考研英语一真题和答案

1、2014年研究生入学考试英语(一)试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)tremembersname,ortAsmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan'1weputthek

2、eysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintancenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2,werefertotheseoccurrencesas"seniormoments."3seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea(n)4impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal5.Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasingly

3、showingthatthere'sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligeneeisinh

4、erited.11,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatintelligeneecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort.Now,anewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirst"braintrainingprogram"designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14.TheWeb-basedpro

5、gram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformaneeandimprovement.Mostimportantly,it18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredevelopingmuchlikea(n)20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistaneea

6、ndvaryyourmuscleuse.1. AwhereBwhenCthatDwhy2. AimprovesBfadesCrecoversDcollapses3. AIfBUnlessCOnceDWhile4. AunevenBlimitedCdamagingDobscure5. AwellbeingBenvironmentCrelationshipDoutlook6. AturnsBfindsCpointsDfigures7. AroundaboutsBresponsesCworkoutsDassociations8. AgenreBfunctionsCcircumstancesDcrit

7、erion9. AchannelBconditionCsequenceDprocess10. ApersistBbelieveCexcelDfeature11. AThereforeBMoreoverCOtherwiseDHowever12. AaccordingtoBregardlessofCapartfromDinsteadof13. AbackBfurtherCasideDaround14. AsharpnessBstabilityCframeworkDflexibility15. AforcesBremindsChurriesDallows16. AholdBtrackCorderDp

8、ace17. AtoBwithCforDon18. AirregularlyBhabituallyCconstantlyDunusually19. AcarryBputCbuildDtake20. AriskyBeffectiveCidleDfamiliarSectionnReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inor

9、derto"changelivesforthebetter"andreduce"dependency"GeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe"upfrontworksearch"scheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefitandthentheyshouldrep

10、ortweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable?Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker'sallowance."Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon."heclaimed."We'redoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayo

11、ffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster."Help?Really?Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewith"reforms"toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidiseslaziness.Whatmot

12、ivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealfor"fundamentalfairness"protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.Losingajobishurting:youdon'tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefro

13、mthegenerousstate.Itisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;yousupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,t

14、hecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependencypermanentdependencyifyoucangetitsupportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-t

15、ougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnoIongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase"jobseeker'sallowanee"nvendin1996isaboutredefiningtheune

16、mployedasa"jobseeker"whohadnomandatoryrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited"allowance,"conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,at71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheEU.21. GeorgeOs

17、borne'sschemewasintendedtoA providetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits.B encouragejobseekers'activeengagementinjobseeking.C motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily.D guaranteejobseekers'legitimagjhtitobenefits.22. Thephrase,"tosignon"(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeansA tochec

18、kontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentre.B toacceptthegovernment'srestrictionsontheallowance.C toregisterforanallowancefromthegovernment.D toattendagovernmentaljob-trainingprogram.23. Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme?A Adesiretosecureabetterlifeforall.B Aneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed

19、.C Anurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants.D Apassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers.24. AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeelA uneasyB enraged.C insulted.D guilty.25. Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?A TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekers'laziness.B Osborne'srefor

20、mswillreducetheriskofunemployment.C Thejobseekers'allowaneehasmettheiractualneeds.D Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.Text2Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofessionwiththepossibleexceptionofjournalism.Buttherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregro

21、undsforcomplaintthanAmerica.Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsui

22、tfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynightmare.Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandane

23、xpensivepreparationforthebarexam.Thisleavestoday-schociaveragelawgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthatmanycannotaffordtogointogovernmentornon-profitwork,andthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard.Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashave

24、beenaroundforalongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititear

25、liershouldbeallowedtodoso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird.Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispres

26、sureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.'efficiency.Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byen

27、couraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirmsAfterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.26. alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessionduetoA thegrowingdemandfromclients.B theincreasingpress

28、ureofinflation.C theprospectofworkinginbigfirms.D theattractionoffinancialrewards.27. WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmericanstates?A Highertuitionfeesforundergraduatestudies.B Admissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation.C Pursuingabachelor'sdegreeinanothermajor.D Receivingtr

29、ainingbyprofessionalassociations.28. HindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginatesfromA lawyers'andclients'strongresistanee.B therigidbodiesgoverningtheprofession.C thestemexamforwould-belawyers.D non-professionals'sharpcriticism.29. Theguild-likeownershipstructureisconsidered"rest

30、rictive"partlybecauseitA bansoutsiders'invoIvementintheprofession.B keepslawyersfromholdinglaw-firmshares.C aggravatestheethicalsituationinthetrade.D preventslawyersfromgainingdueprofits.3O.lnthistext,theauthormainlydiscussesA flawedownershipofAmerica'slawfirmsanditscauses.B thefactorst

31、hathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmerica.C aprobleminAmerica'sD theroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmericaslegaleducation.Text3TheUS$3-millionFundamentalphysicsprizeisindeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyearMarch.Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticle

32、inNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthetelephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattent

33、iontothosewhohavesucceededinscienee.What'snottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels,Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientist

34、s.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.Theyperpetuatethemythofthelonegenius.Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.Somewanttosawardinshock,otherstodrawpeopleintosciene

35、e,ortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch.AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscieneeprizesbothnewandoldaredistributed.TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.ButtheNobelFoundation'sl

36、imitofthreieachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearchaswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverperprize,whoisignoredwhenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.TheNobelswere,ofcourse,themselvessetindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisown

37、money.Time,ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.Asmuchassomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawards,twothingsseemclear.First,mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscieneeratherthangoelsewhere,Itisfairtocriticizeandquest

38、ionthemechanismthatisthecultureofresearch,afterallbutitistheprize-givers'moneytodowithastheyplease.Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandgrace.31. TheFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisseenasA asymboloftheentrepreneurs'wealth.B apossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes.C anexampleofbankers'investments

