高考英语复习 读写任务 主题句与扩展据

1、读写任务读写任务如何写好主题句与扩展句如何写好主题句与扩展句【写作内容】1.以约30个词概括上文的主要内容。2.以约以约120120个词讲述一次你（或你的朋个词讲述一次你（或你的朋友）想家的经历，友）想家的经历，内容包括：(1) 时间、地点和起因；(2) 想家给学习和生活带来的影响；(3) 你（或你的朋友）是如何应对的。2011 NMET 广东卷广东卷 读写任务读写任务I also have similar experience of feeling homesick. The school I attend is a boarding school. When I got there the

2、 first day three years ago, I was told that we would have a military drill for a week. It was my first time to live all by myself, so I was scared. The military drill was terrible and several times I thought I would pass out in the sun. I felt terrible, cried in bed every evening, and missed my fami

3、ly very much.读以下文段，并找出本段的主题句。读以下文段，并找出本段的主题句。请根据以下扩展句写出本段的主题句。请根据以下扩展句写出本段的主题句。As I felt terrible, I was low in mood. I didnt feel like eating, and as a result, I felt ill. What was worse, my classmates all thought that I was spoiled and strange and few would talk to me.The homesickness did affect m

4、y life. 主题句主题句也称为中心句，是对文段主题的概括性陈述。 扩展句扩展句是对主题句的延伸或证明，需围绕主题句展开，对主题句起到支撑的作用。主题句I also have similar experience of feeling homesick like Tom. 导向作用制约作用本段以讲述“experience”为主。这些experience需与homesick相关，且与Tom的经历相似。 主题句的导向作用导向（control） 规定段落的发展脉络 主题句的制约作用制约（limit） 限制主题的覆盖范围Smoking is harmful to peoples health. Ex

5、periments show that tobacco contains some dangerous chemical substances that might lead easily to heart disease, cancer and other to diseases. Every year, there are about 4 million people who die from diseases caused by smoking. Besides, since secondhand smoke will also threaten peoples health, smok

6、ing is dangerous not only for the smokers but also for other people.找出主题句并分析其导向与制约作用。找出主题句并分析其导向与制约作用。Different countries and different races have different manners. Before entering a house in Japan, it is a good manner to take off your shoes. In European countries even though shoes sometimes become

7、 very muddy, this is not done. A guest in a Chinese house never finishes a drink. He leaves a little to show that he has had enough. In a Malaysian house, too, a guest leaves a little food. In England, a guest always finishes a drink to show that he has enjoyed it. It seems that manners in different

8、 countries are never the same.以下各段缺少主题句，请补充完整。以下各段缺少主题句，请补充完整。1）v2) _. For example teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is very difficult to

9、calculate the true value of services which people perform for us. The conditions of society are such that sills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at shop. Everyone has something to sell. Everyone lives by selling something.v3) _. _ Before entering a house in Japan, it is a

10、good manner to take off your shoes. In European countries even though shoes sometimes become very muddy, this is not done. A guest in a Chinese house never finishes a drink. He leaves a little to show that he has had enough. In a Malaysian house, too, a guest leaves a little food. In England, a gues

11、t always finishes a drink to show that he has enjoyed it. It seems that manners in different countries are never the same.Different countries and different races have different manners.v4) _ _ Fire can heat water, cook, give out light and keep your house warm. Sometimes, however, big fires can burn

12、down houses and forests. For example, the big fire caused Yuanming Palace, a famous palace in Qing Dynasty, ruined completely. So we must be very careful with matches, burning cigarettes, faulty electric appliances or unquenched(未扑灭的) fires. Be careful with fire because it does not always do us good

13、.写好主题句的重要性写作写作（满分（满分20分）分）分值分值评分标准评分标准18-20包含题目所给全部或绝大部包含题目所给全部或绝大部分的内容要点。分的内容要点。主题明确，主题明确，内容丰富内容丰富。词汇丰富，用词汇丰富，用词得当。能有效运用合适的词得当。能有效运用合适的语言结构，而且没有（或极语言结构，而且没有（或极少）语法错误。少）语法错误。篇章结构的连贯性较好。篇章结构的连贯性较好。. . 直接回答要点直接回答要点 Model: 假如你处在那些动物的处境假如你处在那些动物的处境,你会有什么反应？你会有什么反应？ （2009广东高考读写任务要点2） If I were an animal

