医学人文英语教程答案

1、Unit1.HistoryofmedicineKeysTextALanguageFocusFillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary,andpayattentiontothetense,voiceandcollocationsoftheverbs.1. iscreditedwith;2. aresometimesreferredtoas;3. wassupposedto;4. wereespousedby;5. inadditionto;6. wasattributedto;7. categorize;8.

2、 isgivencreditfor;9. though.SentenceSimulation（略）TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1. Hippocratesproposedthehumoraltheorythatthebodyofmanhasfourdistinctbodilyfluidsinitself:blood,phlegm,yellowbileandblackbile,differentmixtureofwhichleadstodifferenttemperaments.2. InancientGreece,careerasadoc

3、torwaspassedonfromfathertoson,soHippocratesstudiedmedicineunderhisfatherfromhisearlyage.3. AncientGreekmedicinewasafieldrestrictedbyreligioussuperstitionwherewizardscureddiseasesbymeansofprayer,magicorritualrecitationofspells.4. ItnowappearsthatHippocrateswasincorrectinhisexplanationofthecausesofhum

4、antemperament,buthistemperamentcategoriesandnameshavebeeninuseeversince.5. AncientWesterndoctorsabouttoentermedicalpracticewererequiredtotakeanoathonmedicalethics,whichwasderivedfromtheoathofHippocrates,anancientGreekphysicianreveredasfatherofmedicineintheWest6. AsthefatherofWesternmedicine,Hippocra

5、tesisthefirsttoformulatethecodeofethicsthatdoctorsarerequiredtocomplywith.Furthermore,hismedicalopinionsandmedicalpracticehaveexertedahugeinfluenceonthedevelopmentofWesternmedicineforcenturies.TextBAnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotextByouhaveread.1. Fourtraditionalexaminationmethods:looking,li

6、steningandsmelling,asking,andtouching.2. TCMcanmakediagnosesandtreatpatientswithoutneedingascientificunderstandingofcauseandpathogenesis.thefundamentalsofTCMremainlargelyunchangedanditstheoriesinexplicabletoscience.3. themethodologicalqualityoftrialsislow.MostofthesetrialsarepublishedinChinese,inacc

7、essibletowesterndoctors,andnotincludedinsystematicreviews.(3)Selectivepublicationofpositivetrialsisanotherproblem.4. AllnaturalphenomenacouldbecategorisedintoYinandYang(twoopposite,complementary,interdependent,andexchangeableaspectsofnature),everythingintheuniverseconsistedoffivebasicelements(wood,f

8、ire,earth,metal,andwater),andtheuniversewasconstantlychangingtowardsdynamicbalanceorharmony.YinreferslargelytothematerialaspectsoftheorganismandYangtofunctions.ThereisacirculationofQi(energy)andblood.TheorgansworktogetherbyregulatingandpreservingQiandbloodthroughtheso-calledchannelsandcollaterals.Di

9、seaseoccursafteradisturbanceinYin-YangorflowofQiorblood,ordisharmonyintheorganscausedbypathogenic(eg,sadness,joy,lifestyle)andclimaticfactors(dampness,heat,cold).Treatmentaimstoexpelorsuppressthecauseandrestorebalance.Unit2HealthprofessionalsforanewcenturyTextALanguageFocusFillintheblankswiththeword

10、sgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary.1. integration2. keptpacewith3. adopts4. Inviewof5. effectiveness6. ultimate7. acquiring8. attributes9. shifts10. encounterTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.7. Medicalscienceisnolongersimplybiomedicine,butacomprehensivedisciplineofhumanities,socialscie

11、ncesandbiomedicine.8. Scienceandtechnologydevelopment,alongwithsocialprogress,hasputforwardhigherdemandsandgreaterchallengesonhighermedicaleducation.9. Medicaleducationischaracterizedbyahighdegreeofspecializationandpracticality,aswellasacomparativelyhighcostandalongtrainingcycle.10. Itisthemaintasko

