语言学教程测试题及答案

1、Chapter1IntroductionstoLinguistics1. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. LanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanA.contactB.communicationC.relationD.community2. Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary？A.treeB.typewriterC.crashD.bang3. Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade

2、.”isA.interrogative(疑问)B.directiveC.informativeD.performative4. InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay碎碎“(岁岁)平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform？A.InterpersonalB.EmotiveC.PerformativeVD.Recrea

3、tional5. Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation？A.TransferabilityB.DualityC.DisplacementD.Arbitrariness6. Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitpla

4、yaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage？Aniceday,isn？titRight!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.PerformativeD.Interpersonal7. referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuserknowledgeoftherulessofhislanguageinutterances.A.PerformanceB.CompetenceC.LangueD.Parole8. Whenadogisbarking,youassumeiti

5、sbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldntbesorrowfulforsolomveelorstlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof.A.culturaltransmissionB.productivityC.displacementD.duality9. answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.A.PsycholinguisticslinguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD

6、.Appliedlinguistics10. dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.LinguistictheoryB.PracticallinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD.Comparativelinguistics11. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwa

7、yusedbythedeaf-muteisnot12. Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingand？13. Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunication？14. Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforall15. Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegenetically16.

8、Onlyhumanbeingsareableto17. F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchSwiss18. AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespearestimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyof19. Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhuman20. Allthelanguagesintheworldtod

9、ayhavebothspokenandwrittenIII.Fillintheblanks.(10%)21. Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof_verbal_communication.22. Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed_creativity.23. Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanu

10、selanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis_metalingualfunction.24. Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe_yo-he-hotheory.25. Linguisticsisthe_scientificstudyoflanguage.26. Modernlinguisticsis_descriptiveinthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlan

11、guageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.27. Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof_speechoverwriting.28. Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa_diachronic_linguisticstudy.29. Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts._languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemshare

12、dbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.30. LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussureslangueandChomskys_competence.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.DesignfeatureDesignfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunicatio

13、n.32.DisplacementDisplacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.33.CompetenceCompetence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeakersknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itsw

14、ords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.34. SynchroniclinguisticsSynchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestud

15、iedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.V.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeature

16、sofhumanlanguageCanyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature(南开大学，2004)Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements-forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumber

17、ofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotpro

18、duceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.36. Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage（北京第二外国语大学，2004）Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.VI.Analyzet

19、hefollowingsituation.（20%）37. Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific（青岛海洋大学，1999）Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis-collectdata-checkagainsttheobservablefacts-cometoaconclusion.I.15BACCC610BACA

20、CII.1115FFTFF1620FFFFFIII.21.verbal22. productivity/creativity23. metalingualfunction24.yo-he-ho25.scientific26.descriptive27. speech28.diachroniclinguistic29. petenceChapter2SpeechSounds1. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)2. Pitchvariationisknownaswhenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.A.intonati

21、onB.toneC.pronunciationD.voice3. Conventionallyaisputinslashes(/).A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonememorpheme4. Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpareofthepphoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemesD.allophones4.Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoaspharynx5.A.glottis声门B.vocalcavityC.D.

22、uvulaThediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownasdiphthongs.A.wideB.closingC.narrowD.6.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC.centeringAphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalledphones7.Which branch of phonetics concerns the productionofspeechD.allophonessounds？A. Acoustic phoneticsB

23、. ArticulatoryphoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8.WhichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulationA. nB. mC.D.p9.Whichvowel is different from the others accordingtothecharacteristicsofvowelsA. i:B. u C.e10.A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. GlottalD.iWhatkindofsoundscanwemakewhen

24、thevocalcordsarevibratingstopII.D.ConsonantDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordand12. Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquireth

25、equalityofaspeech13. Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferent14. pisavoicedbilabial15. Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeech16. Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutno

26、tallsyllablescontainanonsetanda17. Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestake18. Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.19. ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymost20. Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisacho

27、iceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheIII.Fillintheblanks.(20%)21. Consonantsoundscanbeeither_voicelessor_voiced,whileallvowelsoundsare_voiced.22. Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthe23.moutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing_fr

28、iction_.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe_tongueandthelips.24. Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe_heighttowhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.25. Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout_obstructio

29、n_.26. Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating_minimalpairs.27. InEnglishthereareanumberofdiphthongs,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.28. Coarticulationreferstothephen

30、omenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.29. _Phonemesisthesmallestlinguisticunit.30. Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe_airstreamcomingfromthelungs.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31. SoundassimilationSou

31、ndassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.32.Suprasegmental featu

32、reSuprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.33. ComplementarydistributionComplementarydistribu

33、tion:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.34. DistinctivefeaturesDistinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.

34、Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.V.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. Whatisacousticphonetics(中国人民大学，2003)Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminor

35、airdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.36. Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation(南开大学，2004)Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescr

36、ibedasvoiceless;consonantsp,s,tareproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.b,z,darevoicedconsonants.VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Write the symbol

37、 that corresponds to each of the followingphoneticdescriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voicedalveolar stop d dog.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)1999)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stoplow front vowellateral liquidvelar nasalvoiced interdental fricative答案 I.15ACDAA610 DBABBII.11

38、15TTTFF TTTFF III.162021. voiced, voiceless, voiced22. friction23. tongue height25.obstruction minimal pairs 27.diphthongs Co-articulation 29.Phonemes air stream8.30.Chapter3Lexicon1. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)2. Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas.A.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.fu

39、nctionwordsD.formwordscalled3. Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearemorpheme.C.A.inflectionalB.freeboundD.derivational4. Therearemorphemesintheword+nation+al+iz+ationC.A.threeB.fourfiveD.six4.infixes5.Ainfix6.existing wordsinsertion7.initialism8.back-formation9.disagreement10.allomorph

40、11.11.InEnglish-iseand-tionarecalled.A.prefixesB.suffixesD.stemsThethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffixD.back-formationisawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadybysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldA.affixationB.back-formationD.additionTheword

41、TBisformedinthewayof.A.acronymyB.clippingD.blendingThewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby.A.blendingB.clippingD.acronymyThestemofdisagreementsis.A.agreementB.agreeC.disagreeAllofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor.A.lexemeB.phonemeC.morphemeDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)C.C.word.C.C.

42、C.D.D.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.12.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.13. Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.14. Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereass

43、uffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.15. Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.16. Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.17. Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.18. Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumbero

44、fmorphemes.19. Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.20. Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)21. Anispronouncedletterbyletter,whileanispronouncedasaword.22. Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith.23. Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:and.24. All

45、wordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot.25. Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongtoclass,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongstoclass.26. isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.27. isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionale

46、ndingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.28. Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthelevel.29. Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda.30. Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintot

47、wotypes:andIV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-classword34. MorphologicalruleV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguageWhatarethey(厦门大学，2003)36. WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds？VI.Analyzethefol

48、lowingsituation.(20%)37. MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII(武汉大学，2004)II(1) acronyma.(2)morpheme(3)morpheme(4)morpheme(5) prefixe.Key:I.15AACBB610BCADBII.1115FTFTTFTFFFIII.21.initialism,acronymfoec.d.calculationb.UNESCOoverwhelmedfreesubconsciousderivationalinflectional16202

49、2.vocabulary23.solid,hyphenated,open24.morpheme25.close,26.openback-formation27.conversion28.morpheme29.derivative,compound30.affix,boundrootIV.31. Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotint

50、heirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)32. Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.33. Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.34. Morphol

51、ogicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,.-lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.V.Omit.VI.37.(1)c(2)a(3)e(4)d(5)bChapter4SyntaxI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Thesentencestructureis.A.onlylinearhierarchicalC.complexlinearandhierarchical2. Thesyntacticrulesofa

52、nylanguageareinnumber.A.largeB.smallfiniteD.infinite3. Therulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticcombinational4. Asentenceisconsideredwhenitdoesnotconformgrammati¬calknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.rightB.wronggrammaticalD.

53、ungrammatical5. Aintheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.B.onlyD.bothC.D.totheC.A.coordinatorB.particleprepositionD.subordinator6. Phrasestructureruleshaveproperties.A.recursiveB.grammaticalsocialD.functional7. PhrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstandA. how

54、wordsandphrasesformsentences.B. whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC. howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesC.C.D.alloftheabove.8. Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is.A.thecityB.RomeC.cityD.thecityRome9. Thephrase“ontheshelf”belongstoconstruction.A.endocentricB.exocentricC.subordin

55、ateD.coordinate10. Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.”isasentence.A.simpleB.coordinateC.compoundD.complex11. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.12. Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.13. Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheo