初中英语句子成分结构

1、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类，即名词noun（n.）:人或事物的名称。例：girl,history代词pronoun（pron.）:代替名词，数词等。例：they,it形容词adjective（adj.）:表示人或事物的特征。例：brave,small副词adverb（adv.）：表示动作特征或性状特征。例：nicely,very动词verb（v.）：表示动作或状态。数tnumeral（num.）:表示数目或顺序。冠词article（art.）:用在名词前，帮助说明其意义。介词preposition（prep.）:用在名词，代词前说明与别的

2、词的关系。连词conjunctions（conj.）：用来连接词与词或句与句。感叹词interjection（interj.）:表示说话时的感情或口气。一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解：（一）句子成分1 .主语（subject）:句子说明的人或事物。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。Thesunrisesintheeast.（名词）Helikesdancing.（代词）Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.（数词）Seeingisbelieving.（动名词）Toseeistobelieve.（不定式）Whatheneeds

3、isabook.（主语从句）Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）2 .谓语（predicate）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征。WestudyEnglish.Heisasleep.3 .表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。Heisateacher.（名词）Seventy-four!Youdon'tlook（代词）Fiveandfiveisten.（数词）Heisasleep.（形容词）Hisfatherisin.（副词）Thepictureis

4、onthewall.（介词短语）Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.（形容词化的分词）Towearafloweristosay"I'mpoor,Ican（不定式buyaring.Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.（表语从句）（常见的系动词有：be,sound（听起来）,look（看起来），feel（摸起来，smell（闻起来）taste（尝、吃起来），remain（保持，仍是）,feel（感觉）.Itsoundsagoodidea.Thesoundsoundsstrange.Hervoicesoundssweet.Tomloo

5、ksthin.Thefoodsmellsdelicious.Thefoodtastesgood.Thedoorremainsopen.NowIfeeltired.4 .宾语：1）动作的承受者-动宾IlikeChina.（名词）Hehatesyou.（代词）Howmanydoyouneed?Weneedtwo.（数词）Weshouldhelptheoldandthepoor.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.（动名词）Ihopetoseeyouagain.（不定式）Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?（宾语从句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Areyouafraid

6、ofthesnake?Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.3）双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney.5 .宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。Weelectedhimmonitor.（名词）Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn'tcomehere.（名）Wewillmakethemhappy.（形容词）Wefoundnobodyin.（副词）Pleasemakeyourselfathome.介词短语）Don'tlethimdothat.（省t

7、o不定式）Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（带to不定式）Don'tkeepthelightsburning.（现在分词）I'llhavemybikerepaired.（过去分词）6 .主补：对主语的补充，全称为主语补足语。Hewaselectedmonitor.Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.7 .定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。AiYanlingisachemistryteacher.（名词）Heiso

8、urfriend.（代词）Webelongtothethirdworld.（数词）Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（形容词）Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.（副词）Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.（介词）TheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.（现在分词）Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.（过去分词）Ihaveanideatodoitwell.（不定式）YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.

9、（定语从句）8 .状语：用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,或句子。表示时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）Iwillgotheretomorrow.Themeetingwillbeheldinthemeeting-room.Themeatwentbadbecauseofthehotweather.HestudieshardtolearnEnglishwell.Hedidn'tstudyhardsothathefailedintheexam.Ilikesomeofyouverymuch.Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexa

10、m.Hegoestoschoolbybike.Thoughheisyoung,hecandoitwell.（二）句子结构简单句的五个基本句型1 .主语+不及物动词Shecame./Myheadaches.2 .主语+及物动词+宾语ShelikesEnglish.3 .主语+系动词+表语Sheishappy.4 .主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语ShegaveJohnabook.5 .主语+宾补动词+宾语+宾语补语Shemakeshermotherangry.Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.There+be句型Therearesomebooksonthede

11、sk.Thereliesabookonthedesk.Exercises:分析下列句子成分1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.4.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.5.Hebrokeapieceofglass.6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity.翻译练习：主谓结构（主语+不及物动词）1、Youshouldstudyhard.2、Shewenthomeveryla

12、teyesterdayevening.练习：1、Thisboxweighsfivekilos.这个盒子重五公斤。2、IlivedinBeijingfiveyearsago.五年前我住在d匕京。主谓宾结构（主语+及物动词+宾语）1 、Iwrotealetterlastnight.2 、Iwanttotalkwithyouthisafternoon.练习：1、AllofusbelievethatJackisanhonestboy.我们大家都相信Jack是一个诚实男孩。2、Hedidnotknowwhattosay.他不知道说什麽好。主系表结构（主语+系动词+表语）1 .Mybrothersarea

