医学英文论文写作例句词汇

1、医学英文论文写作例句、词汇入院beadmittedtothehospital住院behospitalizedinthehospital1病员，女，25岁，因发烧，咳嗽3天，于1980年7月11日收入院.A25-year-oldladywasadmittedtothishospitalonJuly11th,1980becauseoffeverandcoughingfor3days.2病员，女，75岁，因咳嗽伴铁锈色痰，于1980年3月26日入院治疗.A75-year-oldwomanwashospitalizedinthishospitalonMarch26th,1980,becauseofha

2、vingcoughedwithrustysputum.3病人，男，38岁，因右上腹疼痛17小时，于1980年7月1日急诊入院.A38-year-oldmanwasadmittedtoourEmergencyonJuly1st,1980,becauseof17hours'rightepigastricpain.4病人，女，81岁，因感冒后严重全身不适，于3月8日-3月26日接受入院治疗.An81-year-oldladywashospitalizedinthehospitalduringMarch8thto26th,1980,becauseofseriousgeneralmalaisef

3、ollowingacold.5病人，女，71岁，入院前因突然发作急性心肌梗塞，伴心源性休克，心力衰竭，心律不齐和频发期外收缩，现场抢救8小时后，于1980年8月14日晚10:30由救护车转送我院继续诊治A71-year-oldladyhad8hours'first-aidtreatmentatthisspotpriortosuddenattackacutemyocardialinfarction,complicatedwithcardiogenicshock,heatfailure,arrhythmiaandfrequentauricularextrasystole,andthenwa

4、stransferredinambulancetoourhospitalforfurthertreatmentonAugust14th,10:30p.m.,1980.6咽痛，高热.Throatacheandhighfeverfor2days.7两月以来，持续性头痛伴恶心，呕吐.Continuingheadachecomplicatedwithnauseaandvomitingfor2months.8发热，右胸痛，咳嗽1周.Feverandrightchestpainandcoughingforaweek.9昨晚开始寒战.Chillsbeganlastnight.10气短，咳嗽伴黄痰3-4天。S

5、hortnessofbreathandcoughingcomplicatedwithyellowsputumfor3or4days.onset(date,mode方式),durationbeforepresententry,excitingcause诱因andenvironmentalinfluen*,prodroma(symptoms)前马区症状,generalsymptoms,courseorprogress(location,duration,severity,continuity,intermission间隙性,radiation,treatment),aggravatingandal

6、leviatingfactors减轻因素,lossofweight,appetiteandstrength,sleep,bowelmovement,frequencyofurination,menstruation月经,etc.无临床症状withoutanyclinicalsymptomsfreeofsymptomsasymptomaticremainsymptom-free症状消失symptomsdisappear症状无缓解。Symptomsdidn'tabate/decrease.Symptomswerenotrelieved.Symptomscontinuedunabated.症

7、状缓解。Symptomsimproved.Symptomstookafavorableturn.恶化beaggravatedbeexacerbatedtookabadturn明显恶化noticeablyworse症状明显。Symptomsbecameincreasinglyapparent.开始频繁出现。Attacksbecameincreasinglyfrequent.因而加重beaggravated/intensifiedby症状因而减轻bealleviatedby无恶化。Therewasnochangein.continuedwithoutanychangeremainedthesame

8、unchanged约1周前，患者感乏力，食欲不振。两天前，开始寒战，发热，咳嗽，T骤升到39C；同时感右下胸有疼痛，随呼吸，咳嗽而加重，以后胸痛变为持续性，且剧烈。痰呈铁锈色活动后呼吸困难.两天来，肌注青霉素80万单位两次，但症状无缓解。Thepatienthadlackofstrengthandpoorappetiteabout1weekago.Twodaysago,chills,feverandcoughingbeganandthetemperaturerosesuddenlyto39C.Atthesametime,therewasalightpaininthelowerrightches

9、taggravatingalongwithbreathingandcoughing.Laterthechestpainbecamepersistentandintense.Thesputumwasrusty.Respirationbecamedifficultafterphysicalexercise.Inthese2days,thepatienthasreceived0.8million-unitPenicillinmuscularinjectiontwiceaday,butsymptomsstillwerenotrelieved.iiiPastHistory:1 Formerpla*ofr

10、esidence,previousstateofhealth（robust健康的,delicate虚弱的）,experiencewithsimilardisease,immunitytoinfectiousdiseases.2 Previousillness:measles麻疹，mumps腮腺炎,chicken-pox水豆，pertussis百日咳,influenza,scarletfever猩红热,diphtheria白喉,typhoidfever伤寒,bronchitis,pneumonia,encephalitis月百炎,meningitis月百膜炎,tetanus破伤风,poliomy

11、elitis脊髓灰质炎，dysentery痢疾，cholera霍乱，pleurisy胸膜炎,smallpox天花,tonsillitis扁桃体炎,rheumatism风湿,asthma哮喘,malaria疟疾,tuberculosis,jaundice,allergy,etc.3 Venerealdisease性病：specificsymptoms特异性症状,signs,thediseasebyname性病特别的名称,treatment.4 Accidents（date,anydisability残疾,sequelae后遗症）：operationandhospitalization（date,

12、procedure程序,nameofhospital,physician,complications,bleedingtendency）.平素健康bealwayssoundandrobustbebarelyeversickbeperfectlyhealthymostofhislifehadneverbeenillbefore一直健康hadbeenthoroughlysoundhadbeenentirelywelluntilhadenjoyedgoodhealthuntil身体弱易患病beconstitutionallyweakandpronetoillnessbedelicateandsusc

13、eptibletoillness易患感冒beapttocatchcold否认有结核病史deniedanyhistoryoftuberculosis无创伤史及手术史norelatedhistoryoftraumaofoperation无传染病史norelatedhistoryofcontactingwithanyinfectiousdiseases无病史nohistoryofwasobtainable曾患hadsufferedfrom已出现了好几年.hadbeenpresentforyears过去史提示症状.Pasthistoryreviewedanepisodeof除夕卜，无严重病史.Exce

14、ptfor.hehadnomoreseriousdiseases.未接受过任何药物治疗didnotreceiveanydrugtherapy在5年前曾住院washospitalized5yearsagofortreatmentof任何治疗无效.Thepatientdidn'trespondtoanytherapy.Thepatientwastreatedwithoutanyrelief.无并发症，后遗症withoutcomplicationandsequelae无青霉素过敏史nohistoryofpenicillinsensitivity无食物，药物过敏史nohistoryofalle

15、rgytofoodordrugs无过敏体质hadnoallergicdiathesis1自幼体弱多病，多年来患"慢性支气管炎"，平时易感冒。4岁时做“阑尾手术"无任何后遗症、并发症。3年前因"肺炎”住院。否认有肝炎、结核病史。Thepatientwasconstitutionallyweakandpronetoillnesssincechildhood.Chronicbronchitishadbeenpresentforyears.Hewasapttocatchcold.Therewasrelatedhistoryof"appendectomy

16、"withoutcomplicationandsequelaeat4yearsofage.Threeyearsago,hewashospitalizedfortreatmentof"pneumonia".Hedeniedanyhistoryoftuberculosisandhepatitis.2患者一直体健，至1年前出现用力呼吸困难，心前区钝痛，该疼痛可由运动诱发，休息后可迅速缓解。入院前2天，胸痛呈持续性，伴轻度出汗，但无恶心。入院当天，疼痛向下、沿右臂放射，为时短暂，在家曾服用“消化痛”数次，但疼痛未缓解。Thepatienthadbeenalwayssoun

17、dandrobust.Oneyearago,hebegantoexperienceexertionaldyspneaandadullpainintheanteriorchest,whichwasprovokedbyexerciseandwaspromptly,alleviatedbyrest.Twodaysagobeforeadmission,thechestpainremainedpersistentaccompaniedbymildsweating,butwithoutnausea.Onthedayofentry,thepainradiateddowntotherightarmforash

18、orttime.Hehadtaken"Isosorbidedinitrate"orallyseveraltimesathome,butthepaindidn'tabate./therewasnorelief.3王xx,男，19岁，未婚，学生，因间断发热3月，鼻出血,牙龈出血4天,于1986年4月21日入院。病人3月前因不明原因出现头晕，乏力，间断发热(其T不详)。但仍能参加体育劳动，未诊治。4天前突发鼻出血，进而出现牙龈出血。全身皮肤有散在出血点。左眼球结膜出血。病人自觉心悸，手足发热。发病以来，无明显头痛，无恶心呕吐，食欲尚可，大小便如常。有时胸骨痛，睡眠不佳.于

19、当时用中药治疗无效，而来我院门诊就医。自述发病前未服用药物，或接触任何有毒物质。Wang,male,aged19,single,student,wasadmittedonApril21st,1986withachiefcomplaintofintermittentfeverfor3months,epistaxisandgingivalhemorrhagefor4days.Threemonthsago,hebegantosufferfromdizzy,weakandintermittentfever(temperatureunknown).Howeverhestillcouldperformph

20、ysicalworksanddidn'treceiveanytherapy.Fourdaysago,hesuddenlyhadepistaxis,andfurthermoregingivalhemorrhage.TherewerescatteredpetechiaeovertheskinandhemorrhageconjunctivaeO.S.Thepatientstatedthathehadpalpitationandfeltfeverishonhandandfeet.Therewasneitherheadachenornauseaandvomitingsinceonsetofthe

21、disease.Hisappetitewasperfect.Hehadanormalbowelmovementandurination.Sometimeshehadpainofsternumandsufferedfromsleeplessness.BeforehisvisittoOutpatientDepartmentofourhospital,hewastreatedofT.C.M.,butwithoutanyrelief.Hesaidhedidnotreceiveanydrugtherapytreatmentandhadnoexposuretoanytoxicsubstan*beforeo

22、nsetofthedisease.ivFamilyHistory:familytendency家庭遗传倾向,presenceofhereditarydisorders存在遗传性疾病,tuberculosis,mentaldisorderandnervousaffection,rheumatism风湿,diabetes糖尿病,hypertension高血压,hypotension低血压,myocardialinfra,nephritis肾炎,cerebralvascularaccident月百血管意夕卜，hemophilia血友病,syphilis梅毒,tumor,epilepsy癫痫,canc

23、er,malignanttumor/carcinoma/sarcoma恶性肿瘤，allergy,etc.primary/essential原发，secondary继发,contactwithdiseasedindividual,relationshipofpatient'schildhoodandadultlife,age,healthcondition,andcauseofdeathofparents,grandparents,spouse配偶，siblings兄弟姐妹orrelatives.无结核肝炎密切接触史Noclosecontacthistoryoftuberculosiso

24、rhepatitis.家族史未提示有Familyhistorydidnotreview/show/indicate/disclose/Suggest家族史为阴性。Familyhistorywasnegative/notremarkable.父母身体健康。Parentsarewellwithoutevidenceofillness.家族中有的高发倾向。Thefamily.父母死因不详。Parentsdiedwithoutanydefinitecause.1患者为独生子，父健在；数年前，母死于子宫癌。母家族中有癌症倾向，外祖母死于胃癌。无结核、

25、肝炎密切接触史.Themanwastheonlyson.Hisfatherwaswellliving.Severalyearsago,hismotherdiedwithuteruscancer.Motherfamilyhadcancertendency.Grandmotherdiedofgastriccarcinoma.Noclosecontacthistoryoftuberculosisorhepatitis.2患者父母双亡，原因不详.无糖尿病，高血压病史.3个兄弟姐妹均健在.Bothofparentsofthepatientdiedofunknowncause.Nodiabetesorhy

