中国传统文化英文课程

1、.英文中国文化课程学习要点(1)ChineseCultureforEnglishMajors(Part1)(KeyPointsofClassroomLearning)INTRODUCTION1 reasonsoflearningtheCourse2 ClassroomTeaching&achievementevaluationa. topicteaching(Part1:wisdom-p.2-,literature-p.12-,opera-p.17,painting-p.21-,medicine-p.37,wushu-p.42,Part2:food-p.53,garden-p.68,f

2、estivals-p.78-,culturalexchange&religion-p.86-,handycrafts:porcelain,.-p.)&classroomdiscussionb. evaluationbasedonobservationofstudents"presentationesp.indiscussion&terminalexam(oralorwritten)3. theimportantfeaturesofChineseculturetheoldestcontinuingcultureintheworld(causes:national

3、writtenlanguage,examsystemandConfucianism),centeringonman(e.g.relationship,harmony)4. theglobalrulingculturesinhistory&future:firstUKin19thcentury,thenUSsince1945;Chinesecultureinthenearfuture,likeChina-madeintheworldtoday?Unit1TheChineseWisdomTheessenceoftraditionalChinesethinking:Chinesecultur

4、eregardshumanlifeaspartofnature.Asecondcharacteristicisitsemphasisonharmonioushumanrelationships.Thirdly,Chinesethinkingstressesself-reflection.Focus:Confucian&Laozi'gSunzi'principlethoughtandsomequotationsconcernedConfucianThoughtonHeavenandHumanity:TheAnalectsismainlyaboutConfucius'

5、;wordsandlifestcCo.nfuciusregardedHeavenasnature.“Heavendoesnotspeakinwords.Itspeaksthroughtherotationofthefourseasonsandthegrowthofalllivingthings.葛红兵Continuouscreationoflifeischange.”Heaven(ornature)istheprocessoflifecreation.ConfuciusadvocatedinaweoftheordinancesofHeaven”andwarnedagainstoffending

6、Heaven.,is,inessence,equivalenttothemodernideaofstayinginharmonywithnature.RenandliarethetwocoreconceptsofConfucius'doctrineaboutpeople.Confuciusinterpretedrenas“loveofpeople”,which“beginswithotheforone'sparents”.Confuciusplacedemphasisrotuals,traditionsandnormsinsociallife*withtheaimofprese

7、rvingsocialorder,stabilityandharmony"Theroleofliistomaintainharmonyamongpeople.”Themostimportantpartheburialandancestralworshiprituals.Confuciusbelievedthebasicgoalofeducationwastocultivate"personsofvirtue"，whoshouldhavesoundandupliftedminds.Confuciusregardedloftyideals,greatvirtue,lo

8、veofpeople,andthe“sixarts”asthegeneralprinciplesofeducation.UninfuttneceofConfucius,Chinesethinkersoflatergenerationsallbelievedthatstudentsandscholarsshouldnotonlyincreasetheirknowledge,butalsoandmoreimportantly,broadentheirmindsandenhancetheirspiritualethos(精神特质).己所不欲，勿施于人。Donotdotowardothersanyth

9、ingyouwouldnotwanttobedonetoyou.父母在，不远游，游必有方。Childrenshouldnottravelfarwhiletheirparentsarealive.Iftheyhavenochoicebuttodoso,theymustretainsomerest同毗用,和为贵。Theroleofliistomaintainharmonyamongpeople己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。Whilefulfillingone'sowndesires,allowotherstofulfil氏heirs.言哉？四时行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉？Heavendoesn

10、otspeakinwords.Itspeaksthroughtherotationofthefourseasonsandthegrowthofalllivingthings.ThebookLaoziwaswrittenaroundthesixthcenturyBC.Laozi,alsoknownasClassicoftheWayandVirtue(DaoDeJing),ofjustover5,000Chinesecharacters,hasplayedatremendousroleinthedevelopmentofChineseculture.ItbecamethebasisofDaoism

11、,theschoolofphilosophyparalleltoConfucianisminancientChina.ThethoughtofLaoziformedthefoundationofDaoism,alsoexertedadirectimpactonthecharacteristics,trendsofthoughtandaestheticsensibilitiesoftheChinesenation.aNaturalnessisanimportantconceptofLaozi'sphilosophy.(Itreferstoanaturalstateofbeing,anat

12、titudeoffollowingthewayofnature.)“Nonaction”isanotherimportantconcept.(Humancreativityshouldbeincompliancewith(依从)thewaysofnature.)Laozisaid,“Greirtgenuity促智多谋)appearstobestupidity.Thisistheessenceof“naturalnessar?dano-action”Qnthebasisofanaturalnessand“non_action”,Lapzoposedtheviewof“overcominghest

13、rongbybeing3weak”.Laozisaid,“Thegreatestvirtueislikewater.”'prldISothingweakerthanwater.Yetnothingisstrongerthanwaterwhenitcomestobreakingsomethingstrong.Waterisatypicalexampleoftheweakwinningoverthestrong.Laozisaid,“Awareofthestrong,oneshouldremainweak.”Aswaterdoes.Givingupthedesiretoflaunt夸耀）o

14、ne'ssuperiorityisthebasicwaytoprosperity.Remainingweakisnotonlythewaytoprosperity,butalsothewaytopreservinglife.Thewayoftheweakisthebestwaytoavoidconflict.Desiredisturbspeaceofmind.Ifimmersedinaseaofdesire,intheendhumanswouldbesubmerged.-ThePhilosophyofNon-contentionToquotethegreatphilosopheLao-

15、tzu:"TheWayofheavenistobenefitothersandnottoinjure.TheWayofthesageistoactbutnotcompeLetusapplythisenduringwisdomtoourworktoday.Outofthecompetitionofideas,letusfindunityinactQfl1.1.6.）潘基文秘书长连任演说，他援引中国古达哲学家老子天之道，利而不害；圣人之道，为而不争”的名言，强调应将这种不朽的智慧应用。在百家争鸣的思想中，找到行动上的统一性。）顺应自然。Followthewayofnature上善若水。T

16、hegreatestvirtueislikewater.无欲贝U刚。Oneisinvinciblebecausehedesiresnothingandcontendsfornothing.人往高处走，水往彳氐处流。Humanstendtoseekhigherpositionswhilewateralwaysflowstolowerplaces.Sunzi'ArtofWarisregardedasthegreatestamongsomanybooksonwarbecauseitexcelsovertheotherbooksintermsofstrategydesign,philosoph

17、icalgroundingandintacticalapplication.Overthecenturiesithasbeenrespectedas“thesourceforallbooksonwar.”TheStrategicThoughtsofSunzi:“Planningbeforegoingtowar.”“Onecanfightandwinahundredwarsifknowsbothoneselfandtheenemy.”“Thearmysurvivesbytreachery.”“Winningawarwithoutfightingit.TheDialectical(辩证的)Thin

18、kingofSunzi:"Thereisnofixedwayofusingforce,justasthereisnofixedformtowater.Hewhocanwinavictorybyadaptingtochangesinenemyforcesisamasteroftheartofwar.”,“Theexpertcommanderisabletomnakeytheefollowhisdirection,nottheotherwayround.Sunzi'CautionsAgainstWar:SunzisArtofWarbeginsandendswithwarnings

19、againstwar."Theuisamatteroflifeordeathforthesoldiers,thepeopleandthecountry.mattercanneverbetakenlightly.Sunzi'WisdomBeyondtheMilitary:WiththespreadofSunzi'sArtofWar,itsinfluencehasgonebeyondthemilitarytomanyotherfields,includingeconomics,politics,culture,anddiplomacy.In2001,onlinebooks

20、ellerAmazonlistedthebookasoneofthebestsellersinthehumanitiescategory.ManycontemporaryscholarsregardSunzi'swisdoasuniversalasConfuciuswisdom.SunZi'ArtofWar-孙子兵法(2500characters,influenceespeciallyinmilitaryandcommercialaffairs,amustreaderinUSmilitaryacademy,inGermanyinWWII,andsince1500AC.InJap

21、aninUN),知己知彼，百战不殆。Onecanfightandwinahundredwarsifoneknowsbothoneselfandtheenemy.攻其无备，出其不意。Attacktheenemyatanunexpectedtimeandplac战而屈人之兵。Winningawarwithoutfightingit.兵以诈立。Thearmysurvivesbytreachery.theBookofChanges易经,Confucianism-儒家Daoism-遁家militarystrategist浜家(inEast&SouthAsiaandinUN)Unit2Litera

22、tureFocus:importanthistoricalmasterpieces&eco-awarenessinliterature1.ClassicalLiterature:TheBookofSongs-thevoiceofthetimebetweenZhouDy.andSpring-AutumnPeriod(socialtrends,joyandanger,happinessandsorrowofthepeople),LiSao,RecordsofHistorians,classicalpoetryinTangDynasty,lyrics(ci)atypeofpoetrywith

23、linesofirregularlengthandsettomusicinSongDy.,zaju-poeticdramasettomusicinYuanDy.:SnowinMidsummer(WrongsSufferedbyDouE-六月雪(窦娥冤)(关.)，TheWestChamber-西厢t己(王.);fiction&dramainMingandQingDynasties:ThePeonyofPavilion-牡丹亭(汤.)OutlawsoftheMarsh-thefirstlongnovelinChina,TheRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsthesecon

24、d,PilgrimagetotheWest-thethird(inMingDy.),StoryoftheStone(inQingDy.)-culminationofChinesenovels;thefourfolklores:LadyWhiteandXuXian,Mengjiangnu,theCowherdandtheGirlWeaver,LiangShanboandZhuYingtai;2.Eco-awareness(牛态意识)inTraditionalChineseArt&Literature:Protectionoftheeco-environmentiscapturingwid

25、erinternationalattentiontoday.Loveforalllivingthingsintheworldandappreciationfortheirstateofbeingcanoftenbefoundinancientworksofartandliterature.Chineseartistsneverpaintdeadanimals.Thebirds,fish,insects,andflowersareallfullofvitalityundertheirbrush.InthepoemsoftheTangandSongdynasties,birdsandplantsw

26、ereoftendepictedasiftheyhadhumanfeelings.InStrangeTalesfromMake-doStudio(LiaozhaiZhiyi),byPuSongling,humanbeingsandotherlivingthingsaredescribedasbeingofthesamekind,tosignifythathumansandotherlivingthingsareofthesamekind,andtheysharewea福)andwoe(苦恼)together.3.ExamplesandEnglishTranslationofTangPoemsc

27、oncerningtheeco-awareness:山居秋暝(王雉)MyMountainVillainanAutumnEvening(WangWei)空山祈雨俊，Aftertherainhasbathedthedesolatemountain,天氟晚来秋。Thefresheveningairblowsthebreathofautumn.明月松闻照，Intotheforestofpinesthemoonshedsherlights;清泉石上流。Overtheglisteningrocksthespringwaterglides.随意春芳歇，Thefragrance.ofthevernalplan

28、tsisonthewane;王舔自可留。Despiteallthis,hereistheplaceIliketoremain.春晓【孟浩然】SPRINGTIDEDREAMS(MENGHAO-RAN)春眠不觉晓，Inspringtide'sdreamsthedawnisswexswyndd处处闻啼鸟。Tilleverywherethesongsofbirdsresound.夜来风雨声，Iheardlastnighttherushofwindandrain.花落知多少。HowmanyFlowershavefallentotheground?草（自居易）THEGRASS篱篱原上草，Howde

29、nselythickthegrassupontheplain!岁枯荣。Decayandsplendoroneyeartoitbrings.野火烧不fS,Thecorpse-firesburnitdown-butallinvain春风吹又生。WitheachnewbreathofspringitlivesagainChineseclassicalliteratureandtheworld:translationofclassicalmasterpieces,westernersunderstandingofsomeclassicalmasterpieces,NobelPrizeofLiterat

30、ure,differencesbetweenChineseandwesternlongnovelsUnit3ChineseTraditionalOperaFocus:typicalfeatures&paintedfaces&MeiLanfangofBeijingOpera1. TheDevelopmentofTraditionalOpera:partofcourtentertainmentin3rdcentury;moreformsofoperain12thcentury;flourishinginYuanDynasty（Yuanzaju-alandmarkindevelopm

31、ent）,GuanHanqing'sWrongsSuffererbyDouE,andinMingDynasty,TheRomanceofPeonyPavilion（byTangXianzu）2. CharactersoftraditionalOpera:acombinationofsinging,music,dialogue,acrobatics,martialarts,andpantomime;theuseoflocaldialectsanduniquemelodiesfordistinguishingthedifferenttypesofopera-Beijingopera,Yu（

32、豫）ju-HenanOpera,Chuan（川）ju-SichuanOpera,Yue（粤）juGuangdongoperaYue（越）ju-Zhejiangopera3. BeijingOperaa. anationalformandacomprehensiveperformingart;differentschools（basedontheperformingstylesandfeatures）TheartofPekingOperahasahistoryofmorethan200years.b. specialanddifficultandlong(8-10years)trainingof

33、aqualifiedactor&actress(aperformingartist,asinger,adanceratthesametic. typicalfeatures:symbolisml拟性)，formulation(程式性),combinationofarts(综合性)(TheperformanceofaPekingOperaactorcanbesummarizedintofourbasicaspects,ofsinging,speaking,acting,andfighting,thecoreofwhichisacombinationofsongandchoreograph

34、y.),specialmusicalinstruments(jinghu(京胡)&erhu(二胡)，singingmelodies(basedonxipi&erhuangtunes)chiefcharacterroles(accordingtothesex,age,socialstatus,professionofthecharacter):sheng,dan,jing,choud. Masksorpaintedfaces(thefacialmakeuppatternchieflyforjingor“painte-facerole”andthe“chou"or&quo

35、t;clown”rolesonly)&meacolors:redforloyaltyandbravery,blackforhonestnature,yellowforrashness&fieriness,whiteforasinisterrole'streacheryandguile,PekingOperamasksareinandofthemselvesanartofbeautifulcolorsanddesignsforaestheticappreciation.e. costumes:appropriatecostumesforeachrole;different

36、robecolorsindicatingdifferentsocialstatus-yellowfortheemperor'family,redforthenobility,whiteforoldofficials,blackforpeopleofviolentnaturef. ThefeaturesofappreciatingPekingOperaaredecidedbythecharacteristicsofimagecreationinPekingOpera.ViewersofPekingOperagotothetheaterwiththepurposeofnotonlyseei

37、ng"amoreofwatchingtheperformance".,becausetheatergoerspayattentiontoboththeroleandtheactor,andtothebeautyinformandskilloftheactor'sperformance.4. MeiLanfang(1894-1961)-"masterartistofPekingOpera”.agreatpatrioticmasterofBeijingopera(expertatdanrole):MeiLanfang'sappearance,costu

38、mes,dance,movements,andsingingonstageareallextremelystriking.numberonedanrole,hisactor'scareerof50ydemonstrationofdifferentcharacter&personalitiesofmorethan100women,thefirstpersontointroduceerhuintoBeijingoperaorchestraandtointroduceBeijingoperatoforeigncountries(Heheadedseveraldelegationson

39、performancetourstotheUnitedStates,JapanandEuropeancountries,winninganinternationalreputationforPekingOpera.),hisrepresentativeoperasincludingTheDrunkenConcubine,KingChuBidsFarewelltoHisConcubine,andWomanGeneralMuGuiying.,TheFairyScatteringFlowers,AStartlingDreamofWanderingthroughtheGarden;reasonsfor

40、hissuccess5. MarketofOperas:local,nationalandinternationalmarketinthepast,atpresentandinthefutureUnit4ChineseCalligraphyandPaintingQin一琴(music)Qi-棋(e.g.thegameofGo,chess)Shu-书(calligraphy)10Hua-Hf(painting)Focus:charactersofcalligraphy&themeandschoolsofpainting&NewYearpictureChinesecalligrap

41、hyisaveryimportantpartofChineseculture.ThetwofactorsthatpromotedChinesecalligraphyarethesquare-shapedpictographiccharactersandthewritingbrush.Calligraphyistheartoflines,orstrokesThemostfamouscalligrapherfor"one_strokecharacter”isWangXianzhi.元代王蒙稚川移居图0.425billionyuan,soldatauction,June,2011. Tra

42、ditionalPaintinga. schoolsofpainting:xieyischool(exaggeratedformsandfreehandbrushwork,notrestrainedbyreality,justshowingthespirit,somethingbetweenlikenessandunlikeness,aresultoftheartist-termobsse加atgon);gongbischool(closeattentiontodetailsandfinebrushwork)b. typicalfeatures:typicalthemeofChinesetra

43、ditionalpainting(naturallandscape-mountainandrunningwater;flowers,birds,animals;humanfigures;nothemeofviolence&death,cf.usually,violence&death&nakedbodyinWesternpainting);theadoptionofshiftingperspective(notrestrictedbythefocalpointintheperspectivewhileinwesternpaintingrestrictedbythefoc

44、alpointinitsperspective);acombinationmthesamepictureoftheartsofpoetry,calligraphy,paintingandsealengravingfourartsinonepicture,supplementingandenrichingoneanother;thespecialtoolsandmaterials-viz,11writingbrushes,blackink,inkstones;symbolism-pinetreerepresentingtheunconquerablespiritofoldage;thecrane

45、,longlife;bamboo,thespiritofthescholar:beingbrokenbycircumstancebutneverbent.(屏风画-Screenpainting,轴卷(条屏)画-wallscrollofpainting)2. paintersoflastingfame:WangWei(TangDy.)(王维)poetandpainter,BadaShanren,QiBaishi(shrimps,insects,birds,flowers,goodatbothxieyi&gongbischoolsappearinginthesamepicture),XuB

46、eihong(horsepainting)0.4255billionyuan(RMB)May22,2011Thegrottomurals(壁画)asmDunhuanggrottoes3. NewYearPicturesa. purpose:EnhancingthelivelyFestiveAtmosphere,symbolizinggoodfortune,auspiciousnes吉禾U)andfestivity.goodluck&prosperitytothefamily;NewYearandnewpicturesandnewlookandnewchangeb. history:ap

47、pearingmEasternHanDynastyasdoorgods,popularizedanddevelopedintoanindependentartforminSongDynasty,flourishinginQingDynastyc. typicalstyles:thestylesofNewYearpicturesvaryfromnorthtosouthinChina-acountryofvastterritory.YangliuqinginTianjin.YangliuqingNewYearpicturesadoptthemethodofxylograph(版画E|3画法)ove

48、rprintingcombinedwithhand-paintedcolor,henceestablishingitsdistinctivefeatureof“halfprinting,halfpainting”，12TaohuawuinJiangsu,YangjiabuinShandongd. mainfeatures:acombinationofclassicalandfolkarttechniques;emphasizedthehealthyandhappyfacesofthepeopleportrayed;varioustopicsfromhistorytodailylife(orig

49、inallydoorgods&kitchengods);symbolism(fish-affluence,lotus-lian-insuccession,peachlongevity,peony-wealthandhonor,bat-?,deer-?);NewYearPicturesreflectingthechangesofthetime,lifeandexpectation(e.g.four-modernizationsUnit5TraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)Howtocurethesicknessandstayhealthy?Careforlife

50、beforegettingsick.Focus:theories&folkpractice1. TheoriesofMedicalSciencenatureandman(ancomponentofnature):thechangesofseasons,weather,time,environmentallproduceimpactsovermenandthediseasesa. thetheoryofyinandyang:yin(negative),yanc(positive);thesetwoinbalanceinthebody-OK,notinbalancesomethingwro

51、ngwiththebodyb. thetheoryoffiveelements:metal,wood,water,fire,earth;existinginastateofinterdependenceandinter-restraint;acertainhumanorganconsideredtohavethequalityofoneelement;13c. thetheoryofjingandluo:jingsystemandluosystem;bloodchannels&qi(vitalenergy)channels;ablockageofJmgandluoablockageof

52、thecirculationofbloodandqitheoccurrenceofadiseased. biblesofmedicine:TheYellowEmperor'sCannonofMedicine(theearliestexistingmedicalbook),ShenNong'sMateriaMedica(365herbs).2. DiagnosisandPharmacologya. basicdiagnosticmethods:observing,listening,smelling,inquiring,andpalpatingb. laboratoryexami

53、nations:e.g.urinetestwithsmallpiecesofsilkc. medicine:mainlyfromplants(medicinalherbs),andalsofromsomeanimalsandmineralsd. drugformsinmedicine:chewingandswallowingmedicinalherbsinancienttimes;powderform,ointmentform,pasteform,pelletform,syrup,capsules,injections.e. doctorsoflastingfame:BianQue(inWar

54、ringStateperiod;HuaTo(inThreeKingdomPeriod),SunSimiao(inearlyTangDynasty),LiShizhen(inMingDy.)3. AcupunctureandMoxibustionTherapya. theory:thejingandluotheory;anancient(over2000yearsago)practicalmethodoftreatingdiseasesb. practicaluse:treatingbothchronicandacutediseasesbyinsertingone14ormoremetalnee

55、dles(ofdifferentkinds)atanacupuncturec. pointorpointsofthehumanbody(acupuncture),byheating(withaburningstickofmoxaleaves)certainpartsovertheskin(moxibustion)4. Chinesetraditionalmedicine&medicaltreatmentandWesternMedicine&MedicalTreatment:)a. Chinesemedicine:harmoniousoradjustingmedicine;tak

56、enfromnature;havinglesssideeffects;treatingthehumanbodyasawholeharmoniouslyanarttoachievebiologicalbalanceinthebody;multiplemedicaltargets;humane;compoundorharmoniousmedicinetostrengthenthebodysystemandtheimmunityfromthedisease;chieflybasedonpersonalexperienceanddirectoraudio-visualperception值观)，not

57、onscientifictestsandquantityanalysis;mainlypassingknowledgeandskillonfrommastertodisciple(师承);individualtreatment(differenceinpatientsanddoctors);slowmedicaleffect;betterforstayinghealthy养生)b. .Westernmedicine:conqueringorcontrollingmedicine;chemicalmedicineonly;moresideeffects;treatingthewholebodya

58、ndthepartofinfectionseparately;singlemedicaltarget;inhuman;conqueringorkillermsdicineandtreatment;basedonlaboratorytest&science;quickmedicaleffectbetterforcuringacutediseasesc. Theartofenjoyinggoodhealth&longevityinChinesetraditionalmedicalpractice:agoodmindandfewdesires;medicinalfood;proper

59、15exercise;medicine.5. Chinesemedicine&medicalscienceintheWorlda. morenationsofficially(US,UK,Canada)acceptingChinesemedicineandmedicaltreatmentasanindependentandcompletesystemintheory&practice;USpresidentsandChinesemedicine.b. moreforeignerstolearnChinesemedicineandmedicaltreatmentinChina;WorldAcupunctureAssociation:over140nationsacceptingacupuncturetreatmentc. modernization(e.g.scientifictests)&industrialization(duction)&internationalizationoftheChineseherbmedicineandmedicaltreatment(e.g