中原工学院计算机英语Unit1(A)ComputerandComputerScience

1、2022-4-301中原工学院计算机学院中原工学院计算机学院计算机英语2022-4-302课程性质及考试方式课程性质及考试方式 开卷笔试 50 平时作业 10 阶段性测验 20 课堂讨论和提问 10 考勤 10 考勤不能2次无故不到 2022-4-303教学大纲教学大纲 一、课程的性质、目的及任务 计算机专业英语是计算机相关专业的专业基础必修课，是综合计算机知识和英语运用能力的课程。本课程以计算机科普类文章为主，介绍计算机学科的主要知识点：计算机基础、计算机硬件、计算机软件、计算机网络与安全、应用（电子商务）等。 二、课程的基本要求 通过本课程的学习，要求学生掌握一定数量的计算机专业英语词汇，

2、熟悉计算机英语表达方式，能阅读和理解使用计算机过程中的提示信息和专业说明书等英文资料，培养和提高学生阅读专业外文原文资料的能力。2022-4-304教材组织计算机科学与计算机硬件u 计算机与计算机科学概览u 计算机体系结构（硬件与操作系统）u 计算机语言与编程计算机软件u 软件开发u 软件过程u 数据库计算机网络u 计算机网络u 因特网u 移动与云计算u 计算机安全计算机应用u 计算机文化u 电子商务2022-4-305教材组织每个单元3篇文章 Section A 详细讲解 Section B&C 略讲每部分知识点结束后 一个test2022-4-306Unit 1 Computer

3、and Computer Science Section A Computer Overview Section B What Is Computer Science Section C Categories of Computers2022-4-307Computer Overview 计算机概览计算机概览Key points: fundamental terms and words of computer discipline dspln学科学科 Difficult points: computer Englishs expression计算机学科计算机学科2022-4-308Comput

4、er Overview Introduction History 1. the analytical engine 2. early computers 3. electronic computers 4. integrated circuits Hardware Programming Future Developments2022-4-309. Introduction (1) Definition: A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then

5、 carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information. electronic a.电子的电子的 instruction n.指令指令 carry out /perform v.执行执行 numerical a.数字的，数值的数字的，数值的 manipulate v.操作，处理操作，处理 2022-4-3010一、复杂长句多一、复杂长句多 科技文章要求叙述准确，推理谨严，因此一句话里包含三四个甚至五科技文章要求叙述准确，推

6、理谨严，因此一句话里包含三四个甚至五六个分句的，并非少见。译成汉语时，必须按照汉语习惯六个分句的，并非少见。译成汉语时，必须按照汉语习惯破成适当数目的破成适当数目的分句分句，才能条理清楚，避免洋腔洋调。，才能条理清楚，避免洋腔洋调。这种复杂长句居科技英语难点之首，这种复杂长句居科技英语难点之首，要学会运用语法分析方法来加以解剖，以便要学会运用语法分析方法来加以解剖，以便以短代长以短代长，化难为易。，化难为易。 例如：例如： A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions，or program，a

7、nd then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information. 计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数字数据进行运算或者对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。数字数据进行运算或者对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。 参考：参考：计算机科技英语的特点计算机科技英语的特点( (全面全面) 科技英语的特点科技英语的特点2022-4-30

8、11 Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout society in the storage（存储）（存储） and handling（处理）（处理） of data, from secret government files to banking transactions（银行交易）（银行交易） to private household accounts（家庭账目）（家庭账目）. come about 发生，产生发生，产生 except for 除除以外以外 transaction n.交易，业务，事物交易，业务，

9、事物(处理处理). Introduction (2)2022-4-3012 Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing through the techniques of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems（通信系统）（通信系统）.open up a new era 开创，开辟时代开创，开辟时代manufacturing n.制造业制造业automation n.自动化自动化enhance v.增强增强. Introduction (3)202

10、2-4-3013 They are essential tools in almost every field of research and applied technology, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrows weather reports, and their use has in itself（在本质上，完全地）（在本质上，完全地） opened up new areas 领域领域 of conjecture（推测，猜想）（推测，猜想）. Introduction (4)2022-4-30

11、14词汇补充词汇补充nelectronic 电子的电子的 ndevice nengineeringncircuit nelectric 电的，电气的电的，电气的 ncurrentncircuit diagramnelectrical 有关电的，电的有关电的，电的ncurrentnoutlet电子设备电子设备电子工程学电子工程学电子电路电子电路电流电流电路图电路图电流电流电插座电插座2022-4-3015nnumerical 数字的，数值的数字的，数值的ndata ncalculation ndigital 数字的数字的n circuitn computer n datan analog（ue）

