GotoPlayBoy初中英语定语从句重难点讲析

1、初中英语定语从句重难点讲析一、如何正确使用连接主从句的引导词一个定语从句的引导词是用关系代词还是关系副词,这是同学们首先遇到的一个难题,由于把握不准,所以出错较多。请看以下例子:1. A. That is the school _ we studied three years ago.B. That is the school _ we built three years ago. 2. A. I've forgotten the exact day _ he gave me the film copy.B. I've forgotten the exact day _ he

2、fixed for me to have the operation.3. A. Beijing is a city _ there is the famous Summer Palace.B. Beijing is China's political and cultural center, _ has the most universities.这三组句子中的 A、B 句看上去很相近,因此,同学们在判断空格线上所使用的引导词时很容易出错。我们来作一解析:上述各组A句中先行词所表示的是从句中谓语动词动作发生的地点或时间,如 1A 句空格中指的是 in the school, 2A 句

3、空格中指的是 on the day, 3A 句空格中指的是 in the city, 因此, 引导词指的是状语, 从句谓语动词与先行词之间是一种“谓状”关系,要分别用 where, when, where; 而上面各组B句中的先行词表示的是定语从句的宾语或主语,如 1B 句中的 built the school, 2B 句中的 fixed the day, 3B 句中的 the place has, 从句谓语动词与先行词之间是一种“动宾”或“主谓”关系, 因此, 引导词要用关系代词 that 或 which (3B 句是一个非限制性定语从句,只能用 which。通过解析我们可知: 判断是用关系

4、代词还是关系副词要看先行词在从句中的指代。如果是谓语与状语的关系, 就用关系副词, 如果是主谓或是动宾关系就用关系代词。二、弄清几个问题1. 区别清“It + be”引导的强调句与带有定语从句的复合句。请看下列两组句子:A. It was September 11, 2001 _ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.B. It was on September 11, 2001 _ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.A. It was Wuhan _ Jill met th

5、e three-year-old girl and adopted her.B. It was in Wuhan _ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.以上两组 A、B 句除了分别相差介词 on 和 in 之外,其余部分完全相同。但一词之差句式不同,横线上的词也不同。那么究竟哪个是强调句, 哪个是含定语从句的复合句呢?有一个简单的判定方法: 去掉 It was 和连接词(横线部分。如果剩余部分仍是一个完整的句子,则是强调句; 否则, 那个空格中所用的引导词及其引导的部分就是定语从句。根据这个原则我们就很容易判断出两组的 A 句是含

6、定语从句的复合句, 横线部分分别用关系副词 when 和 where。而B句则是强调句,横线部分应是that。2. 定冠词的有无有时定冠词在句中有决定性的作用。有无定冠词影响着定语从句的结构。如:(1 This is one of the books that_ (sell well in the bookstore.(2 This is the one of the books that _ (sell well in the bookstore.sell 取单数还是复数?分析: 在(1中, that 引导的定语从句修饰的是 the books, 而(2中 one 前有了一个 the, 句子

7、重心前移,这时从句修饰的是 the one。因此(1应用 sell, (2应用 sells。再看:(1 Is this the boy _ you want to talk to?(2 Is this boy _ you want to talk to?在这两个句子中,(1 the boy 是先行词, 它在主句中是表语, 定语从句修饰的是主句的表语, 因此空格处应用 whom, that(甚至 who 也可以; 但(2则不同, 从结构上看, 这个主句不全, this boy 是主语, is 是系动词, 没有表语(先行词, 所以首先要补上先行词(名词或代词, 写成 Is this boy the

8、 boy _ you want to talk to? 这里 boy 重复, 用 one 代替, 然后再在空白处加上关系代词 whom(who, 或 that, 即是 Is this boy the one whom (that you want to talk to?3. 注意标点符号的形式有时我们会见到这样的句子:(1 Entering the room, I found a note on the table, _ read: "Ive left for Harbin."(1 Entering the room, I found a note on the table

9、. _ read: "Ive left for Harbin."一个标点符号决定一个句子的结构。在(1中,横线前是一个逗号,说明逗号前后是一个句子的两个部分。根据句意可知逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句,因此横线部分用which。(2中前后两句之间用了句号,说明前后是两个独立的句子,因此,空格处应填入能作主语,代替a note的代词。因为指物,故用It。超越语法: 定语从句典型错误剖析定语从句是中学英语中的一个重要语法项目,学生们在学习和使用中出现了这样或那样的错误。现将其中的一些典型错误句例总结如下,供大家引以为鉴。1. Is this the pen your father

10、 bought it for you?答案:去掉it。解析:定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当一定的成分。因此从句中不能再出现与关系词作用相同的代词或名词,以避免重复。误句中省略的关系代词(which/that作bought的宾语,故it是多余的。2. Have you been to the company where she works there?答案:去掉there。解析:关系副词已作了working的地点状语。3. I shall never forget the days when I spent with you.答案:将when改为which/that。解析:先行词在定语从句中作s

11、pent的宾语,故用which/that,而when在从句中只作时间状语。4. Is this all what you want to say?答案:将what改为that。解析:先行词为指物的不定代词时,其后的定语从句用that来引导,作宾语时也可省略。而what不能引导定语从句。5. He lived in a house, in front of it he planted some beautiful flowers.答案:将it改为which。解析:这是一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句, which在从句中作介词宾语。6. Mother came back on December

12、21 when was my birthday.答案:将when改为which。解析: which指代时间(December 21作定语从句的主语。7. This is the ring for which she is looking.答案:将for移到looking之后。解析:look for是固定短语动词,不能够拆开使用。8. Is this history museum that some foreign friends visited last week?答案:在that前加the one。解析:犯这类错误的主要原因是错把this history museum看作是定语从句的先行词。

13、根据句子结构,this history museum应是主句的主语。故应添加一个定语从句的先行词the one作主句中的表语。9. This is the monitor her English is the best in our class.答案:将her改为whose。解析:用whose代替her引起定语从句,修饰先行词the monitor。10. As you know it, he has left for Australia.答案:去掉it。解析:关系代词as作know的宾语,再使用it就重复了。11. The meeting was put off, that was exac

14、tly what we wanted.答案:将that改为which。解析:that作为关系代词不能用于非限制定语从句中。此处which指代主句(The meeting was put off。12. I dont like the way which you treat your mother.答案: 1在which前加in。 2 将which改为that。 3 去掉which。解析:当先行词the way在定语从句中作状语时,其关系代词可用that/in which或不用。13. He told the good news to those who was present at the m

15、eeting.答案:将was改为were。解析:定语从句中的谓语动词,在数和人称上必须与主句中的先行词保持一致。该句的先行词是those, 故应用were。14. The expert visited our school is from Shanghai.答案:在visited前加who。解析:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略。15. Whos the old man whom you just shook hands?答案:在hands后加上with。解析:定语从句中的关系代词whom作with的宾语,故介词with不能省略.定语从句归纳·拓展(一引导定语从句的词叫作关系代词

16、或关系副词。关系代词有who、 whom、 whose、 that、 which、as等;关系副词有when、 where、 why等。它们具有三个功能:1.连接主句和从句; 2. 指代先行词; 3. 在从句中充当一种成分。如:"This is the book that I want to buy.""that"连接主句"This is the book"和从句"I want to buy",指代先行词"book",并在从句中作"buy"的宾语。一、关系代词的用法关系代词的

17、选用:第一,取决于它指代的是人还是物,指代人时可用who、 whom、 that或as, 指代物时用that、 which或as;第二,取决于它在从句中充当的成分,关系代词在从句中可充当主语、宾语、定语等。如:1 The man who / that is standing at the door is my English teacher. 站在门口的那个人是我的英语老师。(who / that在从句中充当主语2 Do you know the man whom / that we met in the street? 你认识我们在街上碰到的那个人吗?(whom / that在从句中充当宾语

18、指人的who和whom有格的区别:who在从句中作主语(在非正式说法中也可作宾语,whom在从句中只能作宾语,不能作主语,也可以省略。3 The problem that / which troubles us is how to finish the work in time. 使我们烦恼的问题是怎样才能按时完成这项工作。 (that / which在从句中作主语4 The book that / which I bought yesterday is worth reading. 昨天我买的这本书值得一读。(that / which在从句中作宾语,这时可以省略关系代词whose一般指人,表

19、示"该人的",也可指物,表示"该物的",在从句中作定语。如:Thats the painter whose works are so highly regarded. 那位就是其作品受到很高评价的画家。The building whose roof we can see from here is a hotel. 我们在这儿望得见屋顶的那座房子是一个旅馆。whose在以物为先行词时,可用of which代替,尤其是口语中。上例相当于:The building the roof of which we can see from here is a hote

20、l.二、"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句关系代词whom, which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间;当先行词指人时,介词后的关系代词用whom, 其余用which,这时的关系代词不能省略;有时为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面,这时的which可用that替换。当介词放在从句有关动词的后面时,关系代词which, that, whom在口语中和非正式文体中经常省略。如:This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which

21、/ that he used to live in. 这是他过去居住过的房间。Whos the man with whom you just shook hands? =Whos the man (that / whom you just shook hands with? 刚才你与他握手的那个人是谁?但含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。如:This is the book (which / that Im looking for. 这就是我在找的那本书。在这类定语从句中,介词的选择一般根据动词的需要,如上述几例,或者根据先行词来决定。如:There is a mountai

22、n of which the top is always covered with snow. 有一座山顶总是覆盖着雪的山。三、关于使用关系代词的几点说明:1. 指物的关系代词that和which常可互换,但下列情况下通常用关系代词that:1当先行词是:all, none, much, little, everything, everybody, everyone, nothing等不定代词时。如:All (that he said at the meeting encouraged us greatly. 他在会上说的一切,使我们受到很大的鼓舞。2当先行词前有形容词的最高级、序数词及the

23、 last, the same, the only, the very等修饰时。如:This is the best film (that I have ever seen. 这是我所看过影片中最好的一部。The first article (that Lucy wrote in Chinese was good. 露西用汉语写的第一篇文章很好。3先行词中既含有"人"也含有"物"时。如:He talked about the teachers and schools (that he had visited. 他谈起他所访问过的老师和学校。2. 关系代词

24、作表语时一般不用who,而用that。如:He is not the man that he was. 他不是从前的他了。(从句中that是was的表语3. 若含有疑问代词:who, which, what等时,应避免使用关系代词who, which,而应用that。如:Who that knows him will believe him. 认识他的人会相信他。Which of the two cows (that you keep produces more milk? 你养的两头奶牛,哪头产奶多? 定语从句归纳·拓展(二-when, where, why引导定语从句学习四要素w

25、hen、where、why引导的定语从句是定语从句重要内容,也是高考重要考点,学习这些定语从句时应注意下列几点:一、掌握when、 where、 why基本用法when、 where、 why是关系副词,其基本用法如下表。关系副词 属性 在句中作用 例 句when 表时间 时间状语 I remember the days when I stayed there.where 表地点 地点状语 This is the room where I lost my pen.why 表原因 原因状语 This is the reason why he was late.二、熟悉易误用when, where

26、, why的场合若先行词虽表时间、地点、原因,但在定语从句中不作时间、地点和原因状语而作主语或宾语,属于关系代词范畴,应用关系代词that或which,而不能用关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句。例:I regret the days (that / which I wasted in the woods. 我后悔在森林里虚度的日子。(先行词在从句中作宾语Ill never forget the year 1976 which /that was full of sadness.我不会忘记充满悲哀的1976年。(先行词在从句中作主语That is the factory th

27、at/which produces cars.那是生产小汽车的工厂。(先行词在从句中作主语That is the factory (that / which he visited yesterday. 那是他昨天参观的工厂。(先行词在从句中作宾语He gave the reason that / which was unreasonable. 他给出一个没道理的理由。(先行词在从句中作主语What is the reason (that/which he raised? 他提出的理由是什么?(先行词在从句中作宾语三、了解关系副词与关系代词转换规律关系代词whom或which在定语从句中作介词宾

28、语时,介词可放在后面,也可提前构成介词+关系代词whom (先行词指人/which(先行词指物引导定语从句(这种方法更为正式。例:Mary is the girl whom I borrowed a book from. = Mary is the girl from whom I borrowed a book. 玛丽就是我向她借书的那个女孩。Is this the room that/which he once lived in? = Is this the room in which he once lived? 这是他曾经住过的房子吗?常见的有以下几种情况:1. where=in/on

29、 which 例:This is the room where / in which he lives.这是他住的房间。I can see the playground where / on which they do sports.我能看见他们进行运动的操场。2. when= on/in/at which 例:I still remember the year when/ in which I joined the Party.我仍然记得入党的那一年。I still remember the day when/on which I joined the Party. 我仍然记得入党的那一天。

30、I still remember the hour when/at which the rocket was launched.我仍然记得那个火箭发射的时刻。3. why=for which 例:This is the reason why / for which he was killed.这是他被杀害的原因。但下列情况下介词不能提前:用who代替whom,用that代替which时,介词不能提前。例:Hes the boy who I learned English from.这是我向他学英语的男孩。This should be the place that Tom sent the pa

31、rcel to. 这应是汤姆送包裹的地方。当whom、which省去时介词不能提前。例:Is he the boy you went there with?他是和你一起去那儿的男孩吗? This is the room he lived in. 这是他住过的房间。当whom, which作为含有介词的动词短语的宾语时,介词一般来说不能拆开提前。例:Youre the very man whom Im looking for. 你正是我在找的那个人。This is the program which he listened to. 这就是他听过的节目。再看下面几种结构:(一介词+whose引导的定语从句whose引导定语从句时,可出现创新句