语言学第三章chapter3

1、英语语言学：第3章Chapter 3 Morphology 3.1 Introduction3.2 Morpheme 3.2.1 Free morpheme 3.2.2 Bound morpheme 3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs3.4 Types of Word Formation 3.4.1 Compounding 3.4.2 Derivation 3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion, Backformation, Clipping, Blending, Acronym, Initialism)河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章3.1 In

2、troduction Definition of morphology Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure, forms and classes of words. un -+-ly unfriendly;unhappily; unkindly; unlonely -fy purify; simplify; falsify; amplify 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章3.2 Morpheme It is a minimal unit of meaning or gramma

3、tical function. tourists: tour; -ist; -s talks; talker; talked; talking Types of morpheme: free morpheme and bound morpheme 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章3.2.1 Free morpheme Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. friend, happy, kind, simple, false, tour, tal

4、k, etc. Root: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: talk, internationalism, work/shop, black/bird Stem: the element involved in a word without the last added bound morpheme: friends, friendships 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Stem A stem may be: a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme, i

5、n which case the root and the stem are the same: work, talk a root plus a derivational affix: workers two or more roots: workshops 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Lexical (open) morphemes vs Functional (close) morphemes Lexical (open) morphemes are the set of ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives that carry the

6、 content of message we convey. Since we can create new lexical morphemes for the language rather easily, they are called an open class of words: book, desk, house, love, look, long, happy河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章 Functional (close) morphemes consist of the functional words in the language such as conjun

7、ctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns. As we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are called a closed class of words: and, but, because, if, when, on, above, in, it, the, that 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章3.2.2 Bound morpheme Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used ind

8、ependently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. They are actually affixes, including prefixes and suffixes: -ly, un-, -ist, -s, -er, -ed, -ing. In some languages, there are also infixes.河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章 Prefixes are joined to the beginning of the r

9、oot or stem. They can change the meaning or function of the word. Impossible, unbelievable, enrich Suffixes are joined to the end of the root or stem. They can also change the meaning or function of the word. hopeless, kindness 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Derivational morphemes vs Inflectional morphemes De

10、rivational morphemes are OFTEN used to make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem. ness, -less, -ful, -ly; re-, pre-, dis-, co-, im-, un- Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case. 河南大学外语学院 马应聪

11、英语语言学：第3章Inflectional morphemes in English English has only eight inflectional morphemes: -s: possessive -s: plural -s: 3rd person present singular -ing: present participle -ed: past tense and past participle -en: past participle -er: comparative -est: superlative 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Differences be

12、tween derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category of a word, creating an entirely new word. Inflectional morphemes never alter the grammatical category of a word. 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Summary morphemeFree morphemeBound morphemeLexical mo

13、rphemeFunctional morphemeDerivational morphemeInflectional morpheme河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs Morphs: the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole. They are the phonological (spoken) or orthographic (written) forms which realize morphemes. They

14、 are minimal carriers of meaning. Allomorph: a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme. 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Allomorph Allomorphs are in complementary distribution. -ed past tense -t: talked -d: stayed -id

15、: created ( phonological) -d: changed -ed : worked (orthographic) -s (plurality) -z: meanings -s: maps -iz: watches -ai-: mice -i:-: feet 0: deer 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章3.4 Types of Word Formation Word formation or word building is the creation of new words, which is useful to us because it can enrich

16、 our vocabulary by learning some major ways. The most important ways are compounding and derivation. 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章3.4.1 Compounding Definition: putting two words together. The first element receives the main stress, and the second one determines the new words class. typewriter, workshop, tra

17、ctor-driver, blackboard 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Types of compound words a. noun compounds noun + noun: armchair, rainbow verb + noun: pickpocket, washcloth adjective + noun: bluebird, highchair b. verb compounds noun + verb: vacuum-clean, manhandle verb + verb: sleepwalk adjective + verb: dry-clean c.

18、adjective compounds noun + adjective: color-blind, snow-white verb + adjective: stir-crazy adjective + adjective: dark-blue, pale-yellow 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章3.4.2 Derivation Definition: adding affixes to other words or morphemes free morpheme + bound morpheme: unhappy; misunderstand; careful; carel

19、ess Affixes can be described by function or meaning: childhood; childlike; childless; childish The derivational process may alter the grammatical or morphological form: anti-terrorist; computation; placement; colorful 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Computer words -ware: software, hardware, shareware, freeware

20、 cyber-/e-: cyberspace, cyberchat, e-commerce, e-cash techno-: technobabble, technostress, technophobia 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Conversion: zero derivation Hes papering the bedroom walls. nv: elbow; milk; skin; hammer; nurse; e-mail vn: doubt; attempt; must, guess, spy adjv: dry; free; better; down, di

21、rty, empty adjn: native; short, crazy, nasty 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Backformation Definition: remove the suffix to get a new word edit; opt; enthuse; typewrite Tlvision (French) televise 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Clipping Definition: abbreviation of longer words fridge; bike; ad; copter; bus; gym; telecom;

22、 flu, prof, phone, gas, plane, sitcom河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Blending Definition: combining two separate forms, taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word brunch: breakfast + lunch motel: motor + hotel; smog: smoke + fog 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Acronym Definition: form

23、ing words from the first letters of a series of words, which are pronounced as single words. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization UNESCO: United Nations Education, Social and Cultural Organization AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章 Initialism Definition: forming words from the first letters of a series of words, which are pronounced by saying each letter. CD: compact disk VIP: very important person WTO: World Trade Organization CPU: central processing unit ID: identification