HNDFS个人及商业信贷

1、NO.1.ThePrinciplesofLendingPrinciplesofLendingisnspecialistmodulewithinanAppliedDiplomaprogrammeandisintendedfortudentworking,orintendingtowork,in，lendingrelatedrole.Thiscouldincludethosewithdirectresponsibilityfbrinteractionswithborrowingcustcmcr&,orinusupportorsecuritiesrole.y.Persona!AspectsC

2、haracterThecharacreroftheboiTcwerindicatestwothings:theabilitytopayversusthewillingnesstopay.Theabilityt(jpayreferstothebuirciwicr'sfinancialcredibilityt口pay.Agoodcharacterisonethathastheabilitytopayandawillingnesstopay.Thelendershouldcheckontheborrower'scharacter.Capital；、Capitarepresentsth

3、edegreeofcommitniefitandtheabilitytcsustain(hiscomniitmeiitduringbadtimes.AmountsandPtirchaseAtthefirststageofanyinternew,thelenderwillascertainth匕purposeandamountoftheadvance.Thereimybefiscalorgovenrmentdirectives,orstrategicreasonsthitstopalenderfromprovidingfinancelocertaincategoriesofborrower,or

4、lendingforcertainpurpuses.Thiswillconsistofancxaniinationof(heborrower'sincome,expendlure,assetsandHabtliiics.Thefallroughlyintothefollowingcategories: Assestpurchasethesearcnormallymediumtolong-termsituatilnssuchasthepurchaseofnewplantmachinerybyabusinessoracarorhousebypersonalborrowersBuy-outs

5、orBusinessstart-upmanyoftherequestsreceivedwillbefromindividualswishingtostartuptheirownbusinessorbuyintoanexistingone,LiquiditymaypeopleandbusinessesexperienceperiodswheretheyhaveashortfallinavailablecashRepaymentTherepaymentandinterestelementsoftheloanwillusuallybeclarifiedatanearlystageoftheloana

6、pplication.Forabusinesstherepaymentwillbecomingfromcashflow.Lenderslooktofutureincomeorearningstoprovidethesourceofrepayment,nottherealisationofsecurityTherearcseveralpossiblesourcesforrepaymen：ofloans.Inthepersonasectortheprimarysourcewillbethesalaryoftheborrower,orthesaleofassetssuchasshares.Safet

7、yThepropositionshouldbesolidandrepaymentshouldcomefromnormalsources.Nomatterhowattractiveandrealisticthepropositionmaybe,thereisalwaysariskthatwhatwasanticipateddoesnotmaterialise.TheultimateriskLobeguardedagainstintheborreowerbankruptand,shouldlheadvancebeformarcthantheunsupportedcreditjustifies,se

8、curityshouldbetaken.Agoodlenderneverlendsbecausesecurityisavaihbkwiththeloan.Securityistakenforloansbecauseeventhebestpropositionscanoccasionallygoawry.Themajorityofshortandmedium-termpersonalborrowingisunsecured.Thereareseveralneasonsforthis： Theinterestratesarehighandanylossescanberecoupedfromthei

9、nterestearnedfromthefoodloansTherisksofexternalfactorscausingnon-repaymentarefairlysmall.MostborrowingisfairlysmallvalueinrealmonetarytermsThegrowthofcreditscoringsystemshasreducedthenumberofbadloansPolicesarcavailablethatcoveraginiaccident,Sicknessandredundancy.Thesecanbeaddedtothevalueoftheloan,an

10、dprotectsagainstthedeathoftheborrower.Iftheborrowerdecidestotakeuptheseinsurancesthenthelonistechnicallyinsured.Thequestionofsecurityismoreimportantinbusinesslending.Theamountsareusuallyhigherandthemarginsfiner.ThereasonstbrbusinessfailuresarcmanitbldanddifficulttoquantifyandinsureagainstOnereasonfo

11、rtakingsecurityistotietheborrowerlothedebt.ExpediencyOccasionallydecisionsonlendingarcmadeThatdonotalwaysfollow"expectedpattern.Perhapstheborrower'sbodylanguageissuggestingthatheisnotbeingtotallytruthful.Converselyalendermightagreetoapprovealocinthatdocsnotlookgoodonpaper,orwhichhasbeenreje

12、ctedbyacomputerisedtredibscoringsystem.Occasionallyadecisiontolendwillbemakingeveniftheriskappearsgreat,becausenotleadingmighthavemoredamagingconsequences.RemunerationLendingis【hemostprofitablepartofabankandbuildingsociety'sbusiness.Thelenderprofttsiromloansthrough:Commissionitmaybepossibletogen

13、erateonoofTpaymentsviafacilityfees.CommissioncanbeearnedfromTheturnoverchargeonacurrentaccountofabusiness.Interestthemajorityoftheearningswillnormallycomefromtheinterestearnedontheoverdraftorloan7, SellingThesewilloftenbelifeinsuranceproductsthatcangenerateafeerelatedtothepemiuTnIfmostinstitutionsta

14、rgetemployee'srelationtothesellingofothernon-lendingproducts,NO.2BridingLoansSellingandbuyinghousesdocsnotilwaysgosmoothly,itjusttakesabreakinthechainforthesaleofyourexistinghomeTofallThrough.YouquicklyneedaBridgingLoantocompleteonyournewproperlypurchase;otherwiseyoucouldloseitifsomeoneelsemitke

15、sanoflcr.ABridgingLoanisashorttermmortgagewhichKsecuredbyyourproperty.Thislypeofloan铃imirilyavailable(orhousesalesandisusuallytakenouttosolveatemporarycashshortfallwhichcanhappenwhensellingandbuyingdiflerentpropertiesortopayforrenovations.TherearegenerallytwocategoriesofBridgingLoans:Closed-(hisiswh

16、enyouhaveexchangedcontractsonboth(hepropertyyouarcbuyingand(hepropertyyouareselling.Open-thisiswhenyouhavenotexchangedcontractson(hepropertyyouarcseeing.NO一31. (.rearing=Long-termInans/CapitalandR.ervesK100%2, CurrentratioCurrentAssets/CumcntLibiIities3, LiquidraticCurrcntassetskssstock/Currentliabi

17、litiesRcTumoncapitalcmploycd=PrificbeforetaxandinterestCapitalemployedCotofsale-lrasedCostofsalesStockSaleabasedTumobcrstocktumovtrStock4. DebtorRationDebt0r/Sales>.3655. CreditorR.alio=Cridhurs/Puruhn就日*365S.GrossProfit%=GmsaProfit/Sales100%9.NerProfit%=NorProfit/Salcs100%AnswertoP233Yearstodate

18、20032004Gcaring=Long-termloans/CapitalandReserves=22/123x10027,06%24/103句002472%InterestcovciOperationalCashFluw/InterestPaid=35/5=7times64/3x10021.3timesDebtorsRatioDebtors/Salesx365-32/210365=56days27/220x36545daysCreditorRation=22/130x36514/120x365Criditors/PurchajsestCostofGoodsSold）妇65=62days46

19、daysStockTurnoveiStock/Salesx365=35/210x365=61days；32/220*26556daysCurrentRaliocurrenlAssetS/'CnrrentLiabilities=67/631.56times64/183.55timesLiquidRationCurrentAssetslessStock/CurrentLlahili诡&=32/43-0.74times32/181.77timesGrossProfit%=GrossProfit/Salesx100%=KO/2lOxlOO%-58.1%=100?220100%454%N

20、etProfit%=NetProfit/Sales100%=50/210*100%=14.2B%61/220100%27,72%ROCE%=PrufilbeforeIukandinterest100%/Capitalemployed-35/123x100%=28.45%64103x100%62,14%NO.4KeyPersonInsuranceKeypersonirsumneei%aparticulartypecfliltinyurailvcpclicy出kenoutbyacompanyunoneoftheireniployiccs,inwhichthecompanyisthebeiKhcia

21、iyintheeaseofthatemployee'suntimelydemiSC-Keypersoninsuranceprovidescoveragainsttheillnessordeathoftheinsured-Thelevelocoverisdependentupon: Profillevelsbeforeandfiitureprofitprojections Thefinanciallossthatcanbeattributedtothekeyemployee Thecostsofreplacingthem.Covermaybecakdatedaccordingto: Ad

22、iversityofsalary,e.g.annualremunerationofthekeyemployeemultipliedbyafactoroffiveorten ProfilsTloss,e.g.theprotit,netofexpenditure,multipliedbyatactoroffive Theaveragelasttwoyears1grossprofits Thekeyemployee'sccniribuliontoprofitabilily.e.g.Keypmon'sremunerationAverageGrossProfitfor2yearsPers