39、.D ahandsomerewardforresearchers.32. ThecriticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefitA theprofit-orientedscientists.B thefoundersofthenewawards.C theachievement-basedsystem.D peer-review-ledresearch.33. ThediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvoIvesA controversiesovertherecipients'status.B

40、 thejointeffortofmodernresearchers.C legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes.D thedemonstrationofresearchfindings.34. AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels?A Theirenduraneehasdonejusticetothem.B Theirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute.C Theyarethemostrepresentativehonor.D Historyhasnever

41、castdoubtonthem.35. TheauthorbelievesthatthenowawardsareA acceptabledespitethecriticism.B harmfultothecultureofresearch.C subjecttoundesirablechanges.D unworthyofpublicattention.Text4"TheHeartoftheMatter,"thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaf

42、firmingtheimportaneeofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereport'sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.In2010,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASas

43、kingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenby"federal,stateandlocalgovernments,universities,foundations,educators,individualbenefactorsandothers"to"maintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation."Inresponse,theAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissiononth

44、eHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthecommission's51membersaretop-tier-universitypresidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,andbusinessexecutives,aswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacy,filmmaking,musicandjournalism.Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentativegovernmentpresuppos

45、esaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupportsfullliteracy;stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernment,particularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericangovernment;andencouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechnologies.Toencourageinnovationandcompetition,thereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearch,thecraftingofcoherentcurriculatha

46、timprovestudents'abilitytosolveproblemsandncmunicateeffectivelyinthe21stcentury,increasedfundingforteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobringtheirlearningtobearonthegreatchallengesoftheday.ThereportalsoadvocatesgreaterstudyofforeignIanguages,internationalaffairsandtheexpansionofstudyabroadprog

47、rams.Unfortunately,despite2?yearsinthemaking,"TheHeartoftheMatter"nevergetstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniversities.ThecommissionignoresthatforseveraldecadesAmerica'scollegesanduniversitieshaveproducedgraduateswhodon'tknowthconte

48、ntandcharacterofliberaleducationandarethusdeprivedofitsbenefits.Sadly,thespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenreplacedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesforpublicizing"progressive,"orleft-liberalpropaganda.Today,professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistor

49、yandprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideassuchasfreemarketsandself-relianeeasfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsometimeslegitimate,intellectualinvestigation.TheAAASdisplaysgreatenthusiasmforliberaleducation.Yetitsreportmaywellsetbackr

50、eformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethatCongressaskedittoilluminate.36. AccordingtoParagraph1,whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardtheAAASsreport?A CriticalB AppreciativeC ContemptuousD Tolerant37. InfluentialfiguresintheCongressrequiredthattheAAASreportonhowtoA retainpeople'sinteresti

51、nliberaleducationB definethegovernment'sroleineducationC keepaleadingpositioninliberaleducationD safeguardindividuals'rightstoeducation38. AccordingtoParagraph3,thereportsuggestsA anexclusivestudyofAmericanhistoryB agreateremphasisontheoreticalsubjectsC theapplicationofemergingtechnologiesD

52、fundingforthestudyofforeignIanguages39. TheauthorimpliesinParagraph5thatprofessorsareA supportiveoffreemarketsB cautiousaboutintellectualinvestigationC conservativeaboutpublicpolicyD biasedagainstclassicalliberalideas40. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A WaystoGrasp"TheHeartoft

53、heMatter"B IlliberalEducationand"TheHeartoftheMatter"C TheAAAS'sContributiontoLiberalEducationD ProgressivePolicyvs.LiberalEducationPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfro

54、mthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsAandEhavebeencorrectlyplacedMarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(10points)A Somearchaeologicalsiteshavealwaysbeeneasilyobservableforexample,theParthenoninAthens,Greece,thepyramidsofGizainEgypt;andthemegalithsofStonehengeinsouthernEngland.Butthesesit

55、esareexceptionstothenorm.Mostarchaeologicalsiteshavebeenlocatedbymeansofcarefulsearching,whilemanyothershavebeendiscoveredbyaccident.OlduvaiGorge,anearlyhominidsiteinTanzania,wasfoundbyabutterflyhunterwholiterallyfellintoitsdeepvalleyin1911.ThousandsofAztecartifactscametolightduringthediggingoftheMe

56、xicoCitysubwayinthe1970s.B lnanothercase,AmericanarchaeologistsReneMillionandGeorgeCowgillspentyearssystematicallymappingtheentirecityofTeotihuacanintheValleyofMexiconearwhatisnowMexicoCity.AtitspeakaroundAD600,thiscitywasoneofthelargesthumansettlementsintheworld.Theresearchersmappednotonlythecity&#

57、39;svastandornateceremonialareas,butalsohundredsofsimplerapartmentcomplexeswherecommonpeoplelived.C Howdoarchaeologistsknowwheretofindwhattheyarelookingforwhenthereisnothingvisibleonthesurfaceoftheground?Typically,theysurveyandsample(maketestexcavationson)largeareasofterraintodeterminewhereexcavatio

58、nwillyieldusefulinformation.SurveysandtestsampleshavealsobecomeimportantforunderstandingthelargerIandscapesthatcontainarchaeologicalsites.D SurveyscancoverasinglelargesettlementorentireIandscapes.Inonecase,manyresearchersworkingaroundtheancientMayacityofCopan,Honduras,havelocatedhundredsofsmallruralvillagesandindividualdwellingsbyusingaerialphotographsandbymakingsurveysonfoot.TheresultingsettlementmapsshowhowthedistributionanddensityoftheruralpopulationaroundthecitychangeddramaticallybetweenAD500and850,wh