英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)

1、WORD格式 - 专业学习资料 - 可编辑NET-BASED TASK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMHector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer WisdomABSTRACTIn net-based collaborative design environment, design resources become more and more varied and complex. Besides common information management systems, design resources can be organiz

2、ed in connection with design activities.A set of activities and resources linked by logic relations can form a task. A task has at least one objective and can be broken down into smaller ones. So a design project can be separated into many subtasks forming a hierarchical structure.Task Management Sy

3、stem (TMS) is designed to break down these tasks and assign certain resources to its task nodes As a result of decomposition.al1 design resources and activities could be managed via this system.KEY WORDS ：Collaborative Design, Task Management System (TMS),Task Decomposition, Information Management S

4、ystem1 IntroductionAlong with the rapid upgrade of request for advanced design methods, more and more design tool appeared to support new design methods and forms. Design in a web environment with multi-partners being involved requires a more powerful and efficient management system .Design partners

5、 can be located everywhere over the net with their own organizations. They could be mutually independent experts or teams of tens of employees. This article discusses a task management system (TMS) which manages design activities and resources by breaking down design objectives and re-organizing des

6、ign resources in connection with the activities. Comparing with common information management systems (IMS) like product data management system and document management system, TMS can manage the whole design process. It has two tiers which make it much more f1exible in structure.The 1ower tier consi

7、sts of traditional common IMSS and the upper one fulfills学习资料分享WORD格式 - 专业学习资料 - 可编辑logic activity management through controlling a tree-like structure, allocating design resources and making decisions about how to carry out a design project. Itsfunctioning paradigm varies in differe nt projects dep

8、ending on the project s scale andpurpose. As a result of this structure, TMS can separate its data model from its logic mode1.It could bring about structure optimization and efficiency improvement, especially in a large scale project.2 Task Management in Net-Based Collaborative Design Environment2.1

9、 Evolution of the Design EnvironmentDuring a net-based collaborative design process, designers transform their working environment from a single PC desktop to LAN, and even extend to WAN. Each design partner can be a single expert or a combination of many teams of several subjects, even if they are

10、far away from each other geographically. In the net-based collaborative design environment, people from every terminal of the net can exchange their information interactively with each other and send data to authorized roles via their design tools. The Co Design Space is such an environment which pr

11、ovides a set of these tools to help design partners communicate and obtain design information. Code sign Space aims at improving the efficiency of collaborative work, making enterprises increase its sensitivity to markets and optimize the configuration of resource.2.2 Management of Resources and Act

12、ivities in Net-Based Collaborative EnvironmentThe expansion of design environment also caused a new problem of how to organize the resources and design activities in that environment. As the number of design partners increases, resources also increase in direct proportion. But relations between reso

13、urces increase in square ratio. To organize these resources and their relations needs an integrated management system which can recognize them and provide to designers in case of they are needed.One solution is to use special information management system (IMS).An IMS can provide database,file syste

14、ms and in/out interfaces to manage a given resource. For学习资料分享WORD格式 - 专业学习资料 - 可编辑example there are several IMS tools in Co Design Space such as Product Data Management System, Document Management System and so on. These systems can provide its special information which design users want.But the st

15、ructure of design activities is much more complicated than these IM S could manage, because even a simple design project may involve different design resources such as documents, drafts and equipments. Not only product data or documents, design activities also need the support of organizations in de

16、sign processes. This article puts forward a new design system which attempts to integrate different resources into the related design activities. That is task management system (TMS).3 Task Breakdown Model3.1 Basis of Task BreakdownWhen people set out to accomplish a project, they usually separate i

17、t into a sequence of tasks and finish them one by one. Each design project can be regarded as an aggregate of activities, roles and data. Here we define a task as a set of activities and resources and also having at least one objective. Because large tasks can be separated into small ones, if we sep

18、arate a project target into several lower level objectives, we define that the project is broken down into subtasks and each objective maps to a subtask. Obviously if each subtask is accomplished, the project is surely finished. So TMS integrates design activities and resources through planning thes

19、e tasks.Net-based collaborative design mostly aims at products development. Project managers (PM) assign subtasks to designers or design teams who may locate in other cities. The designers and teams execute their own tasks under the constraints which are defined by the PM and negotiated with each ot

20、her via the collaborative design environment. So the designers and teams are independent collaborative partners and have incompact coupling relationships. They are driven together only by theft design tasks. After the PM have finished decomposing the project, each designer or team leader who has bee

21、n assigned with a subtask become a 1ow-class PM of his own task. And he can do the same thing as his PM done to him, re-breaking down and re-assigning tasks.So we put forward two rules for Task Breakdown in a net-based environment, incompact coupling and object-driven. Incompact coupling means the l

22、ess relationship学习资料分享WORD格式 - 专业学习资料 - 可编辑between two tasks. When two subtasks were coupled too tightly, the requirement for communication between their designers will increase a lot. Too much communication wil1 not only waste time and reduce efficiency, but also bring errors. It will become much m

23、ore difficult to manage project process than usually in this situation. On the other hand every task has its own objective. From the view point of PM of a superior task each subtask could be a black box and how to execute these subtasks is unknown. The PM concerns only the results and constraints of

24、 these subtasks, and may never concern what will happen inside it.3.2 Task Breakdown MethodAccording to the above basis, a project can be separated into several subtasks. And when this separating continues, it will finally be decomposed into a task tree. Except the root of the tree is a project, all

25、 eaves and branches are subtasks. Since a design project can be separated into a task tree, all its resources can be added to it depending on their relationship. For example, a Small-Sized-Satellite.Design (3SD) project can be broken down into two design objectives as Satellite Hardware. Design (SHD

26、) and Satellite-Software-Exploit (SSE). And it also has two teams. Design team A and design team B which we regard as design resources. When A is assigned to SSE and B to SHD. We break down the project as shown in Fig 1.It is alike to manage other resources in a project in this way. So when we defin

27、e acollaborative design project s task mod,welshould first claim the project s targets. These targets include functional goals, performance goals, and quality goals and so on. Then we could confirm how to execute this project. Next we can go on to break down it. The project can be separated into two

28、 or more subtasks since there are at 1east two partners in a collaborative project. Either we could separate the project into stepwise tasks, which have time sequence relationships in case of some more complex projects and then break down the stepwise tasks according to their phase-to-phase goals.Th

29、ere is also another trouble in executing a task breakdown. When a task isbroken into severa1 subtasks; it is not merely“ a simple sum motionof other” tasks. Inmost cases their subtasks could have more complex relations.To solve this problem we use constraints. There are time sequence constraint(TSC)

30、 and logic constraint (LC). The timesequence constraint defines the timerelationships among subtasks. The TSC has four different types, FF, FS, SF and SS. F学习资料分享WORD格式 - 专业学习资料 - 可编辑means finish and S presents start. If we say Tabb is FS and lag four days, it means Tb should start no later than fou

31、r days after Ta is finished.The logic constraint is much more complicated. It defines logic relationship among multiple tasks.Here is given an example:“Task TA is separated into three subtasks, Ta, T b and Tc. But there are two more rules.Tb and Tc can not be executed until Ta is finished.Tb and Tc

32、can not be executed both，that means if Tb was executed, Tc should not be executed, and vice versa. This depends on the result of Ta”.So we say Tb and Tc have a logic constraint. After finishing breaking down the tasks, we can get a task tree as Fig, 2 illustrates.4 TMS Realization4.1 TMS StructureAc

33、cording to our discussion about task tree model and task breakdown basis, we can develop a Task Management System (TMS) based on Co Design Space using Java language, JSP technology and Microsoft SQL 2000. The task management system s structure is shown in Fig. 3.TMS has four main modules namely Task

34、 Breakdown, Role Management, Statistics and Query and Data Integration. The Task Breakdown module helps users to work out task tree. Role Management module performs authentication and authorization of access control. Statistics and Query module is an extra tool for users to find more information abo

35、ut their task. The last Data Integration Module provides in/out interface for TMS with its peripheral environment.4.2 Key Points in System Realization4.2.1 Integration with Co Design SpaceCo Design Space is an integrated information management system which stores, shares and processes design data an

36、d provides a series of tools to support users. These tools can share all information in the database because they have a universal Data学习资料分享WORD格式 - 专业学习资料 - 可编辑Mode1. Which is defined in an XML (extensible Markup Language) file, and has a hierarchical structure. Based on this XML structure the TMS

37、 h data mode1 definition is organized as following.<?xml version= 1.0 encoding= UTF- 8 ?><!-comment：Common Resource Definitions Above The Following are Task Design-><!ELEMENTProductProcessResource (Prcses?, History? ， AsBuiltProduct* ，ItemsObj?, Changes?, ManufacturerParts?，SupplierPa

38、rts?， AttachmentsObj? ，Contacts?， PartLibrary?， AdditionalAttributes*)><!ELEMENT Prcses (Prcs+) ><!ELEMENT Prcs (Prcses ， PrcsNotes? ， PrcsArc* ， Contacts? ， AdditionalAttributes* ，Attachments?)><!ELEM ENT PrcsArc EMPTY><!ELEMENT PrcsNotes(PrcsNote*)><!ELEMENT PrcsNote

39、EMPTY>Notes: Element “ Pros is” a task node object, and “ Processis”a task set object which contains subtask objects and is belongs to a higher class task object. One task object can have no more than one “ Pressesobjects”. According to this definition,“ Prcs ”objects are organized in a tree-form

40、ation process. The other objects are resources, such as task link object ( “ Presage, ”)task notes ( “ ProsNotes ”),and task documents ( “ Attachments ” ) .These resources are shared in Co Design database.文章出处：计算机智能研究J,47卷， 2007：647-703学习资料分享WORD格式 - 专业学习资料 - 可编辑基于网络的任务管理系统摘 要在网络与设计协同化的环境下，设计资源变得越来越