12、 模拟的模拟的n analogue computer 模拟计算机模拟计算机 nlg adj.模拟计算机的模拟计算机的数值数据数值数据数值计算数值计算数字电路数字电路数字计算机数字计算机数字数据数字数据词汇补充词汇补充2022-4-3016nstorage 存储存储 n store v.n data n addressn circuit存储数据存储数据存储地址存储地址存储电路存储电路词汇补充词汇补充2022-4-3017n communication 通信通信n system、 software、 networkn theoryn signals 通信理论通信理论通信信号通信信号词汇补充词汇补充

13、2022-4-3018 Make + 宾语 + 补语 Make + 补语 + 长宾语（宾语后置） Database（数据库）（数据库） services and computer networks（计算机网络）（计算机网络）make available a great variety of information sources. 各种各样的各种各样的 The same advanced techniques also make possible invasions（入侵）（入侵） of personal and business privacy（商业隐私；秘密）（商业隐私；秘密）. Intr

14、oduction (5)2022-4-3019 Computer crime（计算机犯罪）（计算机犯罪） has become one of the many risks （that are part of the price of modern technology）. Introduction (6)2022-4-3020. History(1) 1642 the first adding machine ，toothed wheel 1670s adding & multiplying machine automatic loom ，thin perforated wooden

15、board 1880s using perforated cards for processing data p:fretd 穿孔穿孔的的2022-4-3021 The first adding machine ,a precursor of the digital computer, was devised（设计，发明） in 1642 by the French scientist, mathematician ,and philosopher Blaise Pascal. This device employed(使用） a series of ten-toothed wheels, e

16、ach tooth representing a digit from 0 to 9. precursor n.先驱 digit n.数字. History(2)2022-4-3022Adding machine 加法机2022-4-3023The wheels were connected so that numbers could be added to each other by advancing the wheels by a correct number of teeth. In the 1670s the German philosopher and mathematician

17、Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved on （改进）this machine by devising one that could also multiply.advancing 进步； 超前, 提前, 前进；推进. History(3)2022-4-3024The French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard , in designing an automatic loom, used thin, perforated（穿（穿孔的）孔的）wooden boards to control the weaving（编织）（编织） of

18、 complicated designs. During the 1880s the American statistician Herman Hollerith conceived（构思）（构思） the idea of using perforated cards（穿孔卡片）（穿孔卡片）, similar to Jacquards boards, for processing data（处理数据）（处理数据）. Employing a system that passed punched cards （穿孔（穿孔卡片）卡片）over electrical contacts（电触点）（电触点

19、）, he was able to compile （汇编，编译）（汇编，编译）statistical information for the 1890 United States census（人口普查）（人口普查）. History(4)2022-4-3025n穿孔卡片穿孔卡片nperforated cardnpunched card（更常见）（更常见）ncompile, compilern编译原理编译原理nCompilers PrinciplesnPrinciple of Compiling词汇补充词汇补充2022-4-3026 1. The Analytical Engine 分析机分

20、析机 Also in the 19th century, the British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage worked out the principles of the modern digital computer. He conceived a number of machines, such as the Difference Engine（差分机）（差分机）, that were designed to handle complicated mathematical problems. Many historians co

21、nsider Babbage and his associate, the mathematician Augusta Ada Byron, the true pioneers of the modern digital computer. . History(5)2022-4-3027. History(6) *One of Babbages designs, the Analytical Engine, had many features of a modern computer. It had an input stream （输入流）（输入流）in the form of a deck

22、 of punched cards, a “store” （仓库）（仓库）for saving data, a “mill” for arithmetic operations, and a printer that made a permanent record. Babbage failed to put this idea into practice（付诸实（付诸实践）践）, though it may well have been technically possible at that date（在那个时代）（在那个时代）. 2022-4-3028. History(7) 2. Ea

23、rly Computers *Analogue computer（模拟计算机）（模拟计算机） began to be built in the late 19th century. Early models calculated by means of rotating（旋转）（旋转） shafts（轴）（轴） and gears（齿轮）（齿轮）. *Numerical approximation of equations（方程式）（方程式） too difficult to solve in any other way were evaluated（求（求的的值，评价）值，评价） with

24、such machines. * Lord Kelvin built a mechanical（机械的）（机械的） tide predictor（潮汐预测器）（潮汐预测器） that was a specialized（专用的）（专用的） analogue computer. *During World Wars I and II, mechanical and, later, electrical analogue computing systems were used as torpedo（鱼雷）（鱼雷） course predictors in submarines（潜艇）（潜艇） an

25、d as bombsight （轰炸瞄准器）（轰炸瞄准器）controllers in aircraft. Another system was designed to predict spring floods in the Mississippi River basin（流域）（流域）.2022-4-3029. History(8) 3. Electronic computers 电子计算机电子计算机 Colossus（巨人）（巨人）: one of the first all-electronic digital computers, using vacuum tubes（真空管）（真空