14、in the wildlife park, I could feel annoyed when people keep photographing me. 你理想中的大学生活是什么样的？你理想中的大学生活是什么样的？ 写作要点是询问考生写作要点是询问考生的的看法看法时，对提问直时，对提问直接作出回答。接作出回答。In my eyes, my ideal college life is wonderful/relaxing.常用词组：常用词组：In my opinion / as for me / as far as I am concerned模式模式1 1主题句的几种模式主题句的几种模式 表

15、明立场表明立场 Model: 你认为是否应该禁止游客和动物拍照。你认为是否应该禁止游客和动物拍照。 (2009年广东高考读写任务要点3) I believe that taking photos with animals should be banned.明确表示对某观点支持、明确表示对某观点支持、赞同或反对。赞同或反对。模式模式2.2. I disagree with the idea that I am opposed to the idea that I disapprove of the idea that In some way, I agree with but What the

16、writer said sounds reasonable, butDiscuss the expressions of supporting and objecting I agree with the statement that I am in favor of I appreciate that I approve of the idea that I believe that I agree with what the writer said/says.表示支持或赞同的句型：表示支持或赞同的句型：表示反对或不赞同的句型：表示反对或不赞同的句型：你对用金钱鼓励孩子学习的看法。你对用金钱

17、鼓励孩子学习的看法。 (2010年广东高考读写任务要点1) I am not in favor of encouraging kids with cash just because they have got good marks. 重述要点重述要点 Model： 在生活中谅解他人有何重要意义在生活中谅解他人有何重要意义.From the story I learn that understanding and forgiving others plays an important role in our life. 不直接回答写作要不直接回答写作要点，而是点，而是翻译翻译要点作要点作为段落主

18、题句。为段落主题句。have a close relation /connectionplay an important role/parthave a bad/good influence/effectdo harm to词组积累词组积累be different from模式模式3.3.中学生活和大学生活的差别中学生活和大学生活的差别. As we all know, college is widely different from middle school. (2008高考读写任务要点3) 总述原因总述原因 Model: 使我们生活发生变化有哪些原因？使我们生活发生变化有哪些原因？ Th

19、ere are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. There are several reasons that contribute to The reasons for this are obvious for reasons as follows The reason why is thatUseful expressions for reasons:模式模式4.4. 你支持青少年的秘密应该与父母分享的理由是什么？你支持青少年的秘密应该与父母分享的理由是什么？ I insist that tee

20、nagers secrets should be shared with their parents for reasons as follows. 的原因显而易见的原因显而易见的原因有多种的原因有多种的原因如下的原因如下句型提示句型提示常用句型：常用句型： We should take some effective measures. We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties. We should solve the problems that we are faced with. It is necessary

21、that proper actions/ steps should be taken to end the phenomenon.引出建议、方法、措施、步骤等引出建议、方法、措施、步骤等Model: 说说人们对环境保护所采取的措施。说说人们对环境保护所采取的措施。 Luckily, more and more measures are being taken to protect the environment. 模式模式5.5.如何才能获得快乐？如何才能获得快乐？We should find some effective ways to make ourselves happy.引出经历引出

22、经历 简述你经历过的一次困难或考验。简述你经历过的一次困难或考验。(2010茂名一模)It reminds me of my own experience when 常用句型：常用句型：vIt reminds me of the time whenvIt reminds me of an accident which happened several days ago.vAfter reading the story above, I recall the experience of my friend whovThe story above reminds me of one of my e

23、xperiences用来引出记叙文的具体用来引出记叙文的具体事例。事例。模式模式6.6. 回答要点回答要点段落主题句的模式段落主题句的模式 表明立场表明立场 重述要点重述要点 总述原因总述原因 引出建议、方法、引出建议、方法、措施、步骤措施、步骤 引出经历引出经历巩固练习巩固练习: 根据给出的要点写出主题句。根据给出的要点写出主题句。1. 你认为是否应该穿校服上学。你认为是否应该穿校服上学。 2. 这个故事使我想起了自己一年前参加英语演讲比赛这个故事使我想起了自己一年前参加英语演讲比赛 的经历的经历 。3. 应该采取措施解决住房问题。应该采取措施解决住房问题。 4. 你认为好老师应该具有什么样

24、的好品质。你认为好老师应该具有什么样的好品质。 5. 简述你支持拆旧图书馆的理由。简述你支持拆旧图书馆的理由。 6. 分析学生之间存在竞争的利弊。分析学生之间存在竞争的利弊。 表明立场表明立场 引出经历引出经历 引出建议、方法、措施、引出建议、方法、措施、步骤步骤 回答要点回答要点 总述原因总述原因 重述要点重述要点 1. 你认为是否应该穿校服上学。你认为是否应该穿校服上学。 I approve of the requirement that students should wear school uniform on the campus. 2. 这个故事使我想起了自己一年前参加英语演讲比赛

25、这个故事使我想起了自己一年前参加英语演讲比赛 的经历的经历 。The story reminds me of my own experience when I entered an English speaking competition one year ago. 表明立场表明立场 引出经历引出经历 3. 应该采取措施解决住房问题。应该采取措施解决住房问题。 We should take some effective measures to solve the housing problem . 4. 你认为好老师应该具有什么样的好品质。你认为好老师应该具有什么样的好品质。 In my ey

26、es, a good teacher should treat his students fairly as well as make the class lively and interesting. 引出建议、方法、引出建议、方法、措施、步骤等措施、步骤等 回答要点回答要点 5. 简述你支持拆旧图书馆的理由。简述你支持拆旧图书馆的理由。 6. 分析学生之间存在竞争的利弊。分析学生之间存在竞争的利弊。 My support for tearing down the old library is based on the following reasons.As we all know, co

27、mpetition among students has advantages as well as disadvantages. 总述原因总述原因 重述要点重述要点 2011年茂名一模读写任务 以以120词就词就“The price of beauty”为题进行为题进行议论，议论， 内容包括：内容包括： （1）分析中国整容手术的）分析中国整容手术的 及青少年进及青少年进 行整容手术的原因。行整容手术的原因。 （2）分析整容手术带来的危害。）分析整容手术带来的危害。 （3）你认为怎样对待自己的外貌）你认为怎样对待自己的外貌 。综合运用综合运用 回答要点回答要点 总述原因总述原因重述要点重述要点

28、回答要点回答要点现状现状综合运用综合运用 写作内容写作内容 最近，你学校英语俱乐部组织了一次学生交流最近，你学校英语俱乐部组织了一次学生交流活动，讨论活动，讨论“90后现象后现象”。请就。请就“The post-90s Phenomenon”谈谈你的看法，内容要点谈谈你的看法，内容要点包括：包括： 1) 你怎样看待你怎样看待90后现象；后现象； 2) 你的理由是什么；你的理由是什么； 3) 你对你对90后有何建议。后有何建议。回答要点回答要点 引出建议、方法、引出建议、方法、措施、步骤等措施、步骤等 总述原因总述原因 【参考例句】 1) As far as I am concerned, wh

29、at the post-90s children do nowdays is totally unacceptable. 2) The reasons why I would put forward such an opinion can be listed as follows. 3) As one of the post-90s individuals, I have come up with some effective suggestions in view of the seriousness of this problem.综合运用综合运用 写作内容写作内容 以约以约120个词就个

30、词就“宽容宽容”这个话题发表你的看这个话题发表你的看法，内容要点包括：法，内容要点包括：（1）上文给你的启示；）上文给你的启示；（2）叙述一次你宽恕他人或被他人宽恕的经）叙述一次你宽恕他人或被他人宽恕的经历；历；（3）学会宽容的意义。）学会宽容的意义。直接回答要点直接回答要点引出经历引出经历重述要点重述要点【参考例句】 1) As for me, from the story I realize how important and powerful forgiveness is in our daily life.(直接回答要点直接回答要点) 2)It reminds me of my own

31、 experience.（引出经（引出经历）历） 3)The spirit of forgiveness and tolerance plays an important role in our life, which is like sunshine, lighting the hearts of people who forgive and who are for given.（重述要点）（重述要点）综合运用综合运用 写作内容写作内容 以约120个词谈谈你对“如何对待孩子的错误”的看法，内容包括：（1）描述一次你犯错的经历及你父母对此的反应；（2）评价你父母的做法；（3）你认为家长应该如何

32、对待孩子的错误。 引出经历引出经历表明立场表明立场直接回答要点直接回答要点【参考例句】 1) The passage reminds me of my experience.（引出经历）（引出经历） 2)I appreciated how my father handled the problem very much.（表明立场）（表明立场） 3)In my opinion, adults should deal with the misbehaviors of kids properly.（直接回答要点）（直接回答要点） 以下题为例，要求以约以下题为例，要求以约120个词用英语给你个词用英语