13、llcollegestudents.2Inwinter,thedaysareshortandthenightsarelong.2 .MrsBrownlooksveryhealthy.4Attheageoffifteenhebecameafamouspianist.练习：1、树叶已经变黄了。Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.2、这个报告听起来很有意思。Thereportsoundsinteresting.双宾语结构（主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语）1 .MrJohnsontaughtusGermanlastyear.2 .Grandmatoldmeaninteresting

14、storylastnight.练习：1、请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？Willyoupleasegetmeanewcopy?2、我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ShallIcallyouataxi?复合宾语结构（主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语）1 .WecallherAlice.2 .HisparentsnamedhimJohn.练习：1、学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。Theschoolmadeitarulethatthestudentsshouldstandupwhenclassbegins.2、我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。IthoughtitnousetalkingwiththatmanThe

15、rebe句型1 .Thereisn'tgoingtobeameetingtonight.2 .Therewasonlyawellinthevillage.练习：1、铃响了。2、一周有七天。二、英语句子种类讲解：按照句子的用途，英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。按照句子的结构，英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：1 .陈述句的构成形式及基本用法；2 .祈使句的构成形式及基本用法；3 .一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法；4 .由what,how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别对于各种从句的用法我们在后

16、面分别论述。（一.）陈述句的构成形式及基本用法1 .陈述句：陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降调，句末用句号“。”Tomhasanewcar.Theflowerisn'tbeautiful.2 .陈述句否定式的构成（1）如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be,则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式。Heisplayingtheguitar.（肯定）Heisnotplayingtheguitar.（否定）Wecangettherebeforedark.（肯定）Wecan'tgettheebeforedark.（否定）（

17、2）如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词，而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时，则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don't,doesn或didn'。t同时把该实义动词变为原形。Heplaystheviolinwell.（肯定）Hedoesn'tplaytheviolinwell.否定）Shewonthegame.（肯定）Shedidn'twinthegame.（否定）如果句子是therebe结构或谓语动词是have（有），除了be和have之后加not之外,句中如果有some要变为any。例如：Thereissomewaterinthecup.fThereisnotany

18、waterinthecup.Hehassomebooks.fHehasnotanybooks.（4）除not以外，否定词no,never,nothing,nobody,few等也可构成否定句。例如：Thereissomethingwrongwithhisbike.fThereisnothingwrongwithhisbike.Ihaveseenthefilm.fIhaveneverseenthefilm.（二.）祈使句的构成形式及基本用法祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号r或句号“。”朗读时一般用降调。(1) 定的祈使句：（1）祈使句主语是you时，y

19、ou常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。Bequiet.Youbequiet!(2) “Do祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调作用。Docomebackatonce!Dobecareful.(3) please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但please用在句末时，必须用逗号与其余部分分开。Openthewindow,please.(4) Let引导祈使句时，后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语，人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称。LetJackwaitaminute.Let'sgotoschool.(5)在祈使句中，Let'和Letus是有

20、区别的。Let'包括说话者，而Letus不包括听话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。Let'sgoskating,shallw&喉示内部的建议)Letustryagain,willyou?(表示向别人发出请求)2.否定祈使句通常以Don'或Never开头。其结构通常是："Don't(Neve!)+司原形+其他成分"例如：Don'tdothatagain!Neverleavetodaysworkfortomorrow!Dontbelatenexttime!(三.)一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本

21、用法1. 一般疑问句：(1) 一般疑问句的肯定形式一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have(有)开始，通常要求以yes,或no来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句读时通常用升调。DoyouknowMr.Smith?Canyouswim?(2) 一般疑问句的否定结构在一般疑问句的否定Z构中，把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用not的简略形式-n',t则须将-n'有一般疑问句句首的be,have,助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实际运用中，一般都采用简略式。Areyounotafootballfan?Aren'tyouafootballfan?Willshen

22、otlikeit?Wontshelikeit?与汉语不同的是，英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定，全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯定的，则用yes加肯定结构；若答语是否定的，则用no加否定结构。Aren'tyouafootballfan?尔不是足球迷吗？Yes,Iam.No,Iamnot.Wontshelikeit?Yes,shewill.No,shewont.2 .特殊疑问句特殊疑问句由疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句”构成，句子一般用倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰时，用陈述句的语序。特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答，读时用降调。例如：Whoisondut

23、ytoday?HowlonghaveyoubeeninBeijing?Whattimedoyougetupeverymorning?WhatmustIdonow?常用的特殊疑问句询问内容疑问词或句型例句回答职业，身份whatWhatisyourfather?Heisadoctor.姓名或关系whoWhoisthatboy?HeisJack.Heismybrother相貌特征what-like?Whatisshelike?Whatdoesshelooklike?Sheisbeautiful.目的whatfor?Whatdidtheycomeherefor?Toattendameeting.原因w

24、hyWhydidtheycomehere?Becausetheyhaveameetingtoattend.howwhatlike?Howistheweathertoday?Whatistheweatherliketoday?It'sfine.颜色whatcolorWhatdolorisherskirt?It'sred.服装尺寸whatsizeWhatsizedoeshewear?Hewars40.几点钟whattimeWhattimeisit?It's7:30.星期几whatdayWhatdayistoday?It'sTuesday.几号，日期whatisthe

25、date？Whatisthedatetoday?It'sMay2.年龄（多大）howoldHowoldishe?Heis38.持续多长时间（多久）howlongHowlonghaveyoubeenhere?Forfivemonths.长度（多长）howlongHowlongisthebridge?It's500metres.距离（多远）howfarHowfarisitfromheretothezoo?It's6kilometres.频度（多经常）howoftenHowoftendoyoucomeback?Onceaweek.时间经过（多快）howsoonHowsoonw

26、illshearrive?Inanweek.数量（多少）价格howmany（可数名词）howmuch（/、可数名词）Howmanyjacketsdoyouhave?Howmuchcoffeedoyouwant?Three.Twocups.howmuchHowmuchisit?Howmuchdoesitcost?Fivedollars.局度（多高）howtall（人,树）howhigh（山,建筑物）Howtallisshe?Howhighisthetower?She's1.73metres.It's450metres.3 .选择疑问句：选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情

27、况，让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是疑问句+选择部分”。选择部分由or连接，or前面的部分读升调，or后面的部分读降调。选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答，而必须具体的选择答复。Isyourbagyelloworblack?It。'sblack.Wouldyoulikesometeaorcoffee?Eitherwilldo.。Whichdoyoulikebetter,singingordancing?Ilikedancingbetter.4 .反意疑问句：反意疑问句(tagquestion)又叫附加疑问句，是在陈述句后，对陈述句所叙述的事提出的疑问。其基本结构有两种：一肯定陈述句+简略

28、否定问句”；二否定陈述句+简略肯定问句”。反意疑问句的前后两部分在时态，人称和数上都要保持一致。Itlookslikerain,doesn'tit?Hedoesntneedtoworksolate,doeshe?(1)肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句，否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句。Iamyourteacher,aren'tI?Hedidn'tstudyhard,didhe?(2)当反意疑问句是否定陈述句+肯定附加问句”时，英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。英语回答时只看实际情况，若答语的具体内容是肯定的就用“Yes+定结构”，答语的具体内容是否定的就用“No否定结构”，而译

29、成汉语时，则必须把yes译不是"，把no译成是的”。-Youwon'tbeawayforlong,willyou?(尔不会离开太久，是吗？- -Yes,Iwill不，我会离开很久。-No,Iwon是的，我不会离开很久。- -Idon'tthinkshe'llby)ibike,willshe?我认为她不会骑自行车，会吗?- -Yes,shewill不，她会骑自行车来。-No,shewon是的，她不会骑自行车来。即：对反意疑问句的回答，是根据事实，而不是根据问题的提法。Heisn'tadoctor,ishe?是医生，是吗?)Yes,heis.汴，他是医生。

30、)No,heisn't.(是的，他不是医生。)(3)陈述部分的主语是this,that时，疑问部分的主语多用it;陈述部分的主语是these,those时，疑问部分的主语多用they。Thisisadictionary,isn'tit?Thoseareshelves,aren'tthey?(4)陈述部分是"therebe”结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。Thereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isn'tthere?Therewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere?(5)陈述句中含有not,no

31、,hardly,neither,never,few,little,too等否定词或同有否定意义的词时，疑问部分常用肯定形式。如：Fewpeopleknewthenews,didthey?TomhasneverbeentoEngland,hashe?(6)如果陈述句的主语是something,nothing,anything,everything等不定代词时，反意疑问部分的主语多用it。(7)如果主语是l'以后反意部分用aren'tll'mlate,aren'tl?Attention:简短问句的否定形式，要用缩写形式，不能出现not,主语要用人称代词不能用名词.H

