否定事实信息-通用

1、托福 否定事实信息题目录 课堂规划否定事实信息题最朴素的想法：核对解题，排除法核对中的难点讲解： 若原文中有代词，读完本句后还原 代词 若选项中有代词，当场还原多重否定 取非式选择Except题的诡计 若针对两个或更多段落出题，错误选项往往顺序排列否定事实信息题的提问方式题干里通常会出现一些特征词：NOT, EXCEPT, less, least等。如下According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?The authors desciption of X mentions all of the followin

2、g EXCEPT. 引入 否定事实信息题核对解题 In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the th

3、eories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitativeas taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans ha

4、ve a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fac

5、t. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater EXCEPTTheater allows people to face that they are afraid of.Theater gives an

6、opportunity to imagine a better reality.Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind. 核对解题即：若原文中出现过，我们就不选择；若原文中没出现过，我们就选择。第一节核对中的难点讲解一、代词若原文中有代词，读完本句后还原 The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the

7、 galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if they hugged t

8、he African coastline, they had little chance of surviving a crossing of the Indian Ocean Shortly after 1400, shipbuilders began developing a new type of vessel properly designed to operate in rough, open water: the caravel. It had a wider and deeper hull than the galley and hence could carry more ca

9、rgo: increased stability made it possible to add multiple masts and sails. In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be m

10、oved into a variety of positions to maneuver the ship. According to paragraph 3, all of the following statements comparing the caravel with the galley are true EXCEPT:The caravel had fewer masts than the galley.The caravel had a wider hull than the galley. The caravel could carry more cargo than the

11、 galley.The caravel was more stable in rough water than the galley.若选项中有代词，当场还原During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order

12、to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignor

13、ing or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntary breathing system EXCEPT:It has its control center in the brain stem.It controls breathing for a number of activities during wakefu

14、lness. It is able to bypass绕开；忽视 the automatic system.It produces an irregular breathing pattern.二、多重否定The United States in the 1800s was full of practical, hard working people who didnot consider the arts-from theater to painting-useful occupations. In addition, the publics attitude that European a

15、rt was better than American art both discouraged and infuriated American artists. In the early 1900s there was a strong feeling among artists that the United States was long overdue in developing art that did not reproduce European traditions. Everybody agreed that the heart and soul of the new coun

16、try should be reflected in its art. But opinions differed about what this art would be like and how it would develop.According to paragraph 2, all of the following were true of American art in the late 1800s and early 1900s EXCEPT:A. Most Americans thought art was unimportantB. American art generall

17、y copied European styles traditions.C. Most Americans considered American art inferior to European art.D. American art was very popular with European audiences.第二节Except题的诡计为了规避Except题的核对过程诡计一：取非式选择1. 如发现下面选项中有一项跟文中已读的内容正好意思相反的话，可以直接选择该项。2. 文中没有出现某个选项, 那么直接选择该选项，也是一种取非。1. The final major human cause

18、 of desertification is soil salinization resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white cru

19、stal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to desertification EXCEPTsoil erosionglobal warminginsufficient irrigationthe raising of livestock2. Architecture is the art and science of designing structures

20、 that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment

21、in major ways. According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT: Architecture is visual art.Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.Architecture has an indirect effect on life.3. Ic

22、ebergs are massive blocks of ice, irregular in shape; they float with only about 12 percent of their mass above the sea surface. They are formed by glacierslarge rivers of ice that begin inland in the snows of Greenland, Antarctica, and Alaskaand move slowly toward the sea. The forward movement, the

23、 melting at the base of the glacier where it meets the ocean, and waves and tidal action cause blocks of ice to break off and float out to sea.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of icebergs EXCEPT:They do not have a regular shape.They are formed where glaciers meet the ocean.Mos

24、t of their mass is above the sea surface.Waves and tides cause them to break off glaciers.诡计二：若针对两个或更多段落出题，错误选项往往顺序排列 The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, peo

25、ple who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively. One cognitive theory

26、suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggress

27、ion and their interpretation of other peoples motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other peoples motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.According to the cognitive approach described in the two parag

28、raphs, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a personsmoral valuesprevious experiences with aggressioninstinct to avoid aggressionbeliefs about other peoples intentions 注意：顺序排列特指两个或更多段落的情况，如果仅仅针对一个段落而出的Except题，它的错误选项则不符合顺序排列的要求。The Ogallala aquifer is a s

29、andstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill L

30、ake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.According to paragraph 2, all of the following statements about the Ogallala aquifer are true EXCEPT:The

31、aquifer stretches from South Dakota to Texas.The aquifers water comes from underground springs.Water has been gathering in the aquifer for 30,000 years.The aquifers water is stored in a layer of sandstone.了解否定事实信息题的基本解题方法，在此基础上会用诡计来做相关题目。课堂总结作业TPO3-3-21. Plant communities assemble themselves flexibl

32、y, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession”to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at t

33、he end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changesin plant numbers and the mix of speciesare cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500

34、years.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?They occur at the end of a succession.They last longer than any other type of community.The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.TPO4

35、-3-102. Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best

36、extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. The rest is far too difficult to extract and has to remain underground. According to paragraph 5, the decision to drill for oil depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT permission to access the area where oil has been found the availability of sufficient quantities of oil in a pool the location of the market in relation to the drilling site the political situation in the region where drilling would occur TPO5-2-73. The basic cultural