外研版初二英语语法

1、八年级语法复习一.情态动词的推测用法1. Must表示推测时，语气最强，译为“肯定”、“准是”通常用于肯定句中。 You must be tired after a whole days work.2.Can表示推测时意为”可能”，用于否定与疑问句中，cant 表示“不可能” That cant be Tom.He was at home. Can it be Mr Wang?No,it cant be him.3.Could 表示推测时，意为“可能”用于肯定，否定，疑问，表示某事有可能发生。 This book could be Toms.二、英语情态动词的特殊用法1. will与would

2、：表示意愿will 表示现在的意愿，would表示过去的意愿。 Go where you will 2. may是情态动词, 可以表达愿望、祝愿时,一般这样表达：May +主语+谓语动词+其他！ May you both be happy! 三、used to用法详解1、主语used to动词原形 过去常常做某事I used to go to the cinema, but I never have time now. used to的否定句结构A)主语did not use to动词原形 B)主语used not to动词原形第一种否定句型，就是把used当做实义动词来看，所以变否定句要用助

3、动词did；第二种否定句是把used当做情态动词，变否定句直接在used后面加not即可，used not可以缩写成usednt或usent。美式英语通常用A种形式，英式英语常用B种形式。例如：2、be used to 意为“习惯于”，其中的 to 是介词，所以其后要接名词或动名词（不能接动词原形）；若要强调从不习惯到习惯的过程，He is used to looking after himself. 他已习惯于自己照顾自己。四英语中重要的原则英文句子中至少有一个动词，用来作谓语。如： 我很高兴-误：I very happy.正：I am very happy. 她最喜欢熊猫.-误：She f

4、avorite pandas.(favorite不是动词) 正：She likes pandas best/Her favorite is pandas.同一个句子中不能同时用be动词和行为动词。 误：I am at six get up. 正：I get up at six. 误：Are you want to go for a picnic?(Are改为Do)句子中的单数名词前要带冠词，或用复数名词来表示类别。 误：orange is orange. 正：An orange is orange/ Oranges are orange. 误：He is doctor.(他是医生) 正：He

5、is a doctor.限定词的唯一原则限定词是指(1)冠词（定冠词，不定冠词）、(2)形容词性物主代词、(3)指示代词、(4)名词所有格、(5)量词(some, any, no,many , much等)，这五类词只能用一个修饰同一个名词。如：我的一本书- 误：my a book 正：my book吉姆的这个风筝-误：Jims this/the kite正：Jims kite英文句子结构顺序 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+地点+时间五五现在完成时讲解1 基本结构：助动词基本结构：助动词have/has+过去分过去分(done) 2句型：句型：否定句：主语否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分

6、词过去分词+其他其他.一般疑问句：一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语主语+过去分词过去分词+其他？其他？ 简略答语简略答语: Yes, 主语主语 + have/has.(肯定肯定) No, 主语主语 + havent/hasnt.(否定否定)特殊问句：特殊问句：Wh-+一般疑问句？一般疑问句？3.过去分词 1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。 (+ed) 2、不规则动词：be-was/were-been do-did-done go-went-gone get-got-gotten give- gave -given read-read-read wr

7、ite -wrote -written 4用法用法（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果对现在造成的影响或结果I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是含义是:现在我没有钱花了现在我没有钱花了.) My father has gone to work.(含义是含义是:我爸爸现我爸爸现在不在这儿在不在这儿) （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻刻,持续到现在的动作持续到现在的动作,还有可能继续持续下去。还有可能继续持续下去。 Mary h

8、as been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 5.完成时的标志* 以already, just和yet为标志 He has already got her help.他已得到她的帮助。 He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影。 He hasnt come back yet.他还没有回来。*以ever和never为标志This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过

9、北京。 * for+时段 since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志 I have lived here since 1998. 8Have got 句型1.表示有，拥有单三是hasShe has got a book.2.可以与主语进行缩写，如：I have got =Ive gotShe has got =shes got3.否定用：havent got ,hasnt gotShe hasnt got any friends.They havent got any books.4.一般疑问句：把have/has提前Have you got any pen pals?Yes ,I hav

10、e.Has she got any pens?No,she hasnt.5.与there be 句型的区分Have got 指某人有某物，强调的是“人有”，而there be 句型强调的是某地有某物，强调的是“存在”，着重在某地上We have got a computer room.There is a computer room next to our classroom.6.对have got 句型的提问（1）What 对物提问I have got some eggs. What have you got? (2) how many对数量提问She has got three birds

11、. How many birds has she got?7.some肯，any否疑问9.Some 与any1.Some肯，any否疑There are some students in the room.-There arent any students in the room.2.Some 的肯定请求用法(希望对方答应自己的要求)(1).Would like句型Would you like some coffee? Yes ,please.(2).What about句型What about some milk? Sure ,thank you.(3).其他表示请求的句子Can you p

12、ass me some eggs? OK.10、一般现在时1. 表示现阶段经常性习惯性的动作或行为。 构成：主语+动词+其他 （动词：be动词与实义动词）2. 句型：肯定句（单三变化：直接+s;以s,x,sh,ch,o结尾的加es;以辅音加y结尾的变y为i+es;特变：have-has） She goes to school at 7:00. 否定句：dont/doesnt+动原 She doesnt go to school at 7:00. 一般疑问句：Do/Does ? Does she go to school at 7:00?3.标志词：always, usually, often,

13、 sometimes, never 等频率副词。 (实前BE后) I always get up at 7:00.4.特问(1.)What(2.)What time/When (3.)How(4.)Where 11.时间的表达(1) 直读式，即直接读出时间数字 7: 05 seven five 8:16 eight sixteen (2) 过、差式，即几点差几分，几点过几分（以30分为分界线） 半点：half past 5:30 half past five 小于30分：分钟+past +小时 5:05 five past five 大于30分：(60-分钟) + to +(小时+1) 7:5

14、5 five to eight(3) 15分可用a quarter past 4:15 a quarter past four 45分可用a quarter to 4:45 a quarter to five (4) 12小时制 24小时制 6:00 a.m. 上午6点 8:20 p.m. 下午8点20分 13:00 13点钟 22:15 22点15分 (5)时间前通常用at. at 5 oclock at 7:30 p.m.13特殊疑问句 以疑问词开头的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有：what who whose where how why等。回答特殊疑问句时，不能用yes/no，要问什

15、么答什么。 特殊疑问句的结构：疑问词一般疑问句？对划线部分提问就是把句子改为特殊疑问句。方法如下：把划线部分替换成相应的疑问词，放在句首；把没划线部分改为一般疑问句，放在疑问词后。提示：划线部分在句首时，只需第步，没划线的词照抄。如： Maria goes shopping with Miss Wang.-Who goes shopping with Miss Wang?1、目前所学的动词的形式有4 种： 动词原形；如：do;have;like动词的三单式（常在动词原形后加s）；如：get-gets动词不定式（to+动词原形）；如：meet-to meet动词ing式（动词原形后加ing）如：

16、look-looking2、表示征求意见或建议邀请的礼貌用语Would you like +to+动词原形? （你想要吗？）How about+动词ing ?（怎么样？好不好？）What about +动词ing? （怎么样？好不好？）Why not +动词原形? （为什么不呢？）Why dont you +动词原形 ？（你为什么不呢？）Lets +动词原形.（让我们吧。） 表示同意、答应：Yes,Id like to./Oh,Id love to. All right/OK.Great!Sure.Good idea!Thanks.Ill be glad to Thanks.That woul

17、d be very nice.Id like that.表示不同意、拒绝：No,thanks.Sorry,I cant.Id like to.But Im afraid I cant/I have no time.3、目前学过的情态动词有can, may,could,would和will等五个学好情态动词必须把握三个用法：后必须跟动词原形 ；没有三单式（其后不能加s）；可以把情态动词提到句首构成疑问句；可以在情态动词后面加上not构成否定句。4、目前学过的后跟动词不定式（to+动词原形）的有：would like to+动词原形（想要做某事）; want to+动词原形（想要做某事）;forg

18、et to+动词原形（忘记要做某事）; like to +动词原形（喜欢做某事）; love to +动词原形（喜欢做某事）ask sb. to +动词原形.（请/叫某人做某事）tell sb. to +动词原形.（告诉/叫某人做某事）would like sb. to +动词原形.（想叫某人做某事）want sb. to +动词原形.（想叫某人做某事）have to +动词原形（必须/不得不做某事）Nice/Glad/happy to +动词原形（很高兴做某事） 如：Nice to meet you. Im glad to be here.Its time to +动词原形（是做某事的时候了

19、） Its very kind/nice of you to help me.英语的一些重要原则英文句子中至少有一个动词，用来作谓语。如： 我很高兴-误：I very happy.正：I am very happy. 她最喜欢熊猫.-误：She favorite pandas.(favorite不是动词)正：She likes pandas best/Her favorite is pandas.同一个句子中不能同时用be动词和行为动词。 误：I am at six get up. 正：I am get up at six. 误：Are you want to go for a picnic?

20、(Are改为Do)句子中的单数名词前要带冠词，或用复数名词来表示类别。 误：orange is orange. 正：An orange is orange/ Oranges are orange. 误：He is doctor.(他是医生) 正：He is a doctor.限定词的唯一原则限定词是指(1)冠词（定冠词，不定冠词）、(2)形容词性物主代词、(3)指示代词、(4)名词所有格、(5)量词(some, any, no,many , much等)，这五类词只能用一个修饰同一个名词。如：我的一本书- 误：my a book 正：my book吉姆的这个风筝-误：Jims this/the

21、 kite正：Jims kiteyour the bike the some animals that a bus形容词放在名词前的顺序数量+大小形状+新旧+颜色+地方出处+名词。 my small yellow desk 我的小黄桌an old brown English house 一座旧的棕色的英式房子英文句子结构顺序 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+小时间+大时间+小地点+大地点。Kangkang finds Baby monkey at eleven this morning in the zoo in Beijing.主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 +小时间+大时间 + 小地点 + 大地点一般现在

22、时 1. 构成：主语+动词+其他 2. 标志词：always, usually, often, sometimes, never, 等频率副词。 3. 否定句：1)当动词是 be, can, may, must, should等在其后加not Eg. I cant play football. 2)当是实义动词时加助动词dont/doesnt后跟动词原形 Eg. I dont like football. She doesnt like football. 4. 疑问句：1)当动词是 be, can, may, must, should等将其提前 Eg. Can you swim? 2)当是实

23、义动词时将助动词do/does 放在前面，后跟主语和动词原形。 Eg. Does she like football 5. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 现在进行时 1. 构成：主语+be+doing+其他 2. 动词动词-ing变化规律： 1）一般情况下直接加-ing, eg. Working 2）以不发音e结尾的去e加-ing, eg. Taking 3）以辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写末尾辅音字母加-ing, eg. Stopping 4）特殊变化, lielying 3. 标志词：look, listen, now, at the moment, its oc

24、lock 4. 否定句：be动词后加not Eg. She is not listening to music. 5. 疑问句：将be动词提前 Eg . Is she listening to music? 6. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句三一般将来时 1. 构成：主语+be going to/will+动词原形 2. 标志词：tomorrow, next day/month/year 等表示将来的时间 3. 否定句：be动词后加not；will后加not Eg. He is not going to have a piano lesson this weekend. He will

25、not have a piano lesson this weekend. 4. 疑问句：将be动词提前；将will提前 Eg. Is he going to have a piano lesson this weekend? Will he going to have a piano lesson this weekend? 5. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 四一般过去时 1. 构成：主语+动词过去时+其他 2. 标志：yesterday, just now, ago, this morning, when I was young,last等 3. 动词动词过去式变化规律： 1）一般

26、动词结尾加-ed, eg. Walk-walked 2）以字母e结尾的动词加- d, eg. Live-lived 3）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i加-ed, eg. Hurryhurried 4）以辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写末尾辅音字母加-ed, eg. Stop stopped 4. 否定句：1）动词be过去式后直接加not Eg. I was not in Chengdu last year.2) 当是实义动词时，加助动词didnt后跟动词原形 Eg. I didnt telephone my parents yesterday. 5. 疑问句：1) 动词be过去

27、式提前 Eg. Were you in Chengdu last year? 2) 当是实义动词时将助动词did 放在前面，后跟主语和动词原形 Eg. Did you telephone my parents yesterday? 6. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 用正确的动词形式填空。 1.The children are _ (run) there now. 2.-I _ up at half past six this morning. (get ) My father always _(come) back from work very late. 3.My mother _

28、a lot of fruit yesterday afternoon . (buy) 4.Listen! Who_ (sing) in the music room? Oh. Mary _(sing) there. 5.They _ a meeting yesterday. ( not have) 6.- _ you _ ( have) any color pens? -Sorry, I dont have any. 7.She likes eggs, but she _ (not like) bread. 8.My mother _ (tell) me a story every night

29、. 9.- How much meat _ you _ (want) ? - A kilo, please. 10.Someone _ (be) in the next room. runninggotcomesbought is singing is singingdidnt haveDohavedoesnt liketellsdo wantis 11.There _ (be) a pen and two erasers in the pencil- box. 12.You must _ (get) here at two this afternoon. 13.The twins _ thi

30、rteen two years ago. (be) 14.The teacher is busy. He only _ (sleep) five hours a day. 15.Look! The bus _ (come). 16.She _ (go) to school from Monday to Friday. 17.What _ he _ (like)? 18.He _ (teach) English in a middle school. 19.She always _ (do) your homework well. 20.-What _ she _ (do)? -She _ (c

31、lean) her room now.isgetweresleepsis cominggoesdoesliketeachesdoesisdoingis cleaning 形容词 （1） 在句子中做定语，一般放在名词之前。但是当形容词修饰something, somebody, anything, anybody, nothing, nobody时，要放于其后。 Eg. I have an interesting book. There is nothing serious. (2) 作表语，放在系动词之后。 Eg. This kind of dress is expensive. (3) 以a

32、-开头的形容词，一般在句子中只能作表语。 Eg. Keep quiet! My baby is asleep in the room. (4) 作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后。 Eg. The good news makes us very happy. 副词 副词在句子中主要做状语，可以修饰动词、形容词、副词。修饰动词时，一般放在行为动词之后；修饰形容词时，一般放在形容词之前；表示时间、地点的副词一般放在句末或句首；频度副词一般放在行为动词之前。 Eg. I cant hear you clearly.3. 比较级用法（1） 可以单独使用 eg. I hope to do better in E

33、nglish. （2） 和than一起用 eg. Zhang Jun is stronger than Lin Tao（3） 其他几种用法 a. 两者比较，哪一个更怎么样？ Who/Which + be+比较级， A or B? Eg. Who did better, Lucy or Lily? b. 用比较级形式表达最高级意义 比较级+than any other+n.+比较级范围（in/of） =比较级+than any of the others+ in/of =比较级+than the other+n.+in/of(在同一范围内比较) 比较级+than any + n.+ in/of(

34、在两个不同范围内比较 ) Eg. Kate is more careful than any other girl in our class Shanghai is bigger than any city in Shangdong Province. c. 越来越怎么样？“比较级+and+比较级” Eg. Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. d. 有范围的两者之间的比较用“the+形容词比较级+of the two” Eg. My mother is the busier of the two e. 用来修饰比较级的副词有：much/

35、 far/ lots/ a lot; a litter; even;still等 4. 最高级用法 用来对三个或三个以上的人或事物进行比较，形容词的最高级前必须加定冠词the,副词前的the可以省略。 a. 最高级+范围 Eg. Changjian is the longest river in China. b. 主语+be+one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数+比较级范围（of/in短语），表示“最的之一”。 Eg. Yang Liwei is one of the most famous heroes in China. c. 主语+be+the+序数词+形容词最高级+单数名词+

36、比较范围，表示“是的第几”。 Eg. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 注：有些比较级与最高级之间的句子可以转换。fewer fewestless leastworse worst深的 further furthest远的 farther farthestbetter bestmore mostheavilyhappilynicelycarefullyeasilyangrilyslowlyquicklywellhardbadlyhealthily 三、用所给词的恰当形式填空。 1.Which is _ _ _ _ (b

37、ig) ,the sun, the moon or the earth? 2.Which is _ _ _ (beautiful),the black coat or the blue one? 3.This mooncake is _ _ _ _ (cheap) of all. 4.He is _ _ _ _ (strong) in the class. 5.Maths is _ _ _ _ _ ( difficult) of the two subjects. 6. My sister is two years _ (old ) than I. 7. Marys parents have

38、four daughters, and she is the _ (young) child. 8. Dick can sing _ (well), and she sings _(well) than John, but Mary sings _(well) in her class. 9. She will be much _ (happy) in her mew house. 10. His handwriting is _ than yours. (bad)the biggestmore beautifulthe cheapest the strongestmore difficult

39、olderyoungestwellbetterbesthappierworse四、选择正确的答案 。 1.Which does Jimmy like _, Chinese , English or art? A. well B. best C. better D. much 2. The Changjiang River is one of _ in the world. A. the longest river B. The more longer C. the longest rivers D. longer river 3. The pen is _ than that one. A. m