转载-一些常用的SCI论文句式

1、转载-一些常用的SCI论文句式写英文文章经常要重复讲一个说法讲几次，但描述方式不能太祥林嫂，所以备好一些常用句式还是相当有用的。以下的句式是本人在阅读文献过程中亲自整理的，主要来源于Science,Nature,Immunity,JEM,JCI和JI。这些句式都很地道，决不山寨，希望对有需要的朋友有用。热点，广泛关注、研究1. ThemechanismsgoverningthehomeostasisofmemoryTcellshavebeenanareaofintenseinvestigation.2. Extensiveworkhasbeendoneintheareaofcytokinesi

2、gnaling.3. Notunexpectedly,thenewestlineageofhelperTcells,TH-17cells,alsoreceivedagreatdealofattentionattheRingbergmeeting.4. WhiletheinteractionsofDCwithnaiveTcellswithinLNhavebeenanalysedindetail,5. WhileinteractionsofDCwithnaiveTcellsinLNhavebeenextensivelyexaminedby2P-IVM,6. Althoughthesignalsth

3、atcontrolneutrophilmigrationfromthebloodtositesofinfectionhavebeenwellcharacterized,littleisknownabouttheirmigrationpatternswithinlymphnodesorthestrategiesthatneutrophilsusetofindtheirlocalsitesofaction.不彳B，B,which，A1. UnlikenaiveTcells,whichsurvivelargelyininterphase,memoryTcellspersistundernormalc

4、onditionswithaslowbutconstantturnover.像一样2. AswithnaiveTcells,memoryTcellsarealsocapableofundergoingmorerapidcelldivisionunderlymphopenicconditions,knownasacutehomeostaticproliferation.已有共识3. Thereisnowageneralconsensusthattwomembersofthecommon丫chaincytokinefamily,namelyIL-7andIL-15,controlthehomeos

5、tasisofCD8+memorycells仍不清楚4. However,thefactorsthatgovernthehomeostasisofCD4+memorycellshaveyettobefullydefined.5. Althoughmoleculardetailsoftheprocessarepoorlyunderstood.6. AlthoughwhythissubsetofTcellsisuniquelysensitivetoIL-2iscurrentlyunclear.7. experimentsdirectlyinterrogatingthephysiologicalre

6、quirementsforDC-producedIL-2haveyettobepublished.8. AmongthequestionsthatremaintoberesolvedarehowIL-2mayplaybothsupportiveandrestrictiverolesinthesametransgenicOT-1CD8+Tcells.9. ThecauseofthisdiseasehasbeenelusivebecausetheSAPgeneisnotaffectedinXLP2patients.10. ThemainsourceofIL-17atthelocalsiteofin

7、flammationstillremainsunknown.11. WhethersuchamechanismisrelevanttoCD4+Thelpercellsremainsanopenissue.12. WhetherthefailuretosilenceTRAILsynthesisuponrechallengeexplainsthisexampleofAICDremainstobeinvestigated.13. Whetherthereceivingcellmustmakecontactwiththeproducingcellorwhetherthereisaroleforsolu

8、bleIL-15/IL-15RacomplexesinCD8+memoryTcellhomeostasisisnotclear.14. ButthequestionofwhethertheyneedtonicsignalsviatheirTCRisstillopen.15. ExactlywhatCD4+TcellsprovidetomaintainCD8+Tcellmemoryremainsamystery.16. Largequestionsremainastohowchemokinesignalingregulatesorisregulatedtocoordinatethecomplex

9、invivodynamicsoftheTlymphocytes。17. However,whathasnotbeendelineