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1、 A news agency is an organization of journalists established to supply news reports to news organizations: newspapers, magazines, and radio and television broadcasters. Such an agency may also be referred to as a wire service, newswire or news service. The oldest news agency is Agence France-Presse

2、(AFP).1 It was founded in 1835 by a Parisian translator and advertising agent, Charles-Louis Havas as Agence Havas. Two of his employees, Paul Julius Reuter and Bernhard Wolff, later set up rival news agencies in London and Berlin respectively. In order to reduce overhead and develop the lucrative a

3、dvertising side of the business, Havass sons, who had succeeded him in 1852, signed agreements with Reuter and Wolff, giving each news agency an exclusive reporting zone in different parts of Europe. News agencies can be corporations that sell news (e.g. Press Association, Thomson Reuters, AHN). Oth

4、er agencies work cooperatively with large media companies, generating their news centrally and sharing local news stories the major news agencies may chose to pick up and redistribute (i.e. AP, Agence France-Presse (AFP) or American Press Agency (APA). Commercial newswire services charge businesses

5、to distribute their news (e.g. Business Wire, Marketwire, and ABN Newswire). Governments may also control news agencies: China (Xinhua), Canada, Russia (ITAR-TASS) and other countries also have government-funded news agencies which also use information from other agencies as well. The major news age

6、ncies generally prepare hard news stories and feature articles that can be used by other news organizations with little or no modification, and then sell them to other news organizations. They provide these articles in bulk electronically through wire services (originally they used telegraphy; today

7、 they frequently use the Internet). Corporations, individuals, analysts and intelligence agencies may also subscribe. News sources collectively described as alternative media provide reporting which emphasizes a self-defined non-corporate view as a contrast to the points of view expressed in corpora

8、te media and government-generated news releases. Internet-based alternative news agencies form one component of these sources. 美联社、路透社、法新社、塔斯社、合众社、新华社等主要通讯社,是全球性的新闻垄断寡头,重大新闻基本上都是他们遍布全球的记者在第一时间抢发出来的。The Associated Press is an American news agency. The AP is a cooperative owned by its contributing new

9、spapers, radio and television stations in the United States, which both contribute stories to the AP and use material written by its staff journalists. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, paying a fee to use AP material without being contributing members of

10、 the cooperative.As of 2005, the news collected by the AP is published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television and radio broadcasters. The photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The Associated Press operates 243 news bureaus,

11、 and it serves at least 120 countries, with an international staff located all over the world. As part of their cooperative agreement with The Associated Press, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. For example, on page two of ev

12、ery edition of The Washington Post, the newspapers masthead includes the statement, The Associated Press is entitled exclusively to use for re-publication of all news dispatches credited to it or not otherwise credited in this paper and all local news of spontaneous origin published herein. The Asso

13、ciated Press began diversifying its news gathering capabilities, and by 2007 AP was generating only about 30% of its revenue from United States newspapers. 37% came from the global broadcast customers, 15% from online ventures, and 18% came from international newspapers and from photography. Other E

14、nglish-language news services, such as Reuters and the English-language service of Agence France-Presse, are based outside the United States. More recently launched internet news services, such as All Headline News (AHN) are becoming competitive to the traditional wire services like the AP. The AP e

15、mploys the inverted pyramid formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the storys essential meaning and news information. 1892年美联社正式成立於伊利诺州,目前总社设於纽约。 美联社是一个合作性的非营利组织,在美国本土采会员制,会员缴交会费并发送新闻稿至总社,总社则免费提供各地新闻资讯给会员。 而国外报纸、电台、电视若要获

16、得新闻则须缴费订购。 给地球各个角落带来光明的只有两个:天上的太阳和地上的美联社 马克吐温,19世纪 我猜想,当我死后站在天堂之门的时候,碰到的第一个人会是名美联社记者。 -甘地对美联社记者吉姆米尔斯说过一句令美联社无不得意的话 路透社是英国最早的一家通讯社,由Paul Julius Reuter於1851年在伦敦创社。 路透社主要在采访国外新闻,然后提供给英国国内的报纸、广播及电视,同时也将这些新闻发送给国外的订户。 网址:http:/ Reuters is a global news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom owned

17、by Thomson Reuters. Until 2008 the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company, Reuters Group plc, which was also a provider of financial market data. Since the merger between Reuters Group and The Thomson Corporation the Reuters news agency has been a subsidiary of Thomson Reuters, fo

18、rming part of its Markets Division. Policy of objective language Reuters has a strict policy towards upholding journalistic objectivity. This policy has caused comment on the possible insensitivity of its non-use of the word terrorist in reports, including the 11 September attacks. Reuters has been

19、careful to only use the word terrorist in quotes, whether quotations or scare quotes. Reuters global news editor Stephen Jukes wrote, We all know that one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter, and that Reuters upholds the principle that we do not use the word terrorist. The Washington Post

20、 media critic Howard Kurtz responded, After the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, and again after the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon, Reuters allowed the events to be described as acts of terror. But as of last week, even that terminology is banned. Reuters later apologised for this charac

21、terisation of their policy,8 although they maintained the policy itself.However, when reporting the 7 July 2005 London bombings, the service reported, Police said they suspected terrorists were behind the bombings. This line appeared to break with their previous policy and was also criticised.10 Reu

22、ters later clarified by pointing out they include the word when we are quoting someone directly or in indirect speech, and the headline was an example of the latter.11 The news organisation has subsequently used terrorist without quotations when the article clarifies that it is someone elses words.

23、However, when reporting the 7 July 2005 London bombings, the service reported, Police said they suspected terrorists were behind the bombings. This line appeared to break with their previous policy and was also criticised.10 Reuters later clarified by pointing out they include the word when we are q

24、uoting someone directly or in indirect speech, and the headline was an example of the latter.11 The news organisation has subsequently used terrorist without quotations when the article clarifies that it is someone elses words.法新社的前身为哈瓦斯社,於1835年创立於法国巴黎。二次大战後,法国政府将所有的电讯社包括哈瓦斯社合并为现在的法新社,并给予官方的补助。法新社除了

25、发送一般新闻稿外,也提供工商行情、时尚流行及其他特稿。网址:http:/www.afp.fr 塔斯社在世界五大通讯社中地位较特别。它直接隶属於俄罗斯政府,同时也具有一般通讯社的特色,有派驻国外各地的记者、有处理电讯稿的总社、以及对外发布新闻的设备。它对国外的报纸、广播及电视不收费用。 网址:http:/www.itar- 合众国际社是目前世界上独立经营的最大通讯社,由於它是营利机构,可说是真正卖新闻的通讯社。它的总社设在纽约。 除了发出新闻电讯稿之外,它还有几家附属机构,如联合特稿通讯(United Feature Syndicate)专门提供各报社漫画、专栏文章等特稿。 网址:http:/

26、埃菲社于年月西班牙内战结束前创建,是西班牙最大的通讯社,也是全世界所有讲西班牙语国家中规模最大的通讯社。 总社设在马德里,在国内外均设有分社。埃菲社先后收买了法夫拉、法罗、费布斯等通讯社的股份,并始终保持股份公司的形式。日本共同通讯社简称共同社,于1945年11月1日成立,是日本最大的通讯社,社团法人组织。该社实际上是半官方的通讯社,其报道在一定程度上反映了日本政府的意图。共同社每天24小时工作,重大新闻随时播发“快讯”。除播发国内外重要消息外,还大量报道经济、社会新闻,体育新闻。并有为各新闻机构和企业服务的经济专线。此外还向各地方报纸发布特稿,各报可根据合同选用和约稿。共同社对外广播只有英文

27、一种,分有线和无线两种。网址:http:/home.kyodo.co.jp/ 新华社的前身是1931年11月在瑞金成立的红色中华通讯社,也是用我军最早缴获的那一部半电台起家的。 最早的业务有二:一是用那半部电台(只能收不能发)抄收各大通讯社的电文,包括路透社、同盟社和国内的中央社等,然后编发成一份刊物供大家参阅,这份刊物也就是后来的参考消息。二是用那部能发报的电台,以红色中华通讯社的名义播发电讯。 网址:/ Xinhua employs more than 10,000 peopleas compared to about 55,000 for Thom

28、son Reuters; has 107 bureaus worldwide both collecting information on other countries and dispensing information about China; and maintains 31 bureaus in Chinaone for each province plus a military bureau. As most of the newspapers in China cannot afford to station correspondents abroad, or even in e

29、very Chinese province, they rely on Xinhua feeds to fill their pages. Peoples Daily, for example, uses Xinhua material for approximately 25 percent of its stories. Xinhua is a publisher as well as a news agencyit owns more than 20 newspapers and a dozen magazines, and it prints in eight languages: C

30、hinese, English, Spanish, French, Russian, Portuguese, Arabic and Japanese. Xinhua for its own part has criticized the perception of Western media objectivity, citing an incident during the 2008 Tibetan unrest when Western media outlets used a picture of Nepalese police beating Tibetan protesters, misleadingly labeling the pictures as of Chinese police,18 with commentary from CNN calling Chinese leaders goons and thugs. CNN later apologized for the comments,19

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