23、onalandCommercialLending:Adcano:dUnitStudcnlGuideTotalSalaryBill*numberfbrecoveryearsKeypersoninsuranceisarelativelynewphenomenori,显hasattractedmuchpraiseandsencouragedhymanystrategicadvistirs.Mostlifeinsurancecompaniesofferatypeofkeypersonici&urHiHx,asithsbcumcmoreandmort!neccssar)rinthemodcnib

24、usinesswurfd.NOSRegisteredCompanySharesRegisteredCompanySharesarethemustcumrnunsharesofferedMsecurityfbrloans.IfthefthartholderdoesnotLiveashareccrtiScatcbutisamemberofCREST,orhasaCRESTaccountheldwithanothernominee,thenthesloektransferformwillberequiredtoallowtheCRESTaccountandintoaCRESTaccountheldb

25、ythelender'snominees.IftheshareholderoffersasharecertificatethenthesharesmustbetranskmidusingakirmalStockTransferFormcompletedbytheborrowerandrequestingtransJcrofthesharesim。thenameofthelender'snomineecompany.BritishGovernmentSecurities(Gilts)Thesearcalsoknownasgilts.TheBritishGovernmenthasn

26、everfailedtomakeinterestorprincipalpaymentsongillsaslhey电11due.TheprocedurefortakingsecurilyisidenticaltothatforordinaryregisteredcompanysharesthatarcissuedasCertificates.ThetransferformandcertificateissenttorheissuingRegistrartheDebtManagementOffice.TakingSecurityThemethodoftakingsecurityoverstocks

27、andsharesisdependentuponthetypeofstocksandsharesibeingoflcrcda?security.Theprocedurefollowed,however,isprettymuchthesameineachcase.1. ThestocksorsharesarcvaluedbyreferencetotheFinancialTimes,onlinewebftiicTorastockbroker.2, Thecertificate;isobtainedfromtheborrowerandinspectedtoconfirmownership3一Amar

28、ginofsecurityisdecided.4. Theborrowerisaskedtosignaletterofpledge.5. Anappropriutctransferform(ifrequired)iscompletedinfavourofthelender'snomineecompany.ThecertificateandiransltrformiswrittothecompanyregistrarviaLhenomineecompanyNO.6Whatarethesewarningsigns.Therearcmanypotentialwarningsignseonnu

29、ctcdwithbusinesslending.IftherearelotofwarningsignsidLscovcithentheyshouldcamfijlinvestigationisrequired.ThemerLitoringsinscantnanifestthemselvesftdiHerenlsourcescfinlbrmalionhforexample:t.Internalbankrecordsii. Visitstothebusincsfiansinijcrviewwiththeinanagemcntiii. Auditedaccountsiv. Managementaff

30、cunts.InternalbankrecordsTlicprobkinxwithLendingaboutintonialhankrecerdswouldheshowedfNIowing: Excessoverdraftrequestedbythebuxinewburrowcr. Thebusinessborrowermakesal.trtofunexpectedCi3hwithdrawalsItisusualIbr&businesstowritechequesIbrpaymentofgoodsandservices. AdditionaItendlugfaciHiiesrequest

31、edbythebusimessborrower；Theturneverantheaccountisincreasingunexpectedlythiscouldsuggestovertrading;Chequeshavetobeictimedbythelenderduetoinsufficientfundsinlhetnj$inc翡afcount;VisitstothebusinessandinterviewwiththemanagementVisitingthebusinesserurrarnginterviewswiththebusinessmanagementmayprovidealol

32、ofindicationsofproblems: Theremaybeafailuretomeetordersontime;Ifitishardtogainameetingwithdirectors,thisinaysuggestthatthebusinesshassomethingiohide;Itmayindicatefinancialproblemsasecondbusinessmaybeintroducedtosharethecostofpremises,ifthereisaiiothjcrbusinessiipcralingwithinthebusinesspremises. TtmaybepossibleloconfirmthequalityofthegoodsbeingpurchasedbythebusinessahusincKbuyinggoodsonLhechcpmaybebuyingptiorqiiality;Thelendercanconfirmthelevelofdiversificationwithinthebiisin