32、ermotherisadoctor,isn'tshe?Thereisabookonthedesk,isn'tthere?Fillintheblanks:1、TheboyisJapanese,he?Thebookisn'tinteresting,it?HeknowsalotaboutEnglishnames,he?Thegirldoesn'tlikeapples,she?Therearetwobirdsinthetree,there?ThemancametoChinalastmonth,he?2、(1)You'reafarmer,?(2)Theweathe

33、risn'tfine,?(3)Katecameherelastmonth,?(4)Idon'tthinkTomisathome,?(5)Thereweren'tenoughnuts,?(6)There'sapeninthepe-taox,?Themanhadbreadforlunch,?(8)MarycanspeaklittleEnglish,?(9)Nothingiswrongwiththewatch,?(四.)由what,how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子。句末用感叹号f”，读时用降调,感叹句往往由what

34、或how引导，what修饰名词，how修饰形容词，副词或动词。1. what引导的感叹句：(1) what+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)Whatabeautifulcityitis!Whataninterestingstoryshetold!(2) what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)Whatexpensivewatchestheyare!Whatterribleweatheritis!2. How引导的感叹句：(1) How+形容词/副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)Howcolditis!Howhardheworks!(2) How+陈述句(主语

35、+谓语)Howheloveshisson!HowImissyou!(3) How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)Howtallatreeitis!(4)上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。例如：Whatacleverboyheis!fHowclevertheboyis!Whatacolddayitis!fHowcolditis!【实例解析】1. usefulcomputeritis!A.WhatB.WhataC.WhatanD.How2. -isitfromJiaxingtoHangzhou?-I'mnotsure,butittakesaboutninetyminutes

36、togettherebybus.A.HowmanyB.HowoftenC.HowmuchD.Howfar3. -willittakeustogettherebybus?-Abouttwohours.A.HowsoonB.HowoftenC.HowlongD.Howquick4. -Help!Thereisasnakenearthehouse.-afraid.Itwillgoawaylater.A.Don'tB.NotC.Don'tbeD.Be综合练习一.单项填空1. -Excuseme,isthenearestbookshop?-Godownthestreetandturnle

37、ftatthesecondcorner.A.howB.whatC.whereD.who2. -isitfromourschooltotheBellTower?-Abouthalfanhour'sbusride.Shallwegoandvisitit?A.HowlongB.HowoftenC.HowfarD.Howmuch3. -Lindahadnothingforbreakfastthismorning,?-No.Shegotuptoolate.A.hadsheB.hadntsheC.didsheD.didntshe4. -Theroomissodirty.wecleanit?-Ofc

38、ourse.A.WillB.WouldC.DoD.Shall5. ,sir?-Size41,IthinkA.WhatsizedoyouneedB.WhatcanIdoforyouC.HowdoyoulikethisshirtD.Whatsthematterwithyou6. -goodweather!Whynotgooutforawalk?A.WhatB.HowC.WhataD.Howa7. -It'sanicar.haveyoubeeninit?-JusttoShanghai.A.HowmuchB.HowlongC.HowsoonD.Howfar8. -totheUnitedStat

39、es?-No,never,butIwenttoCanadaafewyearsago.A.HaveyoubeenB.HaveyougoneC.DidyougoD.Willyougo9. -wereyouawayfromschoollastyear?-Abouttwoweeks.A.HowoftenB.HowsoonC.HowlongD.When10. -doyouwant?-IwantaCDofpopularsongs.A.WhichCDB.HowmanyCDsC.WhatCDD.Howmuch1. .isyourmother,ateacheroradoctor?A.WhatB.WhichC.W

40、hoD.whose12. -isyourmothertoday,Jim?-Sheismuchbetter.A.HowB.WhatC.WhereD.Howold13. -heatthisschoollastterm?-Yes,Ithinkso.A.DidstudyB.DoesstudyC.WasstudyD.Didstudied14. -didyoubegintolearnEnglish?-Threeyearsago.A.WhenB.WhyC.WhereD.What15. -doyouwritetoyourpen-friend?-Onceaweek.A.HowlongB.HowsoonC.How

41、farD.Howoften16. niceflowers!Wheredidyoupickthem?A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Howa17. Thesickman'sallowedtotakeawalkinthegardeneveryday,?A.isheB.isn'theC.hasheD.hasn'the18. crosstheroadbeforethetrafficlightsturngreen.A.NotB.Won'tC.Don'tD.Doesn't19. Hefoundnothingintheroom,?A.doesntheB.doesheC.didntheD.didhe20. Youhaven'tchangedyourmind,?A.doyouB