非谓语动词的难点解析

1、非谓语动词的难点1. 不定式与分词作状语的区别2. 主动的不定式与被动的不定式的区别及用法3. 不定式的主动式表示被动意义4. 不定式和动名词的否认式5. 不定式的逻辑主语6. have sb. do sth. 与 have sb. doing stl的区另7. 凡表示目的、理由、功能、意图等语意的名词作主语时，其表语应用不定式定语或状8. 表示目的、意向、愿望、企图、努力、倾向等语意的词后面要接不定式作宾语、 语9不定式短语和动名词短语作主语的用法及区另10. (作插入语的 )独立不定式的用法11. 某些动词的动名词的主动形式表示被动意义12. 不带 to 的不定式的用法13. “ wh-疑

2、问连词+不定式"结构作主语、表语、宾语或同位语14. 当一个不定式被省略掉时，不定式符号 to 常常保存，代替整个动词不定式15. only too, but too, all toO和不定式连用时，不定式表示肯定意义16. 动词不定式作状语其逻辑主语应与主句的主语逻辑上一致17. 动名词用于“ It is no use (good) doing ，" 等句型18. 动词后跟动名词和跟不定式的比拟1. 不定式与分词作状语的区别 不定式作状语时，只用来表示目的、原因和结果，其位置常常在被修饰词或句子的后面。分词作状语时，可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、目的、方式或伴随情况

3、，其位置常常在被修饰词或句子的前面。下面从两者都能充当的几种成分来看一下它 们的区别。1. 不定式与分词作状语的区别A. 作原因状语分词作原因状语时常位于句首或在主谓之间，在意义上相当于一个原因状语从句， 强调这 个原因。不定式作原因状语时， 常位于句子后面， 主句中的谓语动词多是表示内心活动的词， 其后 的不定式说明他们产生的原因。e.g. Being poor in health, he retired at the age of fifty.Lost in the strange city, poor Bill fell to cry.He seemed surprised to mee

4、t us.I ' m happy to hear the news.B. 作结果状语分词作结果状语常由 thus 引起。不定式除本身的形式外，还可和tooto, enough to, such to, so as to, so等搭配as to使用。e.g. The glass fell to the ground, thus broken to pieces.The boy is always telling lies, thus losing all of his friends.I consider him too lazy to be a good worker.等。e.g.C.

5、 作目的状语 分词作目的状语的情况不多，而且位置都在句末。 不定式那么主要用作目的状 语，位置可以放在句子前面，也可以放在后面，常和一些 词组搭配，女口 in order to, so as toHe teleph oned me, in vit ing me to go.We started early so as to get there before ten.In order to calm dow n, he smoked a cigarette.2. 主动的不定式与被动的不定式的区别及用法A. 通常，在不定式前能找到不定式所表达的动作的执行者时，此不定式用主动形式；当不定式前不能找到

6、不定式所表达的动作的执行者时，此不定式用被动形式。e.g. I have work to do.We found the report had to un dersta nd.He is read ing the report to be published tomorrow.This letter is to be typed.B. 在“there be吉构中，即可用主动式也可用被动式，但两种形式还是有差异。e.g. There are a nu mber of problems to solve有些问题需要解决。此句用的是动词不定式的主动形式，不定式的逻辑主语可以从上下文看出来。假设逻辑主

7、语是 we,那么本句可以改写成 There are a number of problems that we must solveThere are a number of problems to be solved有 些问题需要解决。此句用的是动词不定式的被动形式，可以改写成There are a number ofproblems that must be solved.不定式的逻辑主语可以从上下文看不出来There is nothing to see. 没有什么值得一看。There is no thi ng to be see n. 什么东西都看不见。There is nothing t

8、o do now. 我们现在无事可做。There is n othi ng to be do ne now. 我们现在什么也不能做毫无方法3. 不定式的主动式表示被动意义不定式的动词为及物动词时，其后没有宾语，该不定式一般都用被动式，但在以下场合中用不定式主动式表示被动意义。A ?不定式与它修饰的名词有动宾关系并与该句主语有主谓关系时，不定式要用主动语态。例如：I' ve many difficulties to overcome. I want a book to read.B. 当动词 buy, show, lend 等后的间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式要用主动 语态。 例如