26、管）, by December 1943 Prototype（原型机，样机）（原型机，样机） electronic machine: 1939 ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and computer 电子数字积分计算机电子数字积分计算机)：1945,18000 vacuum tubes, several hundred multiplications per minute, Electronic computer using transistor（晶体晶体管）：管）： late 1950s2022-4-3030 During World War

27、II, a team of scientists and mathematicians, working at Bletchley Park, north of London, created one of the first all-electronic （全电（全电子的）子的）digital computers: Colossus （巨人）（巨人）. By December 1943, Colossus, which incorporated（合（合并，混合）并，混合） 1,500 vacuum tubes, was operational（运（运作的，操作的）作的，操作的）. It wa

28、s used by the team headed by Alan Turing（阿兰图灵）（阿兰图灵）, in the largely successful attempt to crack（破译）（破译） German radio messages （无线电波）（无线电波）enciphered（把（把译成密码）译成密码） in the Enigma code.（恩尼格玛（恩尼格玛） . History(9)2022-4-3031Independently of （独立于）（独立于）this, in the United States, a prototype（原型；样机）（原型；样机） e

29、lectronic machine had been built as early as 1939, by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State College. This prototype and later research were completed quietly and later overshadowed（使相形见拙）（使相形见拙） by the development of the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer （ ENIAC ）in 1945. ENIAC

30、was granted a patent（专利）（专利）, which was overturned decades later, in 1973, when the machine was revealed to have incorporated principles first used in the Atanasoff-Berry Computer.（定语从句嵌套定语从句嵌套时间状语从句）。时间状语从句）。. History(10)2022-4-3032 ENIAC contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed of several hun

31、dred multiplications （乘法）per minute, but originally its program was wired into the processor （导线传送到处理器内）and had to be manually altered（改变）. Later machines were built with program storage, based on the ideas of the Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann6. The instructions, like the data, w

32、ere stored within a “memory”（存储器）, freeing the computer from the speed limitations of the paper-tape reader during execution （执行，运行）（执行，运行）and permitting problems to be solved without rewiring the computer. History(11)2022-4-3033 The use of the transistor（真空管）（真空管） in computers in the late 1950s mar

33、ked the advent of smaller, faster, and more versatile（多用途的，通用的）（多用途的，通用的） logical elements （逻辑原件）（逻辑原件）than were possible with vacuum-tube machines. Because transistors use much less power（功率）（功率） and have a much longer life, this development alone was responsible for（形成（形成的的原因）原因） the improved mach

34、ines called second-generation computers. Components（部件，元件）（部件，元件） became smaller,as did inter-component spacings（元（元件之间的距离）件之间的距离）, and the system became much less expensive to build. History(12)2022-4-3034. History(13) 4. Integrated Circuits (IC) 集成电路集成电路 Late in the 1960s the integrated circuit, o

35、r IC was introduced, making it possible for many transistors to be fabricated（制作）（制作） on one silicon substrate（硅衬底）（硅衬底）, with interconnecting wires plated in place（p5注释）注释）. The IC resulted in（导致）（导致） a further reduction in price, size, and failure rate（故障率）（故障率）. 2022-4-3035. History(14) 4. Integr

36、ated Circuits (IC) 集成电路集成电路 The microprocessor（微处理器）（微处理器） became a reality in the mid-1970s with the introduction of the large-scale integrated (LSI 大规模大规模) circuit and, later, the very large-scale integrated (VLSI 超大规模超大规模) circuit (microchip，微芯片，微芯片), with many thousands of interconnected transis

37、tors etched into（蚀刻）（蚀刻） a single silicon substrate.2022-4-3036人类历史上第一个晶体管人类历史上第一个晶体管集成电路集成电路2022-4-3037The five generations of electronic computer 1st generation: vaccum tube, ENIAC,1940s真空管 2nd generation: transistor, late 1950s 3rd generation: integrated circuits, late in the 1960s, silicon subst

38、rate 硅衬底 4th generation: LSI and VLSI, mid-1970 microprocessor 5th generation: microminiaturization, AI微小型化微小型化2022-4-3038Switching capabilities of a modern computer （处理开关值）（处理开关值） 1970s, handle eight switches at a time That is, they could deal with eight binary digits（二进制数字）（二进制数字）, or bits（比特比特）,

39、of data, at every cycle. A group of eight bits is called a byte（字节）（字节）, each byte containing 256 possible patterns（模式模式） of ONs and OFFs ( or 1s and 0s). Each pattern is the equivalent（相当，等价物）（相当，等价物） of an instruction, a part of an instruction, or a particular type of datum, such as a number or a

40、character or a graphics symbol（图形符号）（图形符号）. The pattern 11010010, for example, might be binary datain this case, the decimal （十进制的十进制的）number 210or it might be an instruction telling the computer to compare data stored in its switches（交换设备）（交换设备） to data stored in a certain memory-chip location. The

41、 complete collection of recognizable patternsthe total list of operationsof which a computer is capable is called its instruction set（指令集）（指令集）. two factors: 同时处理的位数同时处理的位数&指令集大小指令集大小2022-4-3039词汇补充词汇补充nencipher 加密，也可用加密，也可用encrypt ndecipher 解密，也可用解密，也可用decryptncipher 密码，也可用密码，也可用cryptnIC卡卡nInte

42、grated Circuits card 集成电路卡集成电路卡 nfailure rate 故障率故障率2022-4-3040词汇补充词汇补充nlarge-scale 大规模的大规模的nlarge-scale computingnlarge-scale networked systemngraphics 图形，图形显示图形，图形显示ncomputer graphics 计算机图形学计算机图形学2022-4-3041词汇补充词汇补充nswitch 交换（设备），交换机；开关；转换交换（设备），交换机；开关；转换 ncircuit switchingnpacket switchingnswitch

43、ed virtual circuit交换式虚电路交换式虚电路电路交换电路交换包交换包交换2022-4-3042词汇补充词汇补充nbinary 二进制的二进制的noctalndecimalnhexadecimal八进制的八进制的十进制的十进制的十六进制的十六进制的2022-4-3043. HardwareModern digital computers are all conceptually similar, regardless of size.The categories on the basis of cost and performance（性能）（性能）: Microcomputer

44、（微型）（微型）: desktop, laptops(lap膝膝), palmtops(palm手掌手掌) Workstation（工作站）（工作站）: with enhanced graphics and communication capability Minicomputer（小型）（小型）: too expensive to personal use Mainframe（大型机）（大型机）: expensive, for major（大型）（大型） business enterprises, government departments, scientific research est

45、ablishments（公司）（公司） Supercomputer（超级，巨型）（超级，巨型）: the largest and fastest of mainframeThe five distinct elements of a computer system CPU-central processing unit 中央处理器中央处理器 input devices memory storage devices output devices Bus2022-4-3044. Programming A program is a sequences of instructions that te

46、lls the hardware of a computer what operations to perform on data. Programs can be built into the hardware itself, or they may exist independently独立地独立地 in a form known as software. In some specialized, or “dedicated”, computers（专用计算机）（专用计算机）the operating instructions are embedded in their circuitry

47、; common examples are the microcomputers （found in calculators, wristwatches, car engines, and microwave ovens）（微波炉）（微波炉）.2022-4-3045. Programming A general-purpose computer（ 通用计算机）， on the other hand, although it contains some built-in（内置的） programs (in ROM=read-only memory) or instructions (in the

48、 processor chip), depends on external programs to perform useful tasks. Once a computer has been programmed, it can do only as much or as little as the software controlling it at any given moment enables it to do. Software in widespread use includes a wide range of applications programs（应用程序）instruc

49、tions to the computer on how to perform various tasks. 在指令上如何执行各种任务2022-4-3046Dedicated/specialized computer: program built into the hardware itself or embeddedcalculators, wristwatches, car engines, microwave ovensGeneral-purpose computer: built-in program(in ROM) and external programsdepend on ext

50、ernal programs to perform useful taskswidespread use2022-4-3047词汇补充词汇补充ndedicated line nembedded system nspecial-purpose computerngeneral-purpose computer专线专线嵌入式系统嵌入式系统2022-4-3048. Future Developments One continuing trend in computer development is microminiaturization（微小（微小型化）型化）, the effort to com

51、press 压缩more circuit elements into smaller and smaller chip space. Researchers are also trying to speed up 加速circuitry functions through the use of superconductivity（超导性）（超导性）, the phenomenon of decreased 减少electrical resistance（rzstns电阻） observed in certain materials at very low temperatures.2022-4

52、-3049. Future Developmentsl The “fifth-generation” computer effort（ to develop computers that can solve complex problems in ways that （方式）方式）might eventually merit（应得）（应得） the description “creative” ）is another trend in computer development, the ideal goal being true artificial intelligence（AI，人工智能）

53、，人工智能）. 补语补语lOne path actively（积极地）（积极地） being explored 探索探索is parallel-processing computing（并行处理计算）（并行处理计算）, which uses many chips to perform several different tasks at the same time. One important parallel-processing approach is the neural network（神经网（神经网络）络）, which mimics（模仿）（模仿） the architecture（体系结（体系结构）构） of the nervous system. 2022-4-3050lAnother ongoing 正在进行的trend is the increase in computer networking（连网，联网）, which now employs使用 the worldwide data communications system of satellite and cable（电缆） links（链路） to connect computers globally. lThere is also a great deal of research