33、给你妈妈回信，内容包括：妈妈回信，内容包括：（1）你读信后的感受）你读信后的感受；（2）你是否赞成你妈妈的观点，并陈述理由；）你是否赞成你妈妈的观点，并陈述理由；（3）你对妈妈的承诺。试看一个考生的）你对妈妈的承诺。试看一个考生的第一个第一个要点要点是怎样写的：是怎样写的： After reading your letter , I feel very sorry and I dont know it made you so worried . 从这位同学的写作内容来看，思想贫乏。从这位同学的写作内容来看，思想贫乏。为什么很抱歉？为什么使母亲担心？为什么很抱歉？为什么使母亲担心？实际上实际上可

34、继续展开一句，但他却没继续发挥。可继续展开一句，但他却没继续发挥。扩展句扩展句 再看另一位考生的表达：再看另一位考生的表达： （主题句）（主题句）I was deeply moved by your sincere words and my gratitude for you is beyond words. （原因）（原因）You love me from the bottom of your heart and care about me so much that you point out my mistakes straightly without hesitation to help

35、 me tell which is the most important thing to do . 这位同学首先表达了其感受，点明了主题：这位同学首先表达了其感受，点明了主题： “我被母亲的话深深的打动了，对母亲的感激无我被母亲的话深深的打动了，对母亲的感激无以言表以言表”，接着表达接着表达感动的原因感动的原因来拓展话题，思来拓展话题，思路清晰，内容充实，容易得到评卷老师的偏爱。路清晰，内容充实，容易得到评卷老师的偏爱。扩展句写作需具有写作需具有连贯性连贯性，故而扩展，故而扩展句与主题句之间必须：句与主题句之间必须： 意义相关（unity） 逻辑一致（coherence）请找出与主题句不相符

36、的扩展句。请找出与主题句不相符的扩展句。People have found mobile phones very convenient. They can get in touch with each other whenever and wherever they like. There are many different functions for different needs, such as sending short messages and surfing the Internet. However, you might have to pay for a wrong numb

37、er and the radiation from the phone may do harm to our health.如何写扩展句如何写扩展句拓展句子的拓展句子的常用法常用法有有:列举式列举式/递进式递进式说明原因说明原因/结果结果正反式正反式相关式相关式/细化主题细化主题叙述他人经历叙述他人经历 如（如（1）：谈论个人对网上购物的看法。）：谈论个人对网上购物的看法。 On one hand, online shopping has its advantages. Firstly, it is much cheaper. As far as Im concerned, online st

38、ores offer lower prices to the customers and some dont charge delivery fee if we buy more than one. Secondly, it is more convenient as customers neednt walk store after store for what they like. And its easier for them to compare products online. On the other hand1、列举式、列举式/递进式递进式列举式列举式 一方面利用正反式谈论其优点

39、和缺点，另一方面利一方面利用正反式谈论其优点和缺点，另一方面利用列举式分别谈其优点或缺点。例如详写其优点：用列举式分别谈其优点或缺点。例如详写其优点：如（如（2）谈论）谈论“互联网对人们生活带来的影响互联网对人们生活带来的影响” (主题句主题句）The Internet plays a vital role in our daily life. （拓展句拓展句）It not only provides people with amounts of latest information, but also changes the way people communicate with each

40、other. Besides, the Internet enables people to go shopping at home easily and conveniently.递进式递进式 可以从提供最新信息可以从提供最新信息; ;改变交流方式改变交流方式; ; 网上购物网上购物, ,方便快捷几个方面来扩展思路。方便快捷几个方面来扩展思路。2.2.说明原因或结果说明原因或结果如（如（1 1）你读完这个故事（目标的重要性）的感受）你读完这个故事（目标的重要性）的感受。 （主题句主题句-感受感受）I was deeply inspired by such a story, ( 拓展句拓展句-

41、原因原因 )as it makes me realize the power of a goal in shaping ones success and gives me strength to pursue my goal, despite the hardships I am to go through .如（如（2 2）你对国家）你对国家“禁止商场免费提供塑料禁止商场免费提供塑料袋袋”的看法。的看法。（主题句-看法）It is necessary for government to forbid shops from offering free plastic bags. （拓展句拓展句

42、-结果结果）With this ban, shopping customers would gradually form a habit of bringing environmentally friendly bags with them so that the consumption of plastic bags would be greatly reduced.如：（如：（1） 11年广州一模要求就年广州一模要求就“诚信的重要性诚信的重要性”的主题的主题发表看法，要点发表看法，要点（1）你读后的感受；）你读后的感受； （主题句主题句-感受感受）After reading the sto

43、ry ,I feel it is important to be honest. (拓展句拓展句)Its obvious that an honest person will definitely win the respect from others, which is of great importance in our study and daily life, let it alone in the business world. However, a dishonest person will lose his fame and trust from others sooner or

44、 later. No matter how intelligent he is, dishonesty will ruin his future.3 3、正反式、正反式如（如（2）勇于认错和道歉的重要性。）勇于认错和道歉的重要性。（主题句重述要点）Since nobody is perfect and everybody may make mistakes , it is of great importance for us to deal with mistakes properly whenever we are mistaken.(拓展句拓展句）(反面）反面）As they say, d

45、enying a fault doubles it. If we refuse to admit our mistakes when we are wrong, we will not be accepted and forgiven by others. （正面）（正面） On the contrary , if we admit mistakes and apologize sincerely, others will be likely to forgive us ,which makes us closer to each other.如如(1)：就：就“如何减少交通事故如何减少交通事

46、故”的主题谈论人们应该如的主题谈论人们应该如何避免交通事故何避免交通事故vWhat can we do to avoid traffic accidents? v As to drivers: va) keep their emotions under control; vb) respect others v As to walkers/pedestrians and cyclists: va) strictly obey the traffic rules;vb) value their own lives4 4、相关式、相关式/ /细化主题细化主题所谓相关式是指围绕决定事物的相关因素谈论

47、所谓相关式是指围绕决定事物的相关因素谈论问题的方法。问题的方法。我们就可以围绕造成交通事故的相关因素如司机和行我们就可以围绕造成交通事故的相关因素如司机和行人来谈论如何避免。人来谈论如何避免。如（如（2）你对考试作弊的看法。）你对考试作弊的看法。（主题-明示观点）In my opinion, this phenomenon will have a very bad effect on middle school students study habit.（拓展句）（细化）Those who usually cheat in exams will never treat study seriou

48、sly again because they believe they will always get good marks without working hard. Those who never cheat in exams will consider its unfair for them, thinking studying hard is not necessary. 考题中，我们经常遇到考题中，我们经常遇到举事例举事例的要点，虽然同学的要点，虽然同学们都能将思路展开，把故事的经过表述清楚，但们都能将思路展开，把故事的经过表述清楚，但往住往住缺乏生动性缺乏生动性，因此，同学们可有意

49、识地多一，因此，同学们可有意识地多一些人物的心理活动的描写及情感态度表达，不仅些人物的心理活动的描写及情感态度表达，不仅能增添字数，而且能达到锦上添花的效果，如：能增添字数，而且能达到锦上添花的效果，如：vSo upset was I that I was unwilling to make an apology to him.vFortunately, with the help of him, I gradually realized the importance of being honest.vMuch to my delight, due to my honesty, one yea

50、r later, I became one of the popular students in my class.温馨提示：温馨提示：Lets practise!Lets practise!Youre divided into three groups to finish the second part of task-based writing within senven minutes.Each group is in charge of one point using the methods mentioned now. Then I will ask three representa

51、tives to come here to write down your passages on the blackboad.读写任务 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 BEIJING,July6- Some 19,000 Chinese students died from unnatural causes last year, a survey has said. Food poisoning, drowning and traffic accidents topped the list of “killer”. Released on Wednesday at

52、 the inaugural Campus Safety and Risk Management Forum, the report was produced by the China Insurance Regulatory Commission(CIRC),which also sponsored the event. The report also said that the death toll comprised some 16,000 primary and secondary school students and about 3,000 college kids.The sur

53、vey claimed about 45 percent of the deaths resulted from students poor safety awareness, while a further 18 percent could be attributed to poor management in schools. A massive 80 percent of all deaths could have been prevented through better education, improved safety measures and strengthened mana

54、gement , the report said. Besides, it also showed there were some 40 million reported accidents involving people under 18 last year, of which almost 10 million required hospital treatment , the cost of which was 4.26 billion yuan._写作内容以约30个词概括短文的要点； 然后以约120个词就这“学生安全问题”发表看法，并包括如下要点：（1）请谈谈你读完这则新闻的感受；

55、（2）请讲述你自己或身边朋友的有关经历； （3）应采取何种措施保护学生的安全？From the passage we know that a lot of students died because of a variety of accidents, including food poisoning, drowning and traffic accidents. In fact, the major reasons for those accidents are students poor safety awareness and the poor management in school.(摘要) （主题句）（主题句）After learning