41、多样化和复杂化。随着信息管理系统的普及，设计资源在各种设计活动的相互联系过程中被迅速组织起来。一整套在逻辑关系中联接的活动和资源可以组成一个任务。一个任务至少有一个对象，并且可被拆分为很多小的子任务。所以设计项目可分为许多子任务，并由它们形成一个严谨的层次结构。任务管理系统（ TMS ）是被设计来打破这些任务，并指定某些资源去协调其相关工作。这样做的结果就是所有的设计资源和活动都通过这个系统被管理起来。关键词： 协同设计，任务管理系统（ TMS），任务分解，信息管理系统1 简介随着对先进设计方法的要求的不断提高，支持新的设计方法和形式的设计工具不断涌现。在网络环境下多伙伴参与的设计活动，需要一

42、个更强大和有效率的管理系统。设计伙伴可以在任何地点锁定自己的组织，它们可以让专家或团队数千员工相互独立起来。本文论述了一种通过打破并重组设计资源与活动来管理设计和活动资源的任务管理系统（ TMS ）。与普通信息管理系统 (IMS) 比较，例如产品数据管理系统和文件管理系统，任务管理系统能够管理整个设计过程。它的双层结构使之结构更加灵活。底层由传统的普通信息管理系统结构（ IMSS）组成，而高层通过控制树形结构来实现逻辑活动的管理，配置资源以及就如何开展设计项目展开设计和决策。其运作模式也会根据项目的规模和目的产生变化。正是由于这种结构，任务管理系统可以把它的数据模型从其逻辑模型中分离出来，这样

43、将会带来结构优化和效益改善，尤其对一个大型项目来说，作用更加明显。2 基于网络的任务管理系统开发环境2.1 设计环境的演进学习资料分享WORD格式 - 专业学习资料 - 可编辑基于网络的任务管理系统摘 要在网络与设计协同化的环境下，设计资源变得越来越多样化和复杂化。随着信息管理系统的普及，设计资源在各种设计活动的相互联系过程中被迅速组织起来。一整套在逻辑关系中联接的活动和资源可以组成一个任务。一个任务至少有一个对象，并且可被拆分为很多小的子任务。所以设计项目可分为许多子任务，并由它们形成一个严谨的层次结构。任务管理系统（ TMS ）是被设计来打破这些任务，并指定某些资源去协调其相关工作。这样做

44、的结果就是所有的设计资源和活动都通过这个系统被管理起来。关键词： 协同设计，任务管理系统（ TMS），任务分解，信息管理系统1 简介随着对先进设计方法的要求的不断提高，支持新的设计方法和形式的设计工具不断涌现。在网络环境下多伙伴参与的设计活动，需要一个更强大和有效率的管理系统。设计伙伴可以在任何地点锁定自己的组织，它们可以让专家或团队数千员工相互独立起来。本文论述了一种通过打破并重组设计资源与活动来管理设计和活动资源的任务管理系统（ TMS ）。与普通信息管理系统 (IMS) 比较，例如产品数据管理系统和文件管理系统，任务管理系统能够管理整个设计过程。它的双层结构使之结构更加灵活。底层由传统的

45、普通信息管理系统结构（ IMSS）组成，而高层通过控制树形结构来实现逻辑活动的管理，配置资源以及就如何开展设计项目展开设计和决策。其运作模式也会根据项目的规模和目的产生变化。正是由于这种结构，任务管理系统可以把它的数据模型从其逻辑模型中分离出来，这样将会带来结构优化和效益改善，尤其对一个大型项目来说，作用更加明显。2 基于网络的任务管理系统开发环境2.1 设计环境的演进学习资料分享WORD格式 - 专业学习资料 - 可编辑基于网络的任务管理系统摘 要在网络与设计协同化的环境下，设计资源变得越来越多样化和复杂化。随着信息管理系统的普及，设计资源在各种设计活动的相互联系过程中被迅速组织起来。一整套

46、在逻辑关系中联接的活动和资源可以组成一个任务。一个任务至少有一个对象，并且可被拆分为很多小的子任务。所以设计项目可分为许多子任务，并由它们形成一个严谨的层次结构。任务管理系统（ TMS ）是被设计来打破这些任务，并指定某些资源去协调其相关工作。这样做的结果就是所有的设计资源和活动都通过这个系统被管理起来。关键词： 协同设计，任务管理系统（ TMS），任务分解，信息管理系统1 简介随着对先进设计方法的要求的不断提高，支持新的设计方法和形式的设计工具不断涌现。在网络环境下多伙伴参与的设计活动，需要一个更强大和有效率的管理系统。设计伙伴可以在任何地点锁定自己的组织，它们可以让专家或团队数千员工相互独立起来。本文论述了一种通过打破并重组设计资源与活动来管理设计和活动资源的任务管理系统（ TMS ）。与普通信息管理系统 (IMS) 比较，例如产品数据管理系统和文件管理系统，任务管理系统能够管理整个设计过程。它的双层结构使之结构更加灵活。底层由传统的普通信息管理系统结构（ IMSS）组成，而高层通过控制树形结构来实现逻辑活动的管理，配置资源以及就如何开展设计项目展开设计和决策。其运作模式也会根据项目的规模和目的产生变化