石油工程专业英语1

1、Instructor: Guo QingContentSection One General Understanding Petroleum Industry 1. Knowing Petroleum（了解石油）2. Petroleum Geology （石油地质）3. Petroleum Industry（石油工业）4. Exploring for Petroleum （石油勘探）5. Well Drilling （钻井）Course Introduction6. Petroleum Production （石油开发）7. Petroleum Storage and Transportati

2、on （石油储运）8. Petrochemical Industry （石油化工工业）Purpose of this courseMemorize some key terms of petroleum science in EnglishUnderstand some basic knowledge of petroleum science in English1. Learn the ways to read articles of petroleum science in EnglishWays to learn this course Memorization Understandin

3、g 1. PracticeChapter One Knowing PetroleumPetroleum: a fuel found in mineral deposits under the ground. “Petr” comes from the Latin word for rock, “oleum” from the Latin word for oil - therefore, rock oil found in rock.Brief History of Petroleum Mankinds use of petroleum is as old as recorded histor

4、yStickiness of crude oil to bind things togetherWater repellent（防水） properties to keep water from entering unwelcome places e.g. 5000 years ago asphalt（沥青） was used to inlay（镶）mosaics（马赛克） in walls and floors bitumen was used to line （封衬）water canals（运河）, seal joints （连接处） in wooden boats and build

5、roads. pitch was used to grease（润滑） chariots（敞蓬双轮马车）; asphalt to embalm（保存） mummies（木乃伊）3. Used as medicine to kill pain 4. Used as fuel to burn light; kerosene（煤油）5. Used as fuel to cook and keep warmIts Modern uses: Modern industrial civilization depends on petroleum1 1. energy source： gasoline（汽油

6、） diesel oil（柴油） natural gas2. petrochemical industry：plastics artificial fertilizer manure （化肥）other functions: lubricant （润滑剂）Black Gold and Blood of IndustryPhysical and Chemical Features of Crude Oil and Natural GasCrude Oil is defined as “ a mixture of hydrocarbons（烃） that existed in the liquid

7、 phase （相）in natural underground reservoirs（油藏）and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure （大气压力）after passing through surface separating facilities（分离装置）” . In appearance（外表）, crude oils wary （差异） from yellow, green and brown and black in color. Oils are naturally oily in texture（质地） and have widely

8、 varying viscosities（粘稠度）. Oils on the surface tend to be more viscous than oils in warm subsurface（地下） reservoirs.In term of elemental chemistry（化学元素）, oil consists large of carbon（碳） and hydrogen（氢） with minor amounts of oxygen（氧）, nitrogen（氮）, and sulfur（硫）. Oil also contains traces（微量） of vanadi

9、um（钒）, nickel（镍）, and other elements. No two oils are identical（一模一样） either in the compounds contained or in the various proportions （比例）presentNatural GasNatural gas is composed primarily of 4 hydrocarbon molecules（分子）. These range from 1 to 4 carbons in length and they are methane ( 1 carbon )（甲烷

10、）, ethane (2 carbons)（乙烷）, Propane (3 carbons)（丙烷）, and butane (4 carbons)（丁烷）. The composition of natural gas from all of world varies considerably, but methane is by far the most common hydrocarbon.Typical Composition of Natural GasTypical Composition of Natural GasMethaneCH470-90%EthaneC2H60-20%P

11、ropaneC3H8ButaneC4H10Carbon DioxideCO20-8%OxygenO20-0.2%NitrogenN20-5%Hydrogen sulphideH2S0-5%Rare gasesA, He, Ne, XetraceFor convenience the compounds found in oil may be divided into tow major groups:petroleumcrude oilhydrocarbonsparaffins (链烷烃，石蜡簇）naphthenes（环烷烃）aromatics（芳香烃）heterocompounds（杂化合物

12、）oxygen compoundssulfur compoundsnitrogen compoundsothersNatural gas dry gas (methane)wet gasethanepropane butaneOrigin and Generation of petroleumBefore we study this topic let us have a brief review of the planet where we live and rocks exist in it.The planet where we liveSome important facts abou

13、t our earth. The Earth, itself, is composed primarily of iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, nickel, sulfur, and titanium（钛）. 71 Percent of its surface is covered with water. Earths atmosphere is 77% nitrogen（氮）, 21% oxygen, with traces of argon （氩）, carbon dioxide and water. The three main units of t

14、he earths interior are core（地核）, mantle（地幔） and crust（地壳）. The diameter of the core is about 4300 miles (6900 km), and iron is probably its chief ingredient. The mantle is nearly 1800 miles (2900 km) thick and make up about 84% of the volume of the earth.The crust actually makes up a very small part

15、 of the earth as a whole.Rocks exist in the earthRock is any naturally formed, consolidated（固结的）or unconsolidated （不固结的）material (excluding soil) composed of one or more rock-forming（成岩）minerals. In other words, all rocks are composed of minerals.According to the origin, rocks can be classified into

16、 three types-igneous rock（火成岩）, sedimentary rocks（沉积岩） and metamorphic rock（变质岩）, and their percentages in the crust are as following:Igneous rock 66% of volume of the crustSedimentary rock 8% of volume of the crustMetamorphic rock 20% of volume of the crust Igneous rock are formed by the cooling an

17、d consolidation（固结） of magma（岩浆）. The Latin word igneous means fire.火成岩 也称岩浆岩。来自地球内部的熔融物质，在不同地质条件下冷凝固结而成的岩石。当熔浆由火山通道喷溢出地表凝固形成的岩石，称喷出岩或称火山岩。常见的火山岩有玄武岩、安山岩和流纹岩等。 Sedimentary rocks are the rocks resulting from the consolidation （固结） of loose sediments（沉积物） that have accumulated in layers.沉积岩 。在地表常温、常压条

18、件下，由风化物质、火山碎屑、有机物及少量宇宙物质经搬运、沉积和成岩作用形成的层状岩石。按成因可分为 碎屑岩 、 粘土岩 和化学岩(包括生物化学岩)。常见的沉积岩有砂岩、砾岩、泥岩、页岩、石灰岩及白云岩等。Sedimentation is the process of depositing and accumulating sediments in layers in suitable site where the agents give up transporting the sediments.Clastic sedimentation （碎屑沉积作用）Rivers, oceans, win

19、ds and rain runoff all have the ability to carry the particles washed off of eroding rocks. Such materials, called detritus , consist of fragments of rocks and minerals. When the energy of the transporting current is not strong enough to carry these particles, the particles drop out in the process o

20、f sedimentation.Chemical sedimentation（化学沉积作用）: the sedimentary deposition occurs when material is dissolved in water, and chemically precipitates from the water.Biogenic sedimentation（生物沉积作用）: this process can occur, wherein living organism extract ions（离子） dissolved in water to make such things as

21、 shells and bones. There are three major types of sedimentary rocks: clastic sedimentary rocks（碎屑沉积岩） , chemical sedimentary rocks（化学沉积岩）, and biogenic sedimentary rocks（生物沉积岩）.Diagenesis（成岩作用）is a process through which the loose sediments are compacted and cemented into sedimentary rocks. There are

22、 several ways of diagenesis:Compaction （压实作用）Cementation （胶结作用）Recrystalization （重结晶作用）Authigenesis （自生作用，新矿物生成）Shale（页岩） with thin sandstone（砂岩） bedsRipple marks（波纹） in siltstone（泥岩）These are the rocks through which we drill to find gas and oil and they are the source and reservoir rocks for gas an

23、d oil Metamorphic rocks are the rocks that have undergone changes in mineralogy（矿物学）, texture（质地）, chemical composition, or all three, in mainly solid states.Metamorphism（变质作用）is the rock-genic（成岩） process, indicating all the changes in mineral assemblage and rock texture, or both, that take place i

24、n rocks in the solid state within the Earths crust as a result of changes in temperature and pressure. “Meta” is an old Greek prefix that means change, while “morphe” indicates form. Thus “metamorphism” means that rocks changes forms.The controlling factors in metamorphism are temperature, pressure

25、and chemically active fluids.变质岩：原有岩石经变质作用而形成的岩石。根据变质作用类型的不同，可将变质岩分为5类：动力变质岩、接触变质岩、区域变质岩、混合岩和交代变质岩。常见的变质岩有 糜棱岩 、碎裂岩、 角岩 、板岩、 千枚岩 、 片岩 、 片麻岩 、 大理岩 、 石英岩 、角闪岩、片粒岩、榴辉岩、 混合岩 等。 Metamorphic rocks are the rocks that have undergone changes in mineralogy, texture, chemical composition, or all three, in main

26、ly solid states.Metamorphism（变质作用）is the endogenic process, indicating all the changes in mineral assemblage and rock texture, or both, that take place in rocks in the solid state within the Earths crust as a result of changes in temperature and pressure. “Meta” is an old Greek prefix that means “ch

27、ange”, while “morphe” indicates “form”. Thus “metamorphism” means that rocks changes forms.The controlling factors in metamorphism are temperature, pressure and chemically active fluids.Generation of Petroleuminorganic theory（无机说）: a theory of the creation of petroleum that states the elements of ca

28、rbon and hydrogen came together under great pressure under the earths surfaceorganic theory（有机说）: the prevailing theory of the origin of petroleum which states it was formed from plant and animal remains under great pressure under the earths surface millions of years ago 主要有无机成因和有机成因学说。多数学者认为石油主要是有机

29、成因的。 Kerogen（干酪根）. The solid, insoluble organic matter that occurs in source rocks which can yield oil and gas. This term (Greek: keros meaning wax- or oil-forming and the root-gen, meaning “that which produces”Kerogen I (algal sapropel), yields mainly oil upon thermal maturation（成熟期）. Kerogen II (w

30、axy sapropel) will yield both oil and gas upon thermal maturation. Kerogen III (vitrinite) mostly yields gas, Necessary conditions for the generation of petroleum Geological requirement Sediments are deposited along with organic matter at the rate that is rapid enough before the organic matter being

31、 destroyed by decay（腐烂）. Oxygen-free condition As the time goes more sediments cover above the organic matters and produce an oxygen free condition. organic matter-kerogenpetroleum Temperature the organic material is buried deeper and deeper and hence is exposed to higher temperatures and pressures.

32、 an average sedimentary basin, oil generation starts starts at 50 degree C, peaks at 90 degree C, and ends at 170 degree C. 1. Time: millions of years ago. (unrenewable resources)Usually Natural gas generated with oil or by it self.Natural gas is considered dry when it is almost pure methane, having

33、 had most of the other commonly associated hydrocarbons removed. When other hydrocarbons are present, the natural gas is wet.Wet gas contains methane, propane, butane besides methane (less than 90%)Wet gas is formed first. Dry gas mainly contains methane. (90% or above) (formed under higher temperat

34、ures. Natural gas has many uses, residentially, commercially, and industrially.一般来说，天然气中甲烷含量在90%以上的叫干气。甲烷含量低于90%，而乙烷、丙烷等烷烃的含量在10%以上的叫湿气。 A Methane molecule, CH4 LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)液化天然气（ LNG. A liquid composed chiefly of natural gas (i.e., mostly methane). LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)液化石油气

35、LPG. A mixture of heavier, gaseous, paraffinic hydrocarbons, principally butane and propane. 天然气是指蕴藏在地层内的可燃性气体，主要是低分子烷烃的混合物，可分为干气天然气和湿天然气两种。干气成分主要是甲烷，湿天然气除含大量甲烷外，还含有较多的乙烷、丙烷和丁烷等。液化天然气指通过高压改变其物理性态，即从气体变成液体，化学性质不变。液化石油气是指在炼油厂生产，特别是催化裂化、热裂化、焦化时所产生的气体，经压缩、分离而得到的混合烃，主要成分是丙烷、丙烯、丁烷、丁烯等。 Distinguishing of the two termsReview:Key wordshydrocarbons（烃）kerosene（煤油）gasoline（汽油）diesel oil（柴油）asphalt（沥青） bitumen， pitchphase （相）reservoirs（油藏）visc