四级第二章第二节

1、四级第二章 第二节 Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands

2、of people had seen them fall. empirical 经验主义的；以经验为依据的Empirical evidence or study relies on practical experience rather than theories. There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis. 他的论文缺乏实验证据的支持。 Inquiry into the nature of things based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods.自然科学基于

3、逻辑推理而不是凭经验得来的方法来探究事物的本质。大概，据称（可能性） This picture is supposedly worth more than a million pounds.这幅画大概值一百万英镑以上。 The Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden has purportedly urged European countries to end their alliance with the United States and withdraw from Afghanistan.据称，基地组织头目本拉登敦促欧洲国家终止他们与美国的联盟关系，从阿富汗撤军。

4、 重力；地球引力Gravity is the force which causes things to drop to the ground. Arrows would continue to fly forward forever in a straight line were it not for gravity, which brings them down to earth. 要不是重力使箭落向地面，它们将永远以直线往前飞行。 （事态的）严重性，重大The gravity of a situation or event is its extreme importance or seri

5、ousness. They deserve punishment which matches the gravity of their crime. 应当根据罪行的严重性来惩治他们。 Not all acts of vengeance are of equal gravity. 并非所有的报复行为都同等恶劣。 3.（言谈举止的）庄重，严肃The gravity of someones behaviour or speech is the extremely serious way in which they behave or speak. There was an appealing gra

6、vity to everything she said. 她说的每句话都带着一种庄严，很能吸引人。 But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place？ Why didnt they fall out of the sky？ The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the

7、 question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens，the moon and the planets. （道路）环城的，绕城的，外环的An orbital road goes all the way round a large city. .a new orbital road round Paris. 一条新修的巴黎外环道路 美国英语用 beltway 轨道的Orbital describes things relating to the orbit of an object in spa

8、ce. The newly discovered world followed an orbital path unlike that of any other planet. 新发现的这个天体具有不同于任何其他行星的运行轨道。 行星由太阳起往外的顺序是：水星（mercury）、金星（Venus）、地球（earth）、火星（mars）、木星（Jupiter）、土星（Saturn）、天王星（Uranus）、海王星（Neptune）和冥王星（Pluto）。 离太阳较近的水星、金星、地球及火星称为类地行星（terrestrial planets）。 离太阳较远的木星、土星、天王星、海王星及冥王星称为

9、类木行星（Jovian planets）。 在火星与木星之间有100000个以上的小行星（asteroid）（即由岩石组成的不规则的小星体）。 句子的主干是The fact answered the question.复杂之处在于主语fact跟了一个同位语从句，解释的是fact的内容，注意这个从句中and省略了与前面相同的主语谓语the apple fell；后面的宾语带了一个定语从句，这个从句的引导词that或者which省略了，about短语是对question的解释，those larger fruits of the heavens指的就是the moon and the planet

10、s. How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree？Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredicability is part of the essential nature of research. If you dont have unpredic

11、table things, you dont have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals， but history is filled with examples of it.Cut and driedThe investment part actually remains pretty cut and dried.事实上，投资角色仍然十分固定。The distinction between the two cl

12、assifications is not cut and dried.这两类股票的差别不是一成不变的。Those who like their categories cut and dried may wonder whether viruses are alive or not.那些希望自己的分类定型的人们会考虑病毒是活的还是死的。The result of the election is now cut and dried.选举结果已成定局。He was one of those people who like things cut and dried.他是愿意一个萝卜一个坑的人。 In

13、talking to some scientists， particularly younger ones， you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. Ive attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experim

14、ent. Substitute for Competence in african leaders is no substitute for fairness. 非洲领导人的能干并不是公平平等的替代品 There is no substitute for having someone in the room. 没有什么能够代替安排人员参加董事会会议。 Nor is it a substitute for getting the macroeconomics right. 而且也不能取代正确宏观经济调控所起的作用。advisability She could not persuade herse

15、lf as to the advisability of her promise, or that now, having given her word, she ought to keep it.她无法确信自己的允诺是适当的，也无法肯定在作出了这个承诺以后自己是否该信守诺言。 The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that，” the men from the budget office have said， “but what

16、 do you think？ Is it worthwhile going on？ What do you think we might expect？”frown 1. 因恼怒、担心、困惑、全神贯注等而）皱眉，蹙额When someone frowns, their eyebrows become drawn together, because they are annoyed, worried, or puzzled, or because they are concentrating. Nancy shook her head, frowning.南希摇了摇头，皱着眉头。He frown

17、ed at her anxiously.他不安地朝她皱了皱眉。 2. 反对；不赞成；不同意If something is frowned upon or is frowned on people disapprove of it. This practice is frowned upon as being wasteful.这种行为被认为是浪费而不获认可。Many teachers frown on such practices.许多教师不赞同这样的做法。inconclusive 1.ADJ-GRADED无最后结果的；无结论的If research or evidence is inconc

18、lusive, it has not proved anything. Research has so far proved inconclusive. 目前研究尚无定论。 I find the evidence inconclusive. 我发现证据无说服力。 2.ADJ-GRADED（竞赛、冲突）胜负不明的，无最后结果的If a contest or conflict is inconclusive, it is not clear who has won or who is winning. The past two elections were inconclusive. 之前的两次选

19、举都没有结果。 .eight years of bloody and inconclusive war. 8年没完没了的血腥战争worthwhile Thank you for making my visit so worthwhile. I shall treasure your friendship and kind hospitality you have given me.感谢你们使我的访问如此有价值。我将珍惜我们之间的友谊及你们给予我的盛情款待。 Thats worthwhile. The scientist has been shocked at having even been

20、asked to speculate. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. speculate1 推测；

21、猜测；猜想If you speculate about something, you make guesses about its nature or identity, or about what might happen. Critics of the project speculate about how many hospitals could be built instead. 对该项目持批评态度的人在推测如果改作他用不知可以建多少所医院。 The doctors speculate that he died of a cerebral hemorrhage caused by a

22、blow on the head. 医生推测他死于头部受击引起的脑溢血。speculate2 投机；做投机买卖If someone speculates financially, they buy property, stocks, or shares, in the hope of being able to sell them again at a higher price and make a profit. Big farmers are moving in, not in order to farm, but in order to speculate with rising lan

23、d prices.大农场主正在不断涌进来，不是为了耕作，而是要利用不断上涨的地价进行投机。 The banks made too many risky loans which now cant be repaid, and they speculated in property whose value has now dropped.各银行贷出去太多高风险贷款，目前无法收回，他们还进行地产投机，而地产的价值目前已经下跌了。 A victim is someone who has been hurt or killed. Not all the victims survived.并非所有受害者都得以幸存。 Statistically our chances of being the victims of violent crime are remote.从统计数据来看，我们成为暴力犯罪受害者的可能性微乎其微。 A tragic story that perhaps happens only in the movies. 这是一个或许只发生在电影里的悲剧这是一个或许只发生在电影里的悲剧故事故事 If expe