9、：I' llshow you the right path to take.Will you lend me an English book to read?C. 主动的不定式在以下情况下也表示被动意义。 1 当表语为表示看法或感受的形容词，即easy, difficult, hard, simple, dangerous,convenient, pleasa nt, in teresti ng, healthy, awkward 等，而且其后作状语的不定式与句 中 主语有逻辑上的动宾关系时，该不定式要用主动形式而不用被动形式。例如：This machine is impossible

10、 to repair. 这台机器不能修复。Patients with some knowledge of medicine are easy to convince. 有医学知识的病人易 于说 服。 2 表语为描述主语的人或物所具有的特性的形容词，如good, big, strong, heavy,clear, rough, valuable, smooth, sleepy, attractive, beautiful, thin, bright, sour, frosty 等 , 其后 作状语的不定式与句中主语有逻辑上的动宾关系时， 该不定式要用主动形式而 不用被动形式。 例如：The ai

11、r is thin to breathe.Venus is bright to see without a telescope.3在tooto或enough to后的不定式可以用主动式，也可以用被动式，如果不定式有自己的逻辑主语，必须用不定式主动式。例如：The milk is not cool enough for you to drink.The change is too little to be observed.The case is light eno ugh for me to carry. 不能用被动式4不定式作定语并与中心词有逻辑上的动宾关系时， 该不定式常用被动式， 但也可

12、以用主动式。例如:The greatest thi ng to remember is this.The acti on to be take n is correct.He is not a man to be trusted.少数作表语的不定式，如to blame, to let, to seek, to do等，尽管与句中主语有动 宾关系， 常用不定式主动形式。例如：You are not to blame for what happe n ed.出了这种事情不怪你。These small houses are to let at a low ren t这些小房子将以低价出租。A bet

13、ter way is yet to seek.还得找一种更好的方法。The watch was very difficult to repair.4. 不定式和动名词的否认式动词不定式和动名词的否认式都是在其前面加not构成。例如：He decided not to be late aga in.I think you ' excuse her not coming to you.I advise them to withdraw so as not to get involved.I expect you not to smoke here.5. 不定式的逻辑主语A.用介词of引出的

14、不定式的逻辑主语当句中的表语为动态形容词，即描写人或物的特征或品德的形容词时，通常使用“Ji is +形容词 + of sb. + 不定式。常用的这类形容词有:absurd, bold, brave, busy, careful, careless,clever, con siderate,cowardly, cruel, foolish, frie n dly, gen erous,good, hon est, kin d, lazy, ni ce, no isy, polite, rude, reas on able, selfish, shy, silly, stupid, though

15、tful, wicked 等。例如： It was brave of the policema n to tackle the armed men.It was clever of him to find his way here.B.用介词for引出的不定式的逻辑主语+形容词+ for sb. +不定式句型。常用的这些形容词有 :easy, difficult, importa nt,hard, n ecessary, esse n tial, impossible, dan gerous, com mon, unu sual, big, small, tall, l ong, short,

16、 wide, old, you ng, beautiful等。(这类形容词的共同特点是表示“客观情况)。例如：It is easy for you to do the work well.It is n ecessary for you to go there.6. have sb. do sth. 与 have sb. doing stl 的区另A. “ have sb. do sth 这种结构用来表示一个人使另一个人做某事。例如：What would you have me do ?你要我做什么？I have everybody fill out a form.我叫所有的人都填了表格。B.

17、 “have sb. doing sth 有以下用法：(1) 表达预期的目标，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：I ' have you speaki ng En glish in six mon ths.我将使你在六个月 内会说英语。(2) 与can't或won't连用，表达不可容忍的情况。例如：We can ' have them forci ng their views on every one else.我们不能容许他们把自己的观点强加于其他人。(3) 表达不愿意引起的后果。例如：Do n'tshout! You ' have the n

18、eighbors complai ning!别喊！你会招邻居抱怨的。(4) 表示说话人无法控制的事情。例如：We have salesma n calli ng.每天都有推销员在叫卖。7. 凡表示目的、理由、功能、意图等语意的名词作主语时，其表语应用不定式该类名词的惯用句型是：“主语+ be动词+ to不定式。常用的该类名词有：purpose, objective, goal, aim, fun cti on, reas on, inten ti on, ambiti on. 例如：The primary reas on why the Con stituti on requires a ce