26、pertensionorcancerhistory.Threesiblingswerewellwithoutevidenceillness.3既往健康,1年前轻度鼻出血，量不多.原因不明，未经治疗自行停止.本人无烟酒嗜好其父患肝炎多年，至今未愈.同胞兄弟6人均健在.本家族成员无任何血液病史.Thepatientwasbarelyeversick.Oneyearago,hesufferedfromamildepistaxiswithsmallamountandwithoutanycause,whichstoppedspontaneouslywithoutanytherapy.Hehadnohab

27、itsoftobaccoanddrankalcoholicbeverages.Fatherhadsufferedfromhepatitisformanyyears,whichisstillnotcured.Sixsiblingswerelivingandwell.Therewasnotendencytowardanyblooddyscrasia.vPersonalHistory:1 Socialhistory:fears,mentalstatus,education,financialcondition,numberofdependents受赡养者的数目,familyharmony和睦orfr

28、iction纠纷，hygienicconditionathome卫生状况.2 Maritalhistory:durationofmarriage,1stor2ndmarriage,ageandhealthofspouseandchildren,(ifdied)causeandageattimeofdeath,numberofchildren,numberofpregnancies怀孕，miscarriages自然流产,abortion人工流产,stillbirths死产.3 Occupationalhistory:durationofemployment,pastwork,exactnatur

29、eofwork工作的准确性质,exposuretooccupationalhazards对职业危险因素的接触,whetherworkissatisfactoryornot.4 Habits:alcohol,tobacco,coffee,tea,narcotic麻醉品,foodhabits,appetite,regularityofmeals,rapidityofeating,bowelmovement,sleep,exercise,interests,mentalstatus,hygiene,etc.病人有很长的吸烟史.Thepatienthasalonghistoryofsmoking.病人

30、平均每天抽2包烟.Thepatientsmokedanaverageof2packsaday.病人过量饮酒.Thepatientdrankex*s/ex*sively/hard.患者少量饮酒.Thepatientdrankonlyoccasionally.因病不能工作beincapacitatedbyillness体弱不能做家务活benotphysicallystrongenoughtodohousework120多年从事化学工程师，曾有多种毒性物质接触史。83年以来，体弱多病不能从事工作。不嗜烟酒。Thepatienthadbeenworkingasachemistformorethan20

31、years.Hehadclosecontacthistoryofpoisonousmaterial.Since1983,hehasbeennotphysicallystrongenoughforordinarywork.Neverdrankandsmokedtoex*s.2重度吸烟者，15年来每日2包，偶尔饮酒。近3年来因病不能工作。Thepatientwasachainsmokerwithanaverageof2packsadayfor15years.Drankonlyoccasionally.Since3yearsago,hehasincapacitatedbyillness.1 Gene

32、ral:nutrition,fever,nightsweats,tremor震颤,weightgainorloss,weakness,allergy.2 Skin:hives尊麻疹,rash,eczema湿疹,etc.3 head:trauma,headache,lossofhair,etc.4 Eyes:vision视野,pain,glasses,diplopia复视,etc.5 Ears:pain,discharge,deafness,tinnitus耳鸣,etc.6 Nose:obstruction鼻塞,discharge,epistaxis鼻血,rhinitis鼻炎,etc.7 Mou

33、th:teeth,lips,gums牙昔艮,tongue,disturbanceintaste味觉障碍,etc.8 Throat:sorethroat咽喉疼痛,tonsillitis,quinsy扁桃体周围脓肿，dysphagia吞咽困难，etc.9 Neck:adenitis淋巴节炎，goitre/goiter甲状腺，rigidity颈项强直，etc.10 Cardiovascularandrespiratory:palpitation心悸,tachycardia心动过速,bradycardia心动过缓,bloodpressure,chestpain,dyspnea,cough,hemopt