12、fmedicalschoolstotraingooddoctorsneededbythepeople.11. Theobjectiveofclinicalmedicaleducationistotraincapableandwellqualifiedacademicdoctorswithasolidprofessionalfoundationandabroadspectrumofknowledge.12. Theinnovationofteachingmethodshasnotonlyimprovedthestudentsinitiativeandenthusiasmtolearn,butal

13、soenhancedthequalityofclinicalteachingandpractice.13. Inspiteofitsgreatprogress,ourcountrysmedicaleducationstillfailstokeeppacewithsocialprogress,developmentofscienceandtechnology,andneedsformedicalandhealthreform.Translatethefollowingpassage/sentenceintoChinese.1,过去一个世纪教育的进步在于三个时代的教育改革。第一个时代始于20世纪初

14、，注重教授科学课程。大约于20世纪中期，第二个时代的改革开启了问题导向式的教学革新。现在，我们需要进行体系导向式的第三个时代的教育改革，通过调整核心专业技能使其适应特定环境，同时借鉴国际化知识，从而提升医疗体系的性能。2 .迁移学习是一种重要成果，其包含了三个基本的转变：从对事实的记忆转变为对信息的搜索、分析和综合从而作出决策；从追求专业文凭转变为实现核心竞争力从而达到医疗体系里有效的团队协作；还有，从对教育模式不带批判的照搬应用转变为对整体资源的创造性改造以应对局部的重点问题。3 .医护人员在过去一个世纪以来对人类健康和发展做出了巨大贡献，然而，自满只会让人们继续徒劳地采用20世纪的教育策略

15、，而无法应对21世纪的挑战。TextBAnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotextByouhaveread.1. Becauseitiscrucialtotackletheobstaclesofthe21stcentury.2. Theoutcome-basedcorecurriculumhasservedasaframeworkinmanycountries,andcanbeadjustedforspecificlocalneedsaspostulatedbythecommissioners.3. Studentsparticipateinaninte

16、rnationalforumwhichbringstogetherstudentsofmedicine,nursing,pharmacy,andalliedhealthprofessions(namely,theWorldHealthcareStudentsSymposium).ThebenefitsoftheannualWorldHealthcareStudentsSymposiaareforstudentstolearntounderstandthedifferentprofessionsanddiscussthebestwaysofeffectiveandfruitfulcollabor

17、ation.4. Theauthorsthinktheproposedfocusontheimplementationofinnovativeandpromisinginformationandcommunicationtechnologiesmeritsattentionandbelieveinitspotentialbenefitsfortheeducationofmedicalstudents.Accordingtotheauthors,studentsfromlow-incomecountrieswithalackofresourcescanespeciallybenefitfroms

18、uchinitiativesasthewebsiteHealthSciencesOnline,althoughsuchfreeinitiativesshouldnotcounteracttheproposaltofocusdevelopmentassistancemorestronglyonhealthprofessionalseducation.5. Yes.Studentinitiativeshavetackledclimatechange,migranthealth,andotherissuesofglobalandnationalrelevance.6. Overall,medical

19、studentsworldwidehavebeenplayinganactiveroleinimplementingtherecommendationsoftheGlobalCommissionmainlybydevelopingtheirownoutcome-basedcorecurriculaandlaunchinganinternationalforumwhichbringstogetherstudentsofmedicine,nursing,pharmacy,andalliedhealthprofessions,amongotherinitiatives.Unit3Health-car

20、esystemKeysTextALanguageFocusFillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary1. Compliance;2. disparity;3. prescribe;4. maneuver;5. commonplace;6. underserved;7. reconcile;8. fragments;9. plight;10. invasive.Translatethefollowingpassage/sentenceintoEnglish.1. ManyotherAmericansarede

21、niedinsuranceduetopreviousillnessesorconditionsthatinsurancecompaniesdecidearetooriskyorexpensivetocover.2. Healthcarereformwillreduceourdeficitbymorethan$100billionoverthenextdecadeandmorethan$1trillioninthedecadeafterthat.Sothisisnradicalreform.Butitismajorreform.3. Anestimatedeighty-threepercento

22、fpeopleunderagesixty-fivewhoareintheUnitedStateslegallynowhaveinsurancecoverage.4. Thisyearthelawwillstartclosingwhatisknownasthedoughnuthole.ThatisalackofMedicarecoverageforsomedrugcostsforolderAmericans.5. PresidentObamapromisedseniorcitizensthatthehealthcarereformwillnotcuttheirguaranteedbenefits

23、.TextBAnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotextByouhaveread.14(略)5 .TheSARSepidemicandrisingpublicdiscontentgeneratedthepoliticalwilltofundamentallyreformthesystem,includingapartialresumptionofcentralmanagementofpublic-healthservicesandamajorreallocationofcentralresourcestoaddressinequitiesinhealth

24、.Theoutcomeofthesepost-SARSreformsremainsuncertain,buttherearereasonsforoptimism.(a)Centralfundingissupportingthere-introductionofaNewCooperativeMedicalSysteminruralareasandaparallelprogrammefortheuninsuredinurbanareasthatplanstoachieveuniversalcoverageby2020.(b)Chinacanaccomplishinhealthcarereform.

25、TheexemplarynationalmonitoringsystemforinfectiousdiseasesimplementedaftertheSARSepidemic(whichprovidesreal-timereportsofcasesacrossthecountry)andtheeffectivepublic-healthresponsetotheearthquakeinSichuanareexamples6 .Themostimportanttaskaheadistofocusattentionandresourcesonimprovingthequality,compreh

26、ensiveness,andcost-effectivenessofservices.Unit4CancerandLifeKeysTextALanguageFocusFillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary.1. Eradication2. Deterioration3. Withstand4. Overwhelm5. Recurrent6. Prove7. Outburst8. DivergeVocabularyEnlargement&Reinforcement1. Routine2. Advanced

27、3. Chronic4. Undersiege5. Physical&emotional6. Malignant7. Riskfactor8. Steadydecline9. Affluent10. Admit11. Severelyweaken12. Wellupwith13. Recurrence14. Undergo15. Outlines16. Gastrointestinal17. Withstand18. Chores19. Theunexpectedpublicarisingof20. Spasms21. Chronicle22. FlickeracrossTranslateth

28、efollowingsentencesintoChinese.1 .奥唐奈女士一个月前的例行乳房X光检查并没有显示出肿瘤的迹象。但在夏威夷为期两周的假期里，肿块迅速生长，因此她回印第安纳州后就马上去看医生。2 .1995年2月奥唐奈女士开始化疗，做了两次手术，包括乳房切除，并于1995年8月完成化疗。她现在被认为是治愈了。3 .当夫妻二人有人对奥唐奈女士的治疗感到恐惧害怕时，他们会向对方要求一段时间不谈癌症，可能持续一小时或一天，在此期间，他们同意谈话不涉及她的健康危机。4 .他们意识到夫妇两人共同的路突然分开了。他们经历同样的事情，但却有了完全不同的感受。5 .但他发现，他的信仰一一不仅是宗

29、教信仰，也包括对婚姻能承受长期压力的信念一一正受到考验。6 .他们夫妻所经历的困难被公诸于众，甚至仅是在她朋友圈中公开，但这不期意的公开，令奥唐奈女士感到震惊。TextBAnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotextByouhaveread.1. Longbeforecancercouldeverbedetectedbycurrentimagingscansorbloodtests,thenewwaytofindcancerearlieristofindanultra-earlyindicatorofthedisease:substancesinblood

30、plateletsthatindicatecancerisintheworks.Theplateletsubstancesareaso-calledbiomarkerofcancer-characteristicsinbodilyfluidsthatcanindicatethepresenceofdisease.2. Locationofthespecificcancer.Ifyoudontknowwherethecanceris-ifyoucantfeelit,seeit,locateit,orbiopsyit-youcanttreatit.3. Statins(orHMG-CoAreduc

31、taseinhibitors)areaclassofdrugsusedtolowercholesterollevelsbyinhibitingtheenzymeHMG-CoAreductase,whichplaysacentralroleintheproductionofcholesterolintheliver.Increasedcholesterollevelshavebeenassociatedwithcardiovasculardiseases,andstatinsarethereforeusedinthepreventionofthesediseases.Researchhasfou

32、ndthatstatinsaremosteffectivefortreatingcardiovasculardisease(secondaryprevention),withquestionablebenefitinthosewithoutpreviousCVDbutwithelevatedcholesterollevels.Statinshaverarebutsevereadverseeffects,particularlymuscledamage,andsomedoctorsbelievetheyareoverprescribed.Thebest-sellingstatinisatorva

33、statin,marketedasLipitor(manufacturedbyPfizer)andTorvast.By2003atorvastatinbecamethebest-sellingpharmaceuticalinhistory,withPfizerreportingsalesofUS$12.4billionin2008.Asof2010,anumberofstatinsareonthemarket:atorvastatin(LipitorandTorvast),fluvastatin(Lescol),lovastatin(Mevacor,Altocor,Altoprev),pita

34、vastatin(Livalo,Pitava),pravastatin(Pravachol,Selektine,Lipostat),rosuvastatin(Crestor)andsimvastatin(Zocor,Lipex)Severalcombinationpreparationsofastatinandanotheragent,suchasezetimibe/simvastatin,arealsoavailable.(4. Thisdiscoverypushestheissueofearlydetectionfurtherthaneverbefore.Ineffect,itcoulda

35、llowcancertobetreatedsimilarlytothewaydoctorsnowtreatheartdisease.Justasdoctorsprescribestatindrugstohelppreventheartattacksinpatientswithhighcholesterol,oncologistscouldtestpatientsforthisearlybiomarkerandprescribedrugstohelppreventcancer.Andjustascardiologistsdonthavetowaitforaheartattackinorderto

36、act,oncologistswouldnthavetowaituntilmalignanttumorsarefound.Drugsinthiscasewouldbeusedtostopthecancerousprocessitself-ratherthantargetingatumorinaparticularpartofthebody.Themarkercouldalsopotentiallybeusedtomonitorpatientswhohadalreadyhadcancerfortheearliestsignsofrecurrence.5. Advantages:Thenew,le

37、ss-toxiccancertreatment(So-calledsmartdrugssuchasGleevec,Tarceva,IressaandErbitux)targetonlycancerouscells,andhavelesstoxicitythanstandardchemotherapyregimens.(2)Thesetargetedtherapies,whichcansometimesbetakenforyears,haveinmanycasesturnedcancerintoamanageablechronicdisease,similartothewaydiabetesis

38、treated.Drugscouldbeusedtostopthedevelopmentofbloodvesselsinthecancerprocessitself,beforethetumorevenhasachancetogrow.Disadvantages:Itisntclearyetwhatdrugswouldbegiventhepreventivestep.Sucheffortsarestillinveryearlystages,andmoreresearchneedstobedonetoseethatdrugtreatmentofferspeoplethechanceofimpro

39、vedsurvivaloutcomes.6. Theusefulnessofthemarkerstillneedstobevalidatedintrialsinvolvingcancerpatients,beforeitcouldbeusedinclinicalsettings.Andsomeobserversnotethatthecancerbiomarkersdiscoveredsofarcanhaveproblems,suchasfalsepositives.EvenwiththewidelyusedPSAtest,doctorsstillcantellwhetherahighreadi

40、ngindicatescancerorabenignconditionwithoutdoingabiopsy.Veryfewbiomarkershavereallystoodupagainstrigoroustestinginaclinicalsetting,(saysSudhirSrivastava)Unit5TextALvisionalapprov

41、al5.cameintoeffect14.cadavericorgantransplantspensation15.equitable7.writtenconsent16.conformto8.deathsentences17.religious9.symposium18.abolish中译英:1. Organtransplantationisanacceptedtreatmenttodayformanypatientswithend-stagedisease.2. Chinahasmadesellingoforgans川egalasofJuly2006andclaimsthatallpris

42、onerorgandonorshavefiledconsent.3. Boththesourceandmethodofobtainingtheorgantotransplantaremajorethicalissuestoconsider,aswellasthenotionofdistributivejustice.4. Itisnowpossibletotransplantorgansfromanimalsintopeople.5. Inaddition,theimportanceofvariousrecipientcharacteristicstopost-transplantsurviv

43、alisntfullyunderstood.6. Israelistobecomethefirstcountrytogivedonorcardcarriersalegalrighttoprioritytreatmentiftheyshouldrequireanorgantransplant.TextB1. Thereporthighlightsthefactthatmanymedicalandfinancialpracticesstillmitigateagainsttheefficientidentificationandrecruitmentoforgandonors.2. Asaresu

44、lt,waitinglistsforrenaltransplantationcontinuetorise,puttingincreasingpressureondialysisbudgets.3. theworkingpartyrecommendsseveralinitiativestoaddressthecurrentshortageofdonors,includinginterventional(elective)ventilation,greateruseofnon-heartbeatingdonors,bettertrainingofstaff,andbettertransplantc

45、oordination.4. Spainitselfattributesthissuccessto/stransplantcoordinationnetworkwhichhasadifferentphilosophyfromthatinBritain.5. ThereporthighlightstheinadequacyofBritainscurrenttransplantcoordinatornetworkandemphasisesthatamajorexpansionofcoordinationis“oneofthemostimportantandurgentneeds.”6. After

46、adiagnosticreview,areasofweaknesscanbeidentifiedandtheappropriatemanagementandeducationalchangesintroduced.Unit6Doctor-patientrelationshipTextALanguageFocusSentenceSimulation（略）Translatethefollowingpassages/sentencesintoChinese.1 .我刚将椅子拉近一点，突然，她像猫一样双手本能地朝我的两眼抓去，我差一点被她抓到。2 .父母两人都非常尴尬，充满歉意。3 .我竟喜欢上了这个

47、野蛮的小东西，而对她父母却毫无好感。在接下来的“战斗”中他们越来越难堪，被摧垮了，直至精疲力竭。而出于恐惧，这个女孩对我的抗拒达到了发疯狂暴的惊人地步。4 .在这种时候，谁都会叮咛自己，无论这个可恶的小鬼做出任何愚蠢的举动，也要违背她的意愿来保护她。这样做也是为了保护其他孩子，同时这也是一种社会需要，事实也确是如此。然而由于释放体内能量的欲望而产生的一种盲目的无法控制的狂怒和一种成年人的羞耻感，使我一直坚持到最后。EssayWriting（略）TextBAnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotextByouhaveread.1. Theunderlying

48、reasonmightbethathavingtotakeherdaughtertohospitalfortreatmenthasbeenamiserableexperience.2. Themostcommonchildhoodcancer,acutelymphoblasticleukemiaisaformofleukemia,orcancerofthewhitebloodcellscharacterizedbyexcesslymphoblasts.3. Thepurposefortheauthorandherdaughtertovisitthedoctorthistimewastohave

49、theportremoved.ThetreatmentforMichellesdiseasehadconcludedasamedicallyrousingsuccess.4. Theanesthesiologistwastallandred-headed.Helookedpale,exhausted,andhadbagsunderhiseyes.Also,hewaskind,caringandconsiderate.Astheauthorputit,theanesthesiologistnotonlypracticedthemechanicsbuttheartofmedicine.5. Alo

50、tofthingscameintotheauthorsmindafterherdaughterdriftedoffwiththegas.Shethoughtofthetiredresidentswhohadbeensotenderwithherfragilechild,herdaughtersstolenchildhood,themanytimesshecarriedherdaughtertohospitaltobehurt,thefactthatshehadrecentlylearnedthatsafesedativeswereoftenusedtopreventchildrenpaMand

51、terrorduringprocedures,buttheywerenotofferedattheirclinic.Besides,shefeltgratefulbecauseherdaughterwasaliveandmostprobablywouldgrowup,marry,andhaveherownbabiessomeday.6. TomakeMichellefeelbetter,theanesthesiologisttalkedgentlytoMichelle,usedgasforanesthesiatoavoidpokes,allowedMichelletopickherfavori

52、teflavorofgas,letMichelleplaywiththebubble-gummask,explainedwhatwasgoingtohappen,promisedhertheport,andwhisperedtohercallingherabeautifulsmallbeartoherdelight.Unit7MedicalResearchEthicsinChinaLanguagefocusTextA选词填空1. momentum(动力)翻译：日益增多的国际药业和科学机构资助合作科研，要求对涉及人体的研究进行伦理审查。2. protocols(议案)翻译：现在，中国政府加大了对

53、研究的资助，对国内研究方案的伦理审查要求也越来越高了。3. codes;issued(准则；公布)翻译：当前多数医学伦理审查准则，包括中国卫生部07年公布的准则，都是建立在尊重个人自主选择权、受益和公平三大原则基础上的。4. arise(vi.)(引起，产生)翻译：在贫穷地区开展大规模药物试验，要考虑公平问题。5. coexist(共存)翻译：中国传统伦理强调的是社会和谐，而不是个人利益，强调尊重个人自主选择的医学科研伦理审查，是否可能与传统伦理共存呢？6. adherenceto(遵循)翻译：中国伦理强调为他人着想，而非死守着笼统的道德原则。7. atplay;rise(n.)(生效的；兴起

54、)翻译：随着文明社会的逐渐形成，国内一些组织倡导保护研究中的受试者，但同时也存在着损害受试者人权的各种力量。c.f.arise(vi.)产生，例：Theproblemarosesimplybecauseyoudidntfollowmyinstruction.rise(vi.)升起，例：Theflagrisesslowly.arouse(vt.)弓I起，例：arousetheinterestsofsb.raise(vt.)提起，例：raisethebucket8. liesin(liesinsth./doing)(在于)翻译：对受试者最大的威胁是对潜在危险的忽视与不作9. standardise

55、d(Br.)/standardized(Ar.)(标准化)翻译：中国在全球医学和科研界中的重要性逐渐增加，三大原则基础上的伦理审查将会将会更完善。10. vigilant(derivationfromvigil)(谨慎的)翻译：相要保护受试者的权益，关键在于对医学研究进行严谨的规范，而非讨论外国伦理原则和中国传统伦理哪个更适合中国的国情。句子翻译1 .在中国，应用这种三大原则的医学科研伦理审查面临着两大难题。第一，中国传统伦理强调的是社会人际关系的和谐，而不是对个人权利至上的维护。2 .医学和医学科研中以经济利益为主导动机的活动越来越多，经济利益之间的冲突也越来越多，经济利益的考虑大大超越了伦

56、理的考虑。这些变化不但表现为医学科研界、药业界和出资机构忽视伦理的趋势，也表现在受试者和政府相关部门中本应以保护受试者安全为首要责任的利益相关者的行为上。3 .当前中国既有公民社会和非政府公益性组织大力倡导保护受试者的伦理要求，也有损害受试者基本权利的各种力量，认识到这种冲突对于保护受试者的安全至关重要。TEXTBFreshThinkingabouttheDeclarationofHelsinkiAnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotextByouhaveread.1. Sincetheconceptionofthedeclaration,muchhas

57、beenchangedinthenatureofresearchandbioethicalthinking.However,publicconfidenceinresearchisatanalltimelow,andthecurrentmodelandtraditionalethicaltoolsfailtomeettheirobjectives.2. Thedeclarationsobjectivesweretoprotecthumansubjectsinresearch.Theframeworkofthedeclarationhasbeencriticizedasbeingpaternal

58、isticandforfailingtoaddressthefullscopeofethicallyresponsibleresearch.3. Basicethicalprinciplesinthealternativecomprehensiveframeworkproposedbytheauthorcancollectivelyinform,support,anddirectallaspectsofresearch.Itbroadensthescopeofethicalresearchbeyondthatofthebehavioroftheindividualinvestigatortoincludethefullrangeofstakeholders.4. Arethinkingoftheconceptsof