19、n sus every ten years is toprovide a basis for the appo in tme nt of represe ntatives among the states.语 1常用的该类动词： intend, decide, wish, expect, agree, choose, refuse, attempt, endeavor, plan, try, tend. 2常用的该类形容词： able, likely, pleased, glad, eager, anxious, ready, inclined, apt, liable. 3常用的该类名词：

20、effort, ability, attempt, ambition, chance, opportunity, promise, way, time, force.例如： I admire his ability to handle such difficult problems.The manager disclosed his intention to resign.9不定式短语和动名词短语作主语的用法及区别 不定式短语和动名词短语作主语时，可以用 it 做形式主语，常常将不定式或 动名词短语后移，而使用“ It + 谓语 + 作主语的不定式动 名词短语句型。不 定式短语和动名词短语作主

21、语的区别是：不定式一般表示特定的具体 的行为动作，动名词往往表示抽象概念， 表达某个一般的动作，或表示说话者的亲身经历。 例如： Transforming raw materials into useful products is called manufacturing.把原材料转换为有用的产品的过程被成为生产制造。Bei ng polite is n eeded any time and any where 任何时候在任何地点都需要有礼貌。10. 作插入语的独立不定式的用法 独立不定式与动词不定式不同， 与句中其他局部没有 语法关系，只作插入语用，对全句进行解释，表示说话人的态度或起承上启

22、下的作用。独立 不定式无论位于何 处，它必须用逗号与句子隔开。常用的独立不定式有：to beg in with 首先to pass to ano ther subject 换个话题to tell the truth 老实说 to speak the truth 老实说tosumto return to the subject 言归正传to be sure 确实，当然strange to say 说也奇怪 to speak frankly 老实说 not to speak of 更不用说 to be frank老实说 to start with 首先 to summarize概括地说例如：To

23、tell the truth, I donreally like her.to be one justice 平心而论to coneludeto say nothing of 更不用说to be plain坦白地说to make matters worse 更糟的是to make a long story short 简言之For the time being he is unemployed, and to make matters worse, his wife is in the hospital.目前他失业了，更糟的是，他妻子生病住进了医院。To be sure, he is an a

24、ble man 确实，他是个能干的人。To beg in with, we must con sider the problem all-sidedly.For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new econo mic polices will be required.11.某些动词的动名词的主动形式表示被动意义英语中有些动词，例如：want(需要)，need, deserve, require, be worth 等后面接动名词，虽是主动语态，却具有被动的意味。当然，这些动词

25、后面也可以接不定式的被动形式，其表达的意义与主动形式的动名词是一样的。例如：My bike n eeds repairi ng. (= My bike n eeds to be repairi n g.)The house wants clea ning. (= The house wants to be clea n ed.)My radio isn ' work in g. It n eeds repairi ng.12. 不带to的不定式的用法动词不定式有带to和不带to两种形式，在下面几种场合中，不定式不能带to。A.在情态动词 will, shall, would, shou

26、ld, can, could, may, might和口 must 之后；在 would rather和had better之后，以及在作为助动词的 need, dare之后，不定式不 带to。例如：I drather go alone.Need I do the wash in gup?B. 当不定式作 see, hear, overhear, listen to, feel, watch, notice, observe, mark, perceive,behold, sense, look a 等感官动词的宾语补足语时不带to。例如：Did you feel the earth move

27、?I ' e n ever observed her do otherwise 我 从未看见她不是这样做的。I beheld the fish rise.我看到鱼浮起来。Have Jane come in, please 请让简来一下。注意：这些动词用于被动式时，后面要跟带to的不定式。C. 当不定式作 make, let, leave, have, bid 等使役动词以及find, help, know 等动词的 宾语 补足语时不带to。What makes you thi nk so? 什么使你这样想呢？Nobody could make me cha nge my mind.We

28、 found some metals melt at the low temperature.I ' help you carry the desk upstairs.注意：这些动词用于被动式时，后面要跟带to的不定式。D. 当不定式在 had/would better, had best, would/ had better, would/ had sooner, would soon er tha n, would/had just as soon, had/ would as soon as, had/ would as life, had/would liefer than,