34、ysis咯血,seasonalcolds,expectoration咳痰,etc.11 Gastro-intestinal:appetite,nausea,vomiting,distress不适(beforeoraftermeals),melena黑大便,colic腹绞痛,jaundice,fullness,hernia疝，hemorrhoid痔,constipation便秘,diarrhea,frequencyofbowelmovements,heartburn胃灼热,idiosyncrasies特异性反应,relationofsymptomstoeating,typeandquantity

35、offood,etc.12 Genito-urinary:dysuria,urinaryfrequency,dribbling,hematuria,pyuria脓尿,nocturia夜尿andvolume,enuresis遗尿,incontinence小便失禁,soresaboutexternalgenitalia夕卜生殖器溃疡,symptomssuggestiveofsyphilis提示梅毒的症状(rash,mucouspatches粘膜斑,fallinghair),urethraldischarge尿道分泌物,exposuretovenerealinfection(e.g.gonorrhe

36、a淋病)，obstetrichistory生产史，catamenia月经(ageofonset初潮年龄,dateoflastperiod,cycleandamount,periodicity周期性,dysmenorrhea痛经,menopause绝经期),leucorrhea白带,associatedheadache,etc.13 Neuromuscular:nervousness神经质,emotionalstress情绪紧张,weakness,myodynia肌痛,jointpain,convulsion惊厥,numbness麻木,neuralgia神经痛,anesthesia感觉缺失,mu

37、scularatrophies肌肉萎缩ordystrophy营养不良，deformities畸形，etc.出PhysicalExamination:1 Generalappearance:全身状况佳generalconditionsappearedgood全身状况尚可generalconditionsappearedfare全身状况正常generalconditionsappearednormal全身状况不良generalconditionsappearedpoorStature体态:posture姿势,gait步态自动体位activeposition被动体位passiveposition强迫

38、体位compulsiveposition仰卧位supine/dorsalposition俯比卜位proneposition卜位lateralposition左卜位rightlateralposition右侧卧位leftlateralposition双侧卧位bilateralpositionPhysicaldevelopment:physique体格,musculature肌肉系统,skeleton骨骼.nutritionalstate营养状况营养好wellnourished营养中等moderatelynourished营养不良poorly/under/mildnourished瘦弱thinan

39、dfragile/frail虚弱weakconstitution营养一般beofaveragebuildandnutritionallevel/state生长growthSeverityandacutenessofillness.急性病容lookedacuteill重症病容appearedseverely/criticallyill无急性病innoacutedistressMentalstate:degreeofconsciousness,orientation定位,memory,attention,intelligence,emotionalstateinreactiontoillness.

40、神清合作alertandcooperative2 Physicaldata:temperature（oral口,axillary腋下,rectal直肠）,pulse（apical心尖,adial挠骨）,respiration,bloodpressure（sitting,lying）,weight,height,etc.3 Skin:Color:pallor苍白,flush潮红,cyanosis紫绡,jaundice.pigmentation色素沉着（pigmented力口深,degmented丧失,discolored褪色）.Texture质地:elastic弹性,moist潮湿,smooth

41、,harshorrough粗糙,tough坚韧,wrinkling起皱，atrophic萎缩，scaly鳞状，shiny光泽，glossy光滑，dry,clammy冷湿.Edema水肿，turger充盈，dehydration脱水.Eruptions疹子：hives,urticaria风疹，athlete'sfoot足癣，prurigo痒疹，drugeruption,vasculareczema水泡性湿疹,otherlesions皮损：papules丘疹,vesicles水?包,pustules脓疱，ulcers溃疡，nodules结痂，warts疣，birthmarks胎记,pete

42、chiae瘀点,ecchymosis瘀斑.Hair:axillary腋下，tanugo胎毛，whiskers胡须，moustache（上）,beard（下）.texture:coarse粗糙,fine细/J、，brittle碎，dry,lusterless无光泽.sparse/scant稀少,ex*sivehairiness/hypertrichosis.alopecia脱毛,distribution分布.4 Lymphnodes:size,location,sensibility,mobility活动度,consistency密度.5 Head（skull头颅andscale头皮）:conf

