专题20.完形填空解题技法（学生版）-2022届新高考英语基础记忆及题型解题技巧.docx

1、完形填空解题技法一.题文齐读什么是“题文齐读"为什么要“题文齐读”顾名思义就是一边读文，一边用眼睛的余光扫一下题目。二者并不是相互分散精力，而是协调配合、相互印证的。要做到双眼聚焦（一眼侧重于读文，一眼侧重于扫描对应的选项），眼脑共用（边读文边思考，对各空的选项有一个初判）。这项技能对考生的要求较高，运用此法要保证注意力高度集中，要具备较强的聚合思维。考生在平时的训练中要多尝试应用才能默化成规，内化于心。（1）一篇约200词的短文存在15处的空格，信息的残缺不全造成文意理解的较大障碍。不看选项，不进行初判，“硬啃式''读文会造成越读越难，到后面甚至读得心烦意乱，从而造

2、成文意理解的偏差。（2浣形填空大部分题目是送分或保分题目，通过边读边预判是能做对大部分的，随着一部分空格不断被填补还原，文意也就越来越明显，读文障碍会越来越少。“题文齐读''可大大缩减读文和答题时间。典例示范Mylifeasatax-payingemployedpersonbeganinmiddleschool,when,forthreewholedays,Iworkedinabakingfactory.MybestfriendBetsy'sfatherwasamanageratHoughBakeries,which,atEastertime,41littlebunny

3、（兔子）cakesforalliis42throughoutCleveland.Ithappenedthattheplantdowntownneededeightkidsfor43helpduringourspringbreak,forwhich1hadno44beyondlisteningtomyfavoriterecords.I'd45minimumwage.I'dseehowafactory46.MyparentsthoughtallofthiswasagrandideaandcalledBetsy'sdadwiththeir47.Our48inthefactor

4、yweresimple:Placecakesonamovingbelt.Attachicing（糖霜）ears.Applyicingeyesandnose.49bunnyfromthebelt.Thiswas50thanitsounds.51abitandthecakespileup.AsItoldmyparentsatdinnerthatfirstnight,itwasallalittlemorehigh-pressurethanI'd52.Dad53.Thesonofagrocer,he'dspentthesummersofhischildhood54foodinBcnar

5、dsville,NewJersey.Thiswasthesortofworkthatmadeyou55thedollarsyouearnedandrespectthosewhodidthework,hetoldme.41.A.soldB.orderedC.madeD.reserved42.A.storesB.familiesC.schoolsD.citizens43.A.generousB.financialC.technicalD.temporary44.A.plansB.problemsC.excusesD.hobbies45.A.offerB.eamC.setD.suggestthe23

6、ofthecarparkIbackedintothenextavailablespotitwasatightfit.Prettysoon,I'dmademywaythroughthesupermarketandwasbackinthefreshair.Feelinggood,I24mypursechangeintothehandsofahomelessmanandhelpeda25womanreversepark（倒车）.JustasI26mycar,IsawthewomanI'dlethavemycarspace27.Shewasgivingameanodd28halfpuz

7、zled,halfintent（热切的）.Ismiledandwishedherapleasantday.AsIsqueezedbackintomycar.I29thesameladylookingina（me."Hello,"shesaid,hesitantly."ThismightsoundcrazybutIwasonmywayto30someofmymother'sthingsoffatthecharitybins.""Youarejustsomuchlikeher.Youhelpedthosepeople,Inoticed,an

8、dyouseemedsohappy.,Shelookedatmemeaningfullyandpassedaboxinthroughthe31,UIthinkshewouldlikeyoutohaveit."Shocked,Itookitfromher32.Shesmiledandwalkedaway.Afterapause,Iopenedthebox.33wasabeautifulgoldnecklacewithalargegreypearl.ItwasthenicestgiftI'deverreceived,anditwasfromacomplete34.Theneckl

9、acewasaroundmyneck,awarm35ofhumankindness.21.A.watchingB.circlingC.runningD.crossing22.A.inahurryB.inadilemmaC.inagoodmoodD.inpanic23.A.edgeB.barrierC.stageD.point24.A.turnedB.brokeC.dividedD.emptied25.A.strugglingB.tremblingC.wanderingD.whistling26.A.startedB.approachedC.parkedD.entered27.A.formerB

