hull-construction

1、 A ship is something like a grand mansion floating on water and with anumber of “floor” called decks. Among them is the upper deck that is theupmost Continuous deck from bow to stern.船就像一座漂浮在水面上的宏伟的大厦，有许多称作甲板的楼层。其中最上船就像一座漂浮在水面上的宏伟的大厦，有许多称作甲板的楼层。其中最上层连续甲板从船头到船尾的称作是上甲板。层连续甲板从船头到船尾的称作是上甲板。 For the purp

2、ose of reasonable arrangement and full utilization of the insidespace, hull is not only cut into some tiers by different decks, but separated into various sorts of compartments, spaces and cabins as well by “walls” calledbulkheads.为合理布置为合理布置 及充分利用内部空间的目的，船体结构不仅由不同的甲板分隔及充分利用内部空间的目的，船体结构不仅由不同的甲板分隔成若干层

3、，而且分隔成不同的分隔舱，空间和舱室以及舱壁。成若干层，而且分隔成不同的分隔舱，空间和舱室以及舱壁。 分隔舱分隔舱空间空间舱室舱室舱壁舱壁宏伟的大厦宏伟的大厦船首到船尾船首到船尾Decks and Bulkheadsthe lower deck 下甲板下甲板 another continuous deck under upper deckthe upper deck 上甲板上甲板compass deck 罗经甲板罗经甲板navigation deck 驾驶甲板驾驶甲板boat deck 艇甲板艇甲板accommodation deck 居住甲板居住甲板注：布置，安装注：布置，安装 Arrang

4、e situate fix locate Fig.1 2. Hull constructions In virtue of the characteristics of hull constructions, the construction abovethe upper deck is usually called superstructure while that under the upper deck isdefined as main hull.由于船体结构的特征，上甲板以上的结构通常成为上层建筑由于船体结构的特征，上甲板以上的结构通常成为上层建筑而上甲板以下的则被定义为主船体而上甲

5、板以下的则被定义为主船体 Main hull, by its different positions, will be separatedinto bow section, midship section and stern section. As usual, each section consists of bottom, side, deck and bulkhead and so on.主船体，主船体，根据不同的位置可分为首部，根据不同的位置可分为首部，船中部及尾部，通常每个部位包含底部，边部，甲板和舱壁等等。船中部及尾部，通常每个部位包含底部，边部，甲板和舱壁等等。 由于，凭借由于，

6、凭借的力量的力量然而然而定义定义2. Hull constructions 2.1 shell structure 外板结构 One of the basic structures in hull construction is the shell structure which ensures vessel floatability. 船体结构中有一个基本结构是外板结构，外板结构用来保证船舶的浮动性 subjected to different external forces, suchas the total longitudinal bend, water pressure, wave

7、impact, squeeze of blocks of ice, etc.keel plate 平板龙骨 bottom plate 船底板bilge plate 舭列板 side plate 舷侧列板 top side plate 舷顶列板 外力外力挤压挤压总纵弯曲总纵弯曲浮动性浮动性2. Hull constructions 2.1 shell structure Shell plating stands external forces of different magnitude in the light of its various situations. Accordingly, t

8、he thickness of plates will vary with the force to be subjected and theres no doubt that, at some key zones, local strengthening is inevitable.外板根据其不同的状态承受不同强度的外力，因此，板厚也随着应力而变化，外板根据其不同的状态承受不同强度的外力，因此，板厚也随着应力而变化，毫无疑问的是一些关键区域局部加强是不可避免的。毫无疑问的是一些关键区域局部加强是不可避免的。 As a result of its huge area the shell pla

9、ting is composed of many strakes or plates arranged in a fore and aft direction and welded together. The horizontal welds are termed seams and the vertical welds are termed butts. 由于外板的面积很大，所以它由许多首尾方向布置并焊接在一起的列板所组由于外板的面积很大，所以它由许多首尾方向布置并焊接在一起的列板所组成。水平的焊缝称为成。水平的焊缝称为“纵接缝纵接缝”，垂直的焊缝称为，垂直的焊缝称为“端接缝端接缝”。根据根

10、据强度强度板厚板厚局部加强局部加强2. Hull constructions 2.1 shell structure Some tapering off of shell plate thickness towards the ends of the ship is usual, since the bending moments are reduced in this region. 板厚朝向船体的端部通常逐渐减小，因为在端部船舶的弯矩有所降低。板厚朝向船体的端部通常逐渐减小，因为在端部船舶的弯矩有所降低。 The strake of side plating nearest to the

11、deck is known as the sheerstrake. The sheerstrake is increased in thickness or a high tensile steel is used. This is because the section of plating is furthest from the neutral axis and subject to the greatest bending stress. 靠近甲板的舷侧列板叫做靠近甲板的舷侧列板叫做“舷顶列板舷顶列板”。舷顶列板的厚度需要增加或采用高。舷顶列板的厚度需要增加或采用高强度钢。这是因为这个

12、区域的列板距离中和轴最远，承受的弯曲应力最大。强度钢。这是因为这个区域的列板距离中和轴最远，承受的弯曲应力最大。逐渐减少逐渐减少2. Hull constructions 2.2 framing system 肋板系统肋板系统 Basically, there are two board systems of framingthe transverse andlongitudinal systems.基本上肋骨有两个基本上肋骨有两个系统，横向和纵向系统，横向和纵向 In the transverse system of framing, the closely spaced frames ru

13、n transversely inside the shell. These transverse frames are further supported by widely space longitudinal members.在肋骨的横向系统在肋骨的横向系统中，密集的肋骨部件在外板内横向运行，这些中，密集的肋骨部件在外板内横向运行，这些横向部件由拥有广泛空间的纵向部件支持。横向部件由拥有广泛空间的纵向部件支持。 2. Hull constructions Fig.5 hulls main member2. Hull constructions 2.3 Bottom structure 底

14、部结构底部结构 Ship bottom will normally be in two different patterns, single bottom anddouble bottom. 船底部通常分为两块，单层底和双层底船底部通常分为两块，单层底和双层底 double bottom Central stringer 中底桁中底桁side girder 旁底桁旁底桁Floor plates 肋板肋板Inner bottom longitudinal 内底纵骨内底纵骨 Outer bottom longitudinal 船底纵骨船底纵骨2. Hull constructions Fig.6

15、longitudinal framed double bottom Fig.7 transversely framed double bottom 2. Hull constructions At right-angles to the flat plate keel, running along the ships centerline from the fore peak to the aft peak bulkhead, is a watertight longitudinal division known as the centre girder or vertical keel. 与

16、平板龙骨垂直，沿着船体中线从首尖舱至尾尖舱壁的一个水密的纵向分隔，与平板龙骨垂直，沿着船体中线从首尖舱至尾尖舱壁的一个水密的纵向分隔，称之为中底桁或垂直龙骨。称之为中底桁或垂直龙骨。 Where a double-bottom construction is employed, the centerline strake of tank top plating results in the formation of an I I-section keel. 采用双层底结构时，内底板上的中心列板（与中底桁）使整体结构呈采用双层底结构时，内底板上的中心列板（与中底桁）使整体结构呈“工工”型剖面的龙

17、骨结构。型剖面的龙骨结构。 Side girders are longitudinal member situated at the both sides of the centerlineof bottom, their number depending on the width of the ship. These side girders are broken either side of the floors and are therefore termed intercostal girders. 旁底桁纵向布置在中心线两侧，数量取决于船宽。旁底桁在肋板的两侧是间旁底桁纵向布置在中心

18、线两侧，数量取决于船宽。旁底桁在肋板的两侧是间断的，因此称为间断式纵桁。断的，因此称为间断式纵桁。 2. Hull constructions The double bottom may have a sloping margin leading to the bilge radiused plating or a continuous double bottom extending to the side shell. 双层底与舭部圆弧板连接处可以设置倾斜边板，或者一直延伸到舷侧外板。双层底与舭部圆弧板连接处可以设置倾斜边板，或者一直延伸到舷侧外板。 The sloping margin c

19、onstruction requires the use of margin plates to connectup with the side framing and provides a collecting bay or well for bilge water . 倾斜边板结构需要使用边板与舷侧结构相连，形成舭部污水井。倾斜边板结构需要使用边板与舷侧结构相连，形成舭部污水井。 The continuous tank top or flat margin must have bilge water collecting points or drain hats fitted into i

20、t. The flat margin is connected to the side framing by a flanged bracket. 连续的内底板或平板边板必须在舭部设置收集污水的污水井装置。平板边板连续的内底板或平板边板必须在舭部设置收集污水的污水井装置。平板边板必须通过折边肘板与舷侧结构相连。必须通过折边肘板与舷侧结构相连。2. Hull constructions The structure is made up of vertical floors which may be watertight, solid or of bracket construction. The

21、 floor structure is continuous from the center girder to the side shell and supports the inner bottom shell. 垂直肋板的结构可以分为水密结构，实肋板结构，框架结构。肋板结构从中垂直肋板的结构可以分为水密结构，实肋板结构，框架结构。肋板结构从中底桁到舷侧外板是连续的用来支撑内底板。底桁到舷侧外板是连续的用来支撑内底板。 Watertight or oiltight floors are fitted beneath the main bulkheads and are also used

22、to subdivide the double-bottom space into tanks for various liquids. 水密或油密肋板设置在主舱壁之下，并且把双层底舱分为各种液货舱。水密或油密肋板设置在主舱壁之下，并且把双层底舱分为各种液货舱。 Solid plate floors of non-watertight construction, usually lightened by manholes, are positioned in other places as required to stiffen the structure. 非水密的实肋板结构由人孔减轻，布置

23、在需要对结构进行加强的部位。非水密的实肋板结构由人孔减轻，布置在需要对结构进行加强的部位。 Between solid plate floors ,bracket floors are fitted which consists of bracketPlates and bulb plate stiffeners running between.肘板肘板球扁钢加强筋球扁钢加强筋2. Hull constructions The construction of the single bottom in smaller ships is similar to double bottom const

24、ruction but without the inner skin of plating. The upper edge of all plate floors must therefore be stiffened to improve their rigidity. 小船的单层底结构与双层底结构相似，但不具备内底板。因此，所有的肋板小船的单层底结构与双层底结构相似，但不具备内底板。因此，所有的肋板顶端都要加强从而提高肋板的顶端都要加强从而提高肋板的刚性刚性。2. Hull constructions 2.4 Side structure The side structure port a

25、nd starboard are two side walls of hull symmetrical to each other. The side structure are subdivided into two modelsi.e. the transversal framing and the longitudinal framing. 1-margin bracket 2-main frame 3-beam knee4-beam 5-tweendeck frame 6-web beam7-web frame 8-side girder Fig.8 Side Structure 2.

26、 Hull constructions 2.4 Side structure 边部结构边部结构1-platform 2-web beam 3-side longitudinal4-stiffener 5-web beam 6-side girder7-inner bottom Fig.9 longitudinal framed side structure2. Hull constructions 2.5 deck structure The side structure are subdivided into two models, i.e. the transversal framing

27、and the longitudinal framing. Deck structure is made up of deck plates beams, deck longitudinal, deck girders, hatch trunks, pillars and other members. two technical terms: camber, sheer . The deck plating is made up of longitudinal strakes of plating across its width. 甲板由通过船宽的纵向列板组成。甲板由通过船宽的纵向列板组成。

28、 stringer plates refer to the plates or strakes nearest to the deck edges. 2. Hull constructions 2.5 deck structure1-piller 2-tripping bracket 3-hatch end beam4-round bar 5-lower deck 6-hatch side girder7-bracket 8-half beam9-main frame 10-beam knee11-deck girder 12-beam Fig.10 transversal framed de

29、ck structure 2. Hull constructions 2.5 deck structure Deck beams are fitted across the width of the ship and are joined to the side frames by brackets known as beam knees. 甲板横梁横穿整个船宽，通过梁肘板与舷边肋骨相连。甲板横梁横穿整个船宽，通过梁肘板与舷边肋骨相连。 Deck beams are usually bulb plate. 甲板横梁通常采用球扁钢。甲板横梁通常采用球扁钢。 Continuous longitud

30、inal girders are fitted on the ships which run alongside the hatchways and the beams are bracketed to these girders. 连续纵桁沿着舱口布置，横梁和纵桁用肘板相连。连续纵桁沿着舱口布置，横梁和纵桁用肘板相连。 The beams are likewise broken and bracketed to the longitudinal girders in way of the engine casing. A beam broken in this manner is known

31、 as a half-beam. 机舱棚处的横梁同样是断开的，并且与纵桁用肘板相连。以这种方式断开机舱棚处的横梁同样是断开的，并且与纵桁用肘板相连。以这种方式断开的横梁叫做的横梁叫做“半横梁半横梁”。2. Hull constructions 2.5 deck structure1-piller 2-hatch end beam 3-hatch side girder4-hatch coaming5-upper deck 6-round bar 7- tripping bracket 8- bracket 9-stiffener10-deck longitudinal11-web beam 1

32、2-main frame13-stiffener 14- bracket15-deck girder 16-beam Fig.11 longitudinal framed deck structure 2. Hull constructions 2.5 deck structure Deck transverse support the longitudinally framed deck. These are deep platewebs with a facing flat or a flanged edge. They are bracketed to the side framesby

33、 beam knees. Small tripping brackets are fitted between alternate longitudinalsand transverse. deck girders exist in a number of forms, depending upon their location. A flanged girder with tripping brackets will often be used as part of a hatch coaming.Such a flanged girder is referred to as unsymme

34、trical and must have tripping brackets fitted at alternate frame spaces. The symmetrical girder is often used,particularly as centerline girder. Bracket join the girder to the deck beams andAre fitted at every fourth frame space. At hatch corners these girders must beAdditionally supported either by

35、 pillars or transverse girders. 2. Hull constructions 2.5 deck structure Where the deck is pierced by hatches, special coamings or surrounds to the openings must be provided. These large openings require special compensation to offset their effect on the structural strength of the ship. 舱口穿过甲板时，要在舱口

36、周围设置专门的舱口围板或挡板。这些大的舱舱口穿过甲板时，要在舱口周围设置专门的舱口围板或挡板。这些大的舱口需要在结构上进行特殊的补偿。口需要在结构上进行特殊的补偿。2. Hull constructions 2.6 bulkhead structure1-bulkhead plate 2-vertical stiffener 3-vertical girder4-longitudinal bulkhead5-side girder6-bottom plate7-longitudinal bulkhead 8-side plate 9-horizontal girder Fig.12 bulkhead structure 2. Hull constructions 2.6 bulkhead structure Bulkhead structure may assume the forms of plain plate with stiffeners or corrugated plate. longitudinal bulkhead transversal bulkhead2. Hull constructi