43、iguration夕卜形,scars疤痕,hair,tenderness柔软性.6 Face:expression,symmetry对称,asymmetrical,tenderness,color.面色苍白pallor/pale/pallid二尖瓣面容mitralface满月脸moonface表情淡漠dullappearance表情激动agitatedappearance7 Eyes:Eyelid眼睑:edema,discharge,photophobia畏光,ptosis上睑下垂,lagophthalmos兔眼,blepharospasm眼睑痉挛,lacrimation流泪，widthofp

44、alpebralfissures眼睑缝隙.Sclera巩膜:jaundice,hemorrhage流血.Conjunctivae结膜:pallor,injection充血,petechiae,congestion,granulations肉芽颗粒性增生/trachoma沙眼.Cornea角膜:outline夕卜观,transparency透明,curvature弧度,sensibility,scars瘢痕,ulceration,arcussenilis老年环.Pupils瞳孑L:size,shape,regularity,equality,reactionstoLightandA.andcon

45、vergence汇聚度,accommodation适应todistance.Eyeball:nystagmus眼球，palsy麻痹，strabismus斜视，enophthalmos眼球凹陷,exophthalmos凸出.Vision:visualfieldsbyconfrontation正面视野,diplopia,visualdisturbance视觉障碍，myodesopsia飞蝇幻视.Ophthalmoscopic眼球镜检:lens,opticdisc视神经盘，reflex,hemorrhage眼底物出血,exudate渗出物.8 Ears:ExternalMiddleInternal:

46、otoscopicexamination耳镜检查,appearanceofcanalsanddrums鼓膜,perforation穿孑L,otorrhea耳漏,earwax/cerumen町聆.Auditoryacuity:watch,voice,tuningforks,andaudiometer.9 Nose:Shape,septum鼻中格:deviation偏移,perforation穿孔,turbinates鼻甲,congestion,rhinorrhea流鼻涕,rhinitis,obstruction,10 Mouth:Lips:symmetry,color,moisture,cyan

47、osis,herpes疱疹.Mucosa粘膜：color,pigmentation,ulceration溃疡.Gums:pyorrhea脓液，bleeding,gingivitis牙龈炎，swellingofgums牙龈肿胀.Tongue:color,papillary/papilla/papillatedatrophy味蕾萎缩,ulceration,deviation舌偏移,movement,coating舌苔.Teeth:edentulous无牙,numberpresent,hygienepoororgood,rootspulpitis牙髓炎,falseteeth,caries龈齿,mis

48、singteeth,dentalrepair:crowns牙冠,bridgework彳矍牙,inlay嵌贝占，filling填充.Halitosis/fetor/oris,foulorbadbreath口臭.11 Throat:Pharynx咽：palatalreflex腭反射，gagreflex张口反射，swallowing,tonsils:size,crypts隐窝，exudate渗出物.Larynx喉：characterofvoice,laryngoscopicexamination喉镜检查.12Neck:Bloodvessels:venousengorgement颈静脉怒张,abnor

49、malpulsations异常搏动,scars.Thyroid甲状腺：enlarged,bruit猫喘，thrills.Trachea气管:position,midlineordeviated偏斜,tracheotomy.Rigidity颈项强直，torticollis斜颈/wryneck歪.Cervicallymphnodes颈淋巴节:swelling肿胀，tumor.13Chestandlungs:Inspection:contour夕卜形特征:flat,bulging隆凸，depressed下陷orretracted回缩，rickets佝痿病.symmetry,degreeofexpan

50、sion,typeofrespiration:thoracic,abdominal,thoraco-abdominal;rate,depth,breast*:lactation泌孚L,nipples*,areola孚L晕,masses,scars.Percussion叩诊:kronig'sisthmus肺间叩响区峡(comparesymmetricalareas);resonance.Palpation扪诊：tactilefremitus触觉震颤Auscultation听诊:characterandintensity密度ofbreathsounds:absent消失,diminishe

51、d减弱ordepressed压抑,exaggerated,relativedurationofinspiration吸andexpiration呼，rales罗音：dry,sibilant,sonorous洪亮ormusical,moist湿罗音orbubbling水泡音，frictionrub摩擦音.Diaphragm膈：determinelevelandexcursion移动度14Heart:Inspection:P.M.I.(pointofmaximalimpulse)心尖搏动点,abnormalpulsationofretraction回缩.Palpation:locationofP.

52、M.I.,thrills震颤,pulserate,rhythm,vesselwall,etc.Percussion:rightandleftbordersofheart.Auscultation(heartsounds):intensity,loud,accentuated力口重,exaggerated过大,soft,faint微弱,diminished/decreased,absent,disappeared;M1,A2,P2,characterofcardiacrhythm,murmur杂音,time:pre-(mid-,post-)systolic收缩期,pre-(mid-,post-)

53、diastolic舒张期;location,pitch顶点,character:blowing,loud,soft,roughorharsh,clubbing杵状指,scratching擦刮声，pouring倒水声，rustling沙沙声,whistling哨声，lapping舔食声.15 Abdomen:Inspection(Naked):contour夕卜形,scars,dilatedveins静脉怒张,visibleperistalsis肠蠕动,striatecharacterofwall腹纹，abnormalpigmentation.Palpation:distension膨胀度,gu

54、rgling气过水声,eboundtenderness反弹性,tendernessincostovertebralareas肋脊角,tendernessoverMcBurney'spoint;masses:size,shape,consistency,fixedormovable;location:epigastric上月复,hypogastric下腹，hypochondriac右季肋部,oriliacregion骼部;shapeandconsistency致密度ofliver,kidney,orotherpalpableorgans:elastic,hard,dull,sharp.P

55、ercussion:shiftingdullness移动性浊音,ascites腹水,fluidwave液波,meteorism鼓胀,tympani气力,liver,spleen脾，otherdullness.16 Genitalia:Male:pubichair阴毛,developmentofexternalgenitalia,urethraldischarge,prepuce包皮,scrotum阴囊,testes/testicle睾丸,penilelesions*损伤orscars,hydrocele阴囊积液,testicularatrophyormasses,spermaticcords精

56、索,absenceorpresenceofsecondary*characteristics.Female:pelvic盆月空examination:inspectionofexternalgenitalia,vagina*,hymen处女膜intact完整ornot,introitus入口，discharge,rectocele直肠凸出,cystocele膀胱凸出.inspectionperineum会阴，cervix宫颈：color,position,lacerations撕裂伤,erosions糜烂,eversions夕卜翻.bimanualexamination双合诊ofuterus子

57、宫andadnexa附件.17 Back:curvatures,symmetry,mobility,tendernessoverspine脊柱,pelvis,andkidney.18 Extremities四肢：wasting消瘦,muscletone肌张力,masses,wounds,Upper:hands,colorandmoistureofpalms,clubbedfingers,cyanosis紫绡ofnails,jointswellingordeformity,shoulder,elbow,upperarm,forearm.Lower:mobilityordeformityofjoi

58、nts,colorandtemperatureoffeet,edema,varicoseveins下肢静脉曲张,leglength,thigh大腿,thighcircumference(upper1/3,mid1/3,lower1/3);knee,calf小腿肚子，foot(ankle,instep足弓ordorsum足背，sole足底，heel足跟).19 Neuropsychiatricexamination:Cranialnerves颅神经.Motorfunctions:weakness,palsy麻痹,hemiplegia偏瘫，paraplegia截瘫,mono-plegia单瘫，spasticity强直,flaccidity松弛,Incoordination共济失调，gaitandstation.Deeptendonreflex深腱反射：biceps,triceps,patellar,Achilles跟腱反射，Babinski,Kernig,degreeofactivity(+to+),comparerightandleft.Sensoryfunctions