the delegates, draft resolution is a form of document that seeks to solve the issues addressed by a Model UN committee. If passed by the committee, the draft resolution will become a resolution. Only one draft resolution will be passed for each topic in a committee.指令草案 Draft Directive指令草案是针对危机处理

16、的文件。指令草案的表决通过标志着危机的成功解决。指令草案由行动性条款构成。指令草案的行动措施要立即、有效，避免长远规划。代表可以对指令草案提出修正案，其中，非友好修正案也需要表决。Draft directive is a form of document that aims at successfully solving the crisis. A draft directive is only composed by operative clauses. The actions taken under the directive need to be instant and effectiv

17、e instead of long-term. Amandments are welcome to a draft directive, of which the  unfriendly ones shall be passed after votes.F指导教师   Faculty Advisor指导教师是负责指导学生运营模拟联合国社团并训练模联代表团的教学人员。Faculty Advisor is a teacher or faculty responsible for advising students to run a Model UN club and train

18、ing a delegation.会议流程   Flow of the Debate会议流程是模联会议中事件进行的顺序。Flow of debate is the order in which events proceed during a Model UN conference.正式辩论   Formal Debate在一个模联会议中标准形式的讨论。代表按照发言名单确定的顺序在规定时间内进行演讲。The standard type of debate at a Model UN conference, in which delegates speak for a cert

19、ain period of time in the order based on the speakers list.友好修正案Friendly Amendment 友好修正案是原决议草案全部起草国均赞成的对决议草案内容的改动。在全部起草国签字同意后，一份修正案便成为友好修正案，并自动被加入到原决议草案中。A friendly amendment is a change to the draft resolution that all sponsors agree with. After the amendment signed by all of the draft resolutions

20、sponsors and approved by the committee director or president, it will be automatically incorporated into the resolution.G槌 Gavel主席用来维持模联委员会秩序的一个小木锤形状的工具。很多会议都把委员会中使用过的槌赠与主席团选出的该委员会的最佳代表。所以，这个词也常常用来指赠与最佳代表的奖励，哪怕事实上并没有。The tool, shaped like a small wooden hammer, is used by the Chair to keep order wit

21、hin a Model UN committee. Many conferences give the gavel to the delegate recognized by the dais as the best in that committee; therefore, the term is frequently used to refer to the award given to the best delegate, even in cases where no actual gavel is given 地球村   Global Village在模联会议进行过

22、程中举行的展示各国文化的活动。Global Village is an activity in which delegates can display different cultures of the countries via exhibitions.H首席代表 Head Delegate首席代表是一个模联代表团中的领队。Head delegate is the chief representative of a Model UN delegation.I支持  In favor of 即支持该动议通过。当超过半数的与会代表支持该动议通过，主席团才能予以执行。In favor i

23、s to agree to pass a motion. There must be over half of the delegates in favor of a motion in order to pass it.L游说 Lobbying游说是一种通过陈述观点来影响会场内他国代表意见的行为。Lobbying is a form of advocacy with the intention of influencing decisions made by other delegates during a conference.M成员国   Member State一个批准了联合

24、国宪章、并且加入申请已经被联合国大会和安理会接受的国家。目前联合国一共有192个成员国。唯一一个国际承认的非成员国家是教廷梵蒂冈。A country that has ratified the Charter of the United Nations and whose application to join has been accepted by the General Assembly and Security Council. Currently, there are 192 member states. The only internationally recognized sta

25、te that is not a member state is the Holy See.有主持核心磋商   Moderated Caucus一种有特定主题、限总发言时间的磋商形式。有主持核心磋商可以让代表在短时间内关注更为具体的问题。A type of caucus with a specific topic and restricted total time, moderated Caucus enables delegates to focus on detailed problems in a short period of time.动议   Motion由代表

26、提出的改变现有会议进程的建议，需要全体代表投票表决。这些动议的内容可以是进行磋商、休会、介绍决议草案或者进入投票阶段。A suggestion made by a delegate to change the current process. A motion might refer to a caucus, an adjournment, an introduction to a draft resolution, or closing the debate.动议停止辩论   Motion to Close Debate动议结束辩论与动议暂停会议有所不同。当结束辩论的动议生效后，会

27、议将进入投票阶段。此动议一般在代表认为立场已经得到充分阐述，且决议草案已较为完善的情况下提出。A motion to close debate is not the same as the motion to suspend meeting. Rather, it is used to move the committee to a vote, usually when the delegate has made his or her countrys position clear and there are enough and fully discussed draft resolutio

28、ns on the floor.动议有主持核心磋商动议   Motion for a Moderated Caucus代表通过动议有主持核心磋商来进行议题的深入讨论。有主持核心磋商讨论的主题、总时间、各代表发言时间由提出此动议的代表提出。Delegates make a motion for a moderated caucus in order to set a discussion on a specific topic. To motion for a moderated caucus, delegates are required to propose topic, tota

29、l time and the speaking time for each delegate.动议更改发言时间   Motion to Set Speaking Time代表可以通过动议更改发言时间，来重置每位代表在发言名单中的发言时间。Delegates propose a motion to set the speaking time for the purpose of setting or changing the amount of time each delegate has to speak in the speakers list.动议暂停会议   Moti

30、on to Suspend the Meeting代表动议暂停会议可以结束会议的一个阶段，并使会议进入休息时间。Delegates propose a motion to suspend the meeting for the purpose of ending a session and having a break.动议自由磋商   Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus提出自由磋商动议的代表需要规定时间。一旦动议获得通过，在规定时间内代表可以离开座位，更为密切地和盟友们交换意见。A motion for an unmoderated cauc

31、us is usually proposed under the purpose to set a free discussion so that the delegates can exchange ideas with other delegates in your bloc. Delegates need to set the total time for an unmoderated caucus in the motion.模联人 MUNer曾经参与过或正在参与模拟联合国活动的人。People who have participated or are participating in

32、 Model UN activity. O观察员   Observer一个不是联合国成员或某特定委员会成员的国家、政府组织、区域组织或者非政府组织。国家观察员可以对程序性问题投票，但是不能对实体性问题进行投票。例如教廷梵蒂冈和参与安全理事会巴以问题讨论的以色列。An observer is a state, national organization, regional organization, or non-governmental organization that is not a member of the UN nor a member of a specifi

33、c committee, but participates in the debates. Observers can vote on procedural matters but not substantive matters, e.g. the Holy See or the State of Israel participating in the Security Council meeting regarding Israel-Palestine conflict.被讨论状态   On the floor在模联会议中，一份工作文件或者决议草案刚刚完成的时候不能够被讨论。只有在

34、得到会议指导的认可并且被委员会介绍后，它才进入“被讨论状态”进而可以被广泛讨论。At a Model UN conference, when a working paper or draft resolution is first written, it may not be discussed in debate. After it is approved by the Director and introduced by the committee, it is put “on the floor” and may be further discussed.行动性条款   Ope

35、rative Clause决议中描述联合国将如何解决问题的部分，以动词第三人称单数（比如决定，成立，建议等等）开头。Operative clause is a part of a resolution which describes how the UN will address a problem. The clauses are written with verbs in third person singular form as beginning (e.g. decides, establishes, recommends, etc.).PPage   意向条 In

36、 order to maintain the order of the conference, a delegate should write notes on pages to ask questions, lobby or negotiate with other delegates or a dais member during a session. Pages should be written in the official working language of the committee.为了维持会场秩序，开会期间代表如有任何问题或者需要进行游说、沟通，都要通过书写并传递意向条的

37、方式向其他代表或主席团成员表达。意向条的书写需要符合该委员会的工作语言要求。Pager  意向条传递者  A delegate in a Model UN committee that has volunteered to pass pages from one delegate to another, or from a delegate to the dais, for a short period of time.委员会中志愿在代表间或者代表与主席团之间暂时传递意向条的代表。Parliamentary Procedure   议会议事程序

38、 Parliamentary procedure is based on the consideration of the rights: of the majority, of the minority, of individual members, of absentee members, of all of these groups taken together.基于平衡原则，为保护各种人和人群的权利（包括意见占多数的人，意见占少数的人，甚至是每一个人，以及没有出席会议的人）而制定出的议事规则，即为议会议事程序。Placard  

39、; 国家牌 A piece of cardstock with a countrys name on it that a delegate raises in the air to answer the roll call or signal to the Chair that he or she wishes to speak.一块写着国家名称的硬纸板，代表举起它回应点名或向主席示意希望发言。Point   问题   A request raised by a delegate for information or for an action rela

40、ting to that delegate. Examples include a point of order, a point of inquiry, and a point of personal privilege.代表提出的关于信息或者相关行动的要求。包括程序性问题、询问性问题和个人权利问题。Point of Order   组织性问题   A point of order is used when a delegate believes the chair has made an error in the running of the com

41、mittee. The delegate should only specify the errors they believe were made in the formal committee procedure, but may not address when the topic being discussed.当代表认为主席在主持会议中产生错误时，可提出组织性问题，以纠正主席错误。代表需要明晰该错误为何不符合该委员会的规则流程。组织性问题可以打断进程提出，但不能在讨论议题时提出。Point of Inquiry   咨询性问题   A poin

42、t of inquiry (also known as a point of parliamentary procedure) can be made when the floor is open (i.e. when no other delegate is speaking) in order to ask the chairperson a question regarding the rules of procedure.当代表对于会议程序有不明白的地方时，可以在台上没有代表发言时举牌向主席咨询。Point of Personal Privilege   个人特权问

43、题  A delegate may raise a point of personal privilege in order to inform the chairperson of a physical discomfort he or she is experiencing, such as not being able to hear another delegates speech.当代表在会场上感觉有任何身体上的不适时，可以提出个人特权问题，例如：无法听到台上代表讲话。Position Paper  立场文件   

44、 An essay details a countrys policies on the topics being discussed in the committee, usually written and delivered to the dais by delegates before a Model UN conference.一份针对委员会即将讨论议题的国家立场阐述文件，需要代表在会前书写完成并提交至主席团。Preambulatory Clauses   序言性条款     The part of a resolution

45、 that describes previous actions taken on the topic and reasons why the resolution is necessary. It begins with a participle or adjective (e.g. noting, concerned, regretting, aware of, recalling, etc.).决议中描述之前与议题有关的行动以及决议的必要性的部分。一般以分词或者形容词开头。Present   到/出席 “Present” refers to “in attendanc

46、e”. Delegates who are in presence are required to raise up their placards and answer “Present” when their countries names are called during the roll call. Delegates need to send pages to the dais to inform their attendance if they didnt arrive at the conference on time. In special committees consist

47、ing of delegates with rights to vote and those without, delegates need to announce “Present and Voting” or “Present” according to the procedure.“到”即为“出席”。当国家名在点名中被点到时，代表需高举国家牌并回答“到”。如果代表未及时出席，需到场后用意向条告知主席团。在一些特殊的委员会中，只有部分代表有权投票。在此情况下，有权投票的代表在点名中需回答“出席并投票”，其他代表只需回答“到”即可。Procedural Questions 

48、0; 程序性问题   Having to do with the way a committee runs, as opposed to the topic being discussed. All delegates present must vote on procedural matters and may not abstain.关于一个委员会运行方式的问题，与和议题相关的问题相反。所有出席会议的代表都必须就程序性问题投票而不能弃权。Q法定人数   Quorum一个委员会或者会议需要出席的最小代表人数。在联合国大会，开始讨论的法定人数为成员的三分之一，通过

49、决议则需要半数以上。在安理会没有开始讨论的法定人数，但是必须有9个以上成员出席才能通过一个决议。The minimum number of delegates needed to be present for a committee to meet. In the General Assembly, a quorum consists of one third of the members to begin debate, and a majority of members to pass a resolution. In the Security Council, no quorum exi

50、sts for the body to debate, but more than nine members must be present to pass a resolution.R主席助理   Rapporteur主席团中负责发言名单和点名程序的成员。A member of the dais whose duties include keeping the speakers list and taking the roll call.决议   Resolution联合国机构通过的用于解决一个特别的问题或争议的文件。在联合国相当于法律。A document that h

51、as been passed by an organ of the UN that aims to address a particular problem or issue. To the UN, a resolution is the equivalent of a law.答辩权   Right of Reply回应前面发言人的评论的发言权利，当代表觉得个人受到其他代表发言的羞辱时采用。一般需要给主席一个书面的短签。A right to speak in reply to a previous speakers comment, invoked when a delegate

52、feels personally insulted by anothers speech. It generally requires a written note to the Chair to be invoked.罗伯特议事规则 Roberts Rules of Order 自1876年首次出版，由罗伯特将军编撰的罗伯特议事规则已成为世界上最广受承认的议事规则标准，也是模拟联合国规则流程制定的蓝本。无论对于议事专家、还是新上任的协会主席来说，它都是高效、有序、公平的会议的有力保障。After General Henry M. Robert brought the publication

53、of Pocket Manual of Rules of Order to the ordinary societies in 1876, Robert Rules of Order has been recognized as a time-tested method of conducting business at meetings and public gatherings in world wide. It can be adapted to fit the needs of any organization. Today, Roberts Rules of Order newly

54、revised is the basic handbook of operation for most clubs, organizations and other groups including Model United Nations.点名   Roll Call点名是模联委员会的第一个程序，其间会务报告人会大声读出委员会中每一个成员国的名称。当国家名被叫到的时候，代表需要回答“出席”或者“出席并投票”，回答“出席并投票”的代表在后面的实体性投票中不能弃权。Roll call is the first order of business in a Model UN commit

55、tee, during which the Rapporteur reads aloud the names of each member state in the committee. When a delegates countrys name is called, he or she may respond “present” or “present and voting.” A delegate responding “present and voting” may not abstain on a substantive vote.唱名表决   Roll Call Vote

56、对决议草案的表决为唱名表决。主席团首先点名确认到场的国家代表，随后被点到国家名的代表需表决赞成、反对或弃权。对于一个议题，一个委员会只能通过一个决议草案，一旦有一份决议草案获得通过，将不会再对未表决的决议草案进行投票。The special voting procedure to draft resolution is roll call vote. After the roll call, delegates may vote for yes, no or abstain on each draft resolution. Each committee will only pass one

57、draft resolution on each topic. Other draft resolutions will not be voted as long as one has been passed.议事规则   Rules of procedure 模拟联合国会议召开所遵循的程序与规则。The rules by which a Model UN committee is run.S附议   Second赞同一个被提出的动议。很多动议必须有附议才能投票表决。Second is to agree with a motion being proposed.

58、Many motions must be seconded before they are brought to a vote.秘书处   Secretariat秘书处又称组委会，主要负责模拟联合国会议的学术及会务组织工作，通常由学术总监、代表联系人、会务总监、技术总监等人员组成。Secretariat is the organ in charge of conference affairs; normally it consists of  Director of Academics, Liaison (Delegate Coordinator), Director of

59、  Logistics, Director of Technology etc.秘书长   Secretary General模拟联合国会议的最高负责人，掌控组委会及主席团的各项工作。The supreme leader of the Model UN conference, in charge of the secretariat and dais.附议国   Signatory希望一份决议草案能够被讨论并且签字支持此行为的国家。附议国并不一定支持此决议，而只是希望能够得到讨论。通常，模联会议对通过一个决议草案有最低起草国和附议国数量的要求。A country

60、that wishes a draft resolution to be put on the floor and signs the draft resolution to accomplish this. A signatory need not support a resolution; it only wants it to be discussed. Usually, Model UN conferences require some minimum number of sponsors and signatories for a draft resolution to be approved.简单多数   Simple