10、.laterC.agoD.earlier28.A.explanationB.lookC.answerD.coincidence29.A.locatedB.caughtC.spottedD.sought30.A.sellB.wipeC.dropD.send31.A.backseatB.carC.itemsD.window32.A.automaticallyB.accidentallyC.eventuallyD.unwillingly33A.InsideB.AroundC.BeneathD.Nearby34.A.friendB.companionC.relativeD.stranger35.A.a

11、wardB.expectationC.reminderD.view四阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。Veryfewofusbecomefluentinanotherlanguagebylearningitinhighschool.Iwenttouniversityandthenmovedacrossthecountrytoseeka21job,marriedandraisedchildren.Imadeanefforttokeep（helittlebitofFrenchIlearnedinschool,buteventuallyIrealized

12、thatthiswasreally22.Iwasquiteawarethatnewlanguagesarebestlearnedwhenyoung,and(hatourabilitiesinthatregarddeclinewith23.However,justbeforemy50thbirthday,I24Frenchclasses.AfterIwastestedtoseewhichgroupIbelongedto,IwasplacedatalmosttheintroductorylevelWhenIlookedaroundatmyfirstclass,Iwas25thatmanyofthe

13、studentswerelearningFrenchasathird,fourthorevenfifthlanguage.Contrarytomy26thatlearninganewlanguagewasimpossiblydifficult,therewerepeoplewholearnednewlanguagesasamatterofcourse.WhileIhadalwaysthoughtofmyselfasa27learner,thatwasnolongerthecase.I28newvocabularyratherslowly.WhatIlearnedoneweekseemedto2

14、9assoonasIlearnedthenextskill.Ihadtolookupthesamewordsandlanguagestructuresoverandover.Now,afterseveralyearsoflearning,IcanlistentothenewsinFrenchand3090%ofitonthefirsttry,readanovelifthelanguageisn'ttoo31andholdupmyendofaconversationifitdoesn'tgoloofast.I'velearnedsomuchbeyondgrammarand

15、vocabulary.I'vemetpeoplefromaroundtheworldandallwalksoflifewhohavethe32tomakefoolsofthemselvesinordertolearnsomethingnew.I'vebeentaughtbypatientandinspirationalteachersfrommanycomersoftheworld.Listeningtothenewsasitis33tothepeopleofFrance,Ihavearenewedunderstandingofhowsomethingcanlook34diff

16、erentfromanotherviewpoint.I'velearnedthatalanguageisnotjustasetofwords,butawayofthinking.Butmostofall,Fvelearnedthatitisnevertoo35tolearnsomethingnew.21.A.demandingB.temporaryC.meaningfulD.popular22.A.helpfulB.pointlessC.worthwhileD.necessary23.A.healthB.concernC.interestD.age24.A.gotreadyforB.g

17、otonwithC.signedupforD.fellinlovewith25.A.disappointedB.amazedC.annoyedD.excited26.A.agreementB.researchC.assumptionD.conclusion27.A.clumsyB.confidentC.seriousD.quick28.A.absorbedB.consultedC.createdD.recognized29.A.godownB.slipawayC.payoffD.buildup30.A.catchB.reciteC.guessD.hear31.A.changeableB.int

18、ernationalC.difficultD.native32.A.chanceB.trickC.courageD.desire33.A.announcedB.sentC.returnedD.presentedB.equallyB.impossibleD.slightlyD.lateA.completely34. A.slowC.roughlyC.inconvenient五阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Vloggingisanincreasinglypopularactivity.Andit'snowo

19、nderthatwithsomany21vloggerssharingpersonalexperiencesintheircountriesonline,youngChinesepeoplehave22toheartheirstories.ButwhatmakesAmericanJerryKowal23outstandingassuchaninfluentialvlogger?Invideos,Kowaloffershissincere24intocurrenteventstohisover53millionfollowersonvideosharingplatformBilibili.25o

20、thervloggerswhotendtofbcusononetopic,hisvideos26variousissues,suchasgovernance,pandemicand27.AfterleavingChengduforNewYorkinJanuary,Kowalposted28America'smeasuresservetofacetheCOVID-19outbreak,havingvisitedlocalhospitals29attheriskofgettinginfected.Asaresponsiblecitizenjournalist,Kowalisdeeplyco

21、ncernedabout30issues.DuringtheproteststriggeredbyGeorgeFloyd,aninnocentand31AfricanAmericanwhodiedwhileinpolicecustody（拘捕），Kowal32questionsfromhisfansabouthisperspectivesandattitudetowardthissituation.Kowaluploadedaninformativevideoclipexplainingthathebelievedthiseventwasa33ofracialbiasandpoliceviol

22、ence.“Vlogshelppeopleleanithecultureofothercountries.34byCCTVonJune10,heput,“theUS,Chinaandeverythinghaveall35myfancy,whichinspiresmetotellpeoplewhatIhaveseen.,21.A.foreignB.familiarC.specialD.fine22.A.droppedinB.takeninC.putinD.tunedin23.A.littleB.almostC.thatD.enough24.A.approvalB.expectationC.adm

23、issionD.insight25.A.BesidesB.AgainstC.AsD.Unlike26.A.checkedB.undertookC.addressedD.spared27.A.reputationB.racismC.evaluationD.dignity28.A.whatB.howC.whyD.when29.A.bravelyB.patientlyC.eagerlyD.relaxedly30.A.recreationalB.culturalC.financialD.social31.A.unhealthyB.unaffectedC.unarmedD.unkind32.A.pref

24、erredB.encounteredC.recommendedD.ignored33.A.resultB.misunderstandingC.improvementD.start34.A.invitedB.interviewedC.encouragedD.praised35.A.takenB.predictedC.controlledD.missedappreciate46.A.workedB.closedC.developedD.sunived47.A.ambitionB.permissionC.experienceD.invitation48.A.joysB.ideasC.rolesD.c

25、hoices49.A.SaveB.KeepC.StopD.Remove50.A.harderB.belterC.longerD.cheaper51.A.CahndownB.SlowdownC.StayonD.Moveon52.A.indicatedB.witnessedC.expectedD.remembered53.A.criedB.smiledC.hesitatedD.refused54.A.tastingB.findingC.sharingD.delivering55.A.withdrawB.donateC.receiveD.二句群精读，活用方法，稳抓保分题目通过第一步的通览文章，明白了

26、文章大意、内容梗概后，接下来便是精读文章，做题的过程。完形填空80%以上的题目都是基础题目，也就是上文提到的句内、句组层次题。对于这些题目，使用“题文齐读法"在文章的通读环节可预判解答-部分，但这些题目最终答案的确定则需要精读文章，做到解题有理有据、有法可依。句内层次题的解题信息分布在本句内，在读憧文意的前提下，利用本句的一些解题信息就可直接做答。对于此类题目，考生可以边读边填，将原文信息尽量复原。方法1利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题完形填空中经常会考查一些习惯搭配、固定结构和固定句式，这时考生就需要运用习惯搭配及固定结构来解题。典例1Iwas43.thrilled!Iarrivedea

27、rlyatByronBaywhereweweresupposedto44.meet.Thebaywas_45_insunshine,andtherewasagroupofkayakersaround150mofftheshore.45.A.bathedB.cleanC.deepD.formed分析选A木题可以利用习惯搭配解题。此处意为“海湾沐浴在阳光中”，bebathedin为固定搭配，表示"沐浴在.中"。方法2利用生活常识和文化背景解题完形填空的语篇中往往渗透着诸如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。考生在做题时，若能积极地调动自己掌握的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙

28、地加以运用，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，从而轻松地做出正确判断。典例2Gettingalittle46.closer,_Irealizedonekayak（皮划艇）wasin47.trouble."Something'snot48.right!"ItookoffmyT-shirtand_49_intothewater.Isawthereweretwoinstnictorsonboardandamanlyingacrossthemiddle.Hewas5O.shakingviolently.Linkingarmswith

29、oneoftheinstructors,Ihelped_51_theyoungmanoutofthewater.HewasunconsciousandasIlookedathisface,something52.occurredtome.Thosebrowneyeswerevery53.familiar."What'shisname?"Iaskedtheinstructor."Ben,"hereplied,andimmediatelyI54.knew.Thatstrangerwasmyson!49.A.staredB.sankC.divedD.f

30、ell51.A.leadB.persuadeC.carryD.keep分析49.选C51.选C这两道题可以利用生活常识和文化背景解题。根据生活常识，第49题我注意到个皮划艇出了意外情况，我自然是脱掉T恤衫，“跳进”水里救人，dive意为“跳水”；第51题作者和一位教练双臂连接，两个人一起应该是将这个不省人事的年轻人“抬”出了水面，用carry表示“抬二方法3利用对应成分分析法解题完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系，它使句子的各个成分之间形成-定的对应关系。考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分，将它作为线索，通过它推断出未知填空的答案。典例3Tere

31、sa56.postcdaphotoofthechancemeetingonasocialnetworkingwebsite57.accompaniedbythetouchingwords："Whata58.blessingthisyoungmanwastoourfamily!Hewasso_59_andkindtodothis.”59.A.smartB.calmC.sweetD.fair分析选C本题可以利用对应成分分析法解题。Upwasso59andkindtodothis.形容词痂磕萄I连词I对应关系从上述分析可以看出，第59题与kind形成对应关系。因为有and这一并列连词，并且

32、and前后意思应该一致，表示“他做这件事真是太友好和善良了"。故选C。方法4利用逻辑关系解题此方法是通过分析未知填空前后文与己知信息之间的逻辑关系来确定答案，主要应用于完形填空的两类题型:一是考查连接词和起连接词作用的短语；二是考查上下文的逻辑关系。典例4Wewent10-1andIwasnamedmostvaluableplayer,_28_IoftenhadcrazydreamsinwhichIwastoblameforMiller's29.accident.28.A.andB.thenC.butD.thus分析选C本题可以利用逻辑关系解题。本空考查连词。连词的作用就是将

33、其前后文的己知信息衔接起来，因此可以利用逻辑关系来解题，即通过分析该未知填空前后文的己知信息的逻辑关系来确定本题应该填入表达何种逻辑关系的连词。Wewent10-1andIwasnamedmostvaluableplayer.:：（我们以io:im比赛.并且我被评为最.有价依：一|的球员）二二二二二二二二二二二二二二二二二;霁|28IoftenhadcrazydreamsinwhichIwasto：'一;blameforMiller's29.accidcni."我经常做疯狂的梦.在梦中我要为Miller的车祸负F顶w;通过上述分析得知本空前后文的已知信息是明显的转折关

34、系，因此答案是but。and表示并列关系；then表示顺承关系；thus表示因果关系。方法5利用语境暗示分析法解题上下文语境具体体现为：全文的中心主线和主题、作者的态度倾向和评价、上下文语篇衔接、句际和段际关系。在句内层次题中，我们通常可以通过I.下文语境暗示，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。典例5Theinstructorscalledfbranambulance._55_,afterabriefstayinhospital,Benwaswellenoughtobeallowedto_56_andlaterthefamilymetupfordinner.55.A.FortunatelyB.F

35、ranklyC.SadlyD.Suddenly56.A.returnB.relaxC.speakD.leave分析55.选A56.选D这两道题可以利用语境暗示分析法解题。根据下文的-afterabriefstayinhospital”,“wellenough”和Taterthefamilymetupfordinner"这些暗示中我们可知Ben"很幸运",“被允许出院”。句组层次题是比句内层次题稍难一级的题目，其解题信息分布在空格前后的一组意群之中，解题时需前瞻后顾，综合意群信息解答。即本句信息不足填，空格前后再找信息源。方法1利用语义复现解题复现是一种语义衔接手段

36、，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的语义复现来选择正确的答案。典例6Whenmostofusgetatextmessageonourcellphonefromanunknownperson,weusuallysay"sorry,41.wrongnumber!"andmoveon.ButwhenDennisWilliams_42_atextthatclearlywasn'tintendedforhim,hed

37、idsomething43.special.42.A.receivedB.translatedC.copiedD.printedl分析选A本题可以利用语义复现解题。第42空是上文“get”的同义词复现，故选A项。典例7Whilehighschooldoesnotgenerallyencouragestudentstoexplorenewaspectsoflife,collegesetsthestagefbrthatexploration.Imyselfwentthrough（his_41_processandfoundsomethingthathaschangedmy42.cxpcricncc

38、atcollegeforthebetter:IdiscoveredASLAmericanSignLanguage（美式手语）.41.A.searchingB.planningC.naturalD.formal分析选A本题可以利用语义复现解题。第41空是上文“explore”的近义词发现，故选A项。方法2利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题在高考完形填空文章中，我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词汇，它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索，可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案。典例8Twoweeksearlier,myson

39、,Ben,hadgotintouch.He'dmovedtoEnglandwithhismumwhenhewasthreeandithadbeen13yearssinceI'd41.lastseenhim.Soimaginemy_42_whenheemailedmesayinghewantedtocometovisitme.42.A.delightB.reliefC.angerD.worry分析选A本题可以利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题。前文提到作者己经13年没见过自己的儿子了，因此当儿子发来邮件说他想来看望作者时，作者应该是感到高兴（delight）,故A项符合语境。方法3利

40、用逻辑关系解题在句组层次题中，利用逻辑关系解题同样是一种重要的方法。典例9Hundredsofpeoplehaveformedimpressionsofyouthroughthatlittledevice（装置）onyourdesk.Andthey'veneveractually41.metyou.Everythingtheyknowaboutyou42.camethroughthisdevice,sometimesfromhundredsofmilesaway._43_theyfeeltheycanknowyou44.justfromthesoundofyourvoice.That&

41、#39;showpowerfulthe45.telephoneis.B.Yet43.A.ThusC.ThenC.Then分析选BD.Indeed本题是典型的考查上下文逻辑关系的题目，可以利用逻辑关系解题。theyknowaboutyou42.camethroughEverythingthisdevice,sometimesfromhundredsofmilesaway.:：（他们对你的了解全部通过这台装置.有时来自敢百年里买的坞歹Q转:43theyfeeltheycanknowyou44.juslfromthe：soundofyourvoice.i（他们觉得只需要听到你的声音就能了解你。）通过

42、上述对本空前后文己知信息的分析，能够发现上下文之间是明显的转折关系，因此答案可以确定为选项B.Yetothus44因此"；then44随后七indeed44的确，确实方法4利用语境暗示分析法解题在句组层次题中，有些题目我们往往也需要通过上下文的语境暗示来解题，即根据己知信息，推导出正确答案。典例10OnMarch19,Drminghimthatacouplehedidn'tknowwereatthehospital,waitingforthe_45_ofababy."Congratulations!ButIthink

43、someonewasmistaken,"Dennis46.responded.Ting_inquicklyfromtheoverjoyedgrandmother,Teresa.45.A.wake-upB.recoveryC.growthD.arrival分析1选D本题可以利用语境暗示分析法解题。根据下文“Thebabywasborn”这一暗示信息可知，一对夫妇正在等待宝贝的降临，因此选arrival"到来，降临”。IsTapWaterSafetoDrink?Tapwaterisnotwithoutitsproblems.Morerecently,theMichiganCit

44、yofFlinthasbeenstrugglingwithhighlead（铅）levelsinitsdrinkingwater.Overtheyearspeoplehavewitnessedmajor41ofgroundwaterpollulionleadingtounhealthytapwaler.ThenonprofitEnvironmentalWorkingGroup（EWG）detectedsonic260pollutantsinpublicwatersuppliesin42slatesandfaulted（heU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency（EP

45、A）for42toestablishstandardsonsomanyofthepollutants-fromindustry,agriculture,andurbanrivers-thatdoendupinourwater.Despitetheseseemingly43statistics,theNaturalResourcesDefenseCouncil（NRDC）,whichhasalsoconductedaseriesof44testsonmunicipal（市政的）watersuppliesaswellasbottledwater,says,Tntheshortterm,ifyoua

46、rcanadultwithnospecialhealth45,andyouarenotpregnant,thenyoucandrinkmostcities,tapwaterwithouthavingtoworry."Thisisbecausemostofthepollutantsinpublicwatersuppliesexistatsuchsmallconcentrationsthatmostpeoplewouldhaveto46verylargequantitiesfbrhealthproblemstooccur.47,lookatyourwaterbottlescarefiil

47、ly.It'scommonfbrthemtolistthesourceas"municipal",whichmeansyoupaidfbrwhat48isbottledtapwater.“Pregnantwomen,youngchildren,theelderly,peoplewithchronicillnessesandthosewithweakenedimmunesystemscanbevulnerable（脆弱的）totherisksposedbypollutedwater,"NRDCdoes49,however.Thegroupsuggeststh

48、atanyonewhomaybeatriskobtainacopyoftheircity'sannualwaterqualityreportandreviewitwiththeir50.Asforbottledwater,25to30percentofitcomesstraightfrommunicipaltapwatersystems,despitetheprettynature51onthebottlesthatimplyotherwise.Someofthatwatergoesthroughadditional（过滤），butsomedoesnot.What'smore,

49、bottledwaterisrequiredtobe52lessfrequentlythantapwaterforbacteriaandchemicalpollutants,andU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationbottledwaterrulesallowforsomepollutionbyE.coli（大肠杆菌），53toEPAtapwatermlesthatprohibitanysuchpollution.Also,NRDCfoundthatthereareno54forbottledwatertobedisinfectedortestedfbrparasites

50、（寄生虫），unlikemorestrictEPArulesregulatingtapwater.Thisleavesthepossibility55,saysNRDC,thatsomebottledwatermaypresentsimilarhealththreatstothosewithweakenedimmunesystems.41.A.casesB.patternsC.modelsD.modes42.A.managingB.failingC.competingD.skipping43.A.endlessB.appealingC.alarmingD.meaningless44.A.exp

51、ansiveB.expensiveC.aggressiveD.extensive45.A.motivationsB.focusesC.conditionsD.proportions46.A.turninB.giveawayC.takeupD.takein47.A.TostartwithB.AfterallC.InadditionD.Onthewhole48.A.necessarilyB.essentiallyC.accordinglyD.dramatically49.A.recommendB.cautionC.justifyD.urge50.A.supervisorB.secretaryC.a

52、uthorityD.physician51.A.scenesB.brandsC.dataD.prints52.A.questionedB.producedC.testedD.advertised53.A.contraryB.similarC.relativeD.parallel54.A.requirementsB.suggestionsC.permissionsD.approvals55.A.realB.minorC.uncertainD.openANeedtoClosetheDigitalGenderGapOneofthemostefficientwaystopromotepeaceandj

53、ump-startflaggingeconomiesistoempowergirlsandinvestintheireducation.Today,girls'lackofaccesstobasiceducationis41whenitcomestotheuseofdigitaltechnology,leavingthemfarbehindboys.Andbecausetheworldisevermoredigital,thosewholackbasicInternetskillswillfindit42difficult(oparticipateintheformaleconomy,

54、ioobtainaqualityeducation,to43healthcare,informationandpsychosocialsupport,andtohavetheirvoicesheard.Since2013theglobalgendergapinmaleandfemaleaccesstotheInternethasactuallyincreasedfrom11to12percent,44et,womenandgirlslivinginthepoorestcountriesare31percentless45thanmenandboystohaveaccesstotheIntern

55、et.Indevelopingcountries,some200millionfewerwomenthanmenownamobilephone,themostcommonmeansofInternetaccessthere.Thisdigital46isincreasing,andshouldi(continueatthepresentpace,itispredictedthatover75percentofwomenandgirlswilllackInternetaccessand47skills.Therearcmanycausesforthedigitalgendergap.Theyincludegirls'obvious48frombasiceducation,fromspecifictechnologyeducationanddesign,highcostsofboth49andinternetaccess,scarcityofcontentrelevantforwomenandgirls,andsocio-culturalbiasesand50,suchasbarriers