29、had as good, may as well, might just as well, more likely to than, had/would rathethan等短语之后不带to。例如：You had better tell her the truth.你最好对她讲真话。I would as lief go there as any where else.我宁愿去那儿不去另 U处。You may just as well tell us what you really want to do.不妨把你的真实意图讲给 我们听一听。make do凑合hear speak 听说make b

30、elieve 假装hear say听另U人说起hear tell听说hear tell of 听说hear talk听说let go放开let go of放开let fall 放开let drop放开let fly放开let drive放开let slip 错过let hand不管let ride不管，放任自流let pass放过，不追究例如:He made believe that he was frighte ned他装出一副吓坏了的样子She will make do with the old typewriter until the new one arrives.新打字机 至U达之前

31、，她将凑合着用旧的。I have heard say that he has bee n married before 我 听说他过去结过婚。I ofte n hear tell of his exemplary deeds.我常常听到人们传颂他的模范事迹。It would be a pity to let slip such an opport un ity.错过这样一个时机真可惜。Assoon as I let go of the leash, the dog ran away我一放开皮带，狗就跑了。F. 介词but, except, besides, save 等之前有动词do或do的某

32、种形式以及 can but 不得 不，只得，can not but 只得，只能，cannot help but 不得不，不能不，cannot choose but只好，不得不等短语时，其后的不定式不带to。例如：What do you like to do besides swim?I could n ' choose but speak the truth. 我不能不说真话。He will do any thi ng but tell a lie. 除了撒谎他什么都可干G.用 and, or,tha n, rather tha n, soo ner tha 等词语连接的并列不定式时不

33、带to。例如:I ' dlike to sit down and have a rest.I decided to write rather tha n telepho ne.Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later?H.当句子用“ all / thing / what+定语从句作主语时，其表语不定式可以不带to。The only thing you can do is wait and see.All he did was press the button.What they should do now is investiga

34、te and find the facts.13. “ wh-疑问连词+不定式"结构作主语、表语、宾语或同位语英语中，某些动词，女口： kn ow, ask, decide, discuss, learn, tell, show, teach, explain, find out 等后常用“ who what, which, when, where, how, whether-or 等+ 不定式" 结 构作宾语。此外，该结构在句中还可做主语、同位语或表语。例如：I wonder how to get to the station.They don ' tknow w

35、hether to come or not.The problem of which to select as his successor was quickly disposed of.Are you sure Miss Li knows how to use the new equipment?14. 当一个不定式被省略掉时，不定式符号 to 常常保存，代替整个动词不定式 当一个不 定式被省略掉时，不定式符号 to 常常保存，代替整个动词不定式。例如：“ Will you come tomorrow? "“I' llbe glad to. "有时 to 也可以省

36、略尤其是在形容词和名词之后 。当want或like用于从句时如,在when, if, what, as之后，不定式符号to常 常省略。 例如：I' ve decided to do what I like.“Will you join us? "“I' m glad to. "15. only too, but too, all toO和不定式连用时，不定式表示肯定意义too作“非常"解时，相当于very，常用but, only, all修饰，这时不定式一般表 示原因。例如：He is but too glad to join us. 他很快乐参加

37、我们的队伍。I am only too glad to see you. 见到你太快乐了。I ' m only too pleased to help you. 我很快乐能给你帮助。We are only too happy to have you with us.另外， too apt to, too ready to 等结构也表示肯定意义。16. 动词不定式作状语其逻辑主语应与主句的主语逻辑上一致 同分词分词短语 一样，不定 式短语作状语时，其动作的发出者应与同一句中的主语逻辑上一致，否那么也是不合逻辑的，必须更换主语。例如：To earn some extra mon ey, i

38、t was n ecessary for Frank to work overtime 八To earn some extra mon ey, Frank had to work overtime "17. 动名词用于“ It is no use good doing ， 等句型 动名词作主语时， 也可以用 it 做先行主语。动名词短语常用在以 no use, nogood, senseless, dangerous, difficult, a waste, a nuisance, useless, foolish, fun, nice, hard work, sad thing, a bore, a waste of time, worth, worthwhile 等词语作表语的句中。例如：It is foolish behaving like that. 那样做是愚蠢的。It is a mere waste of time answering these letters 恢复这些信件，只不过是浪费时间而已。There is no use crying over split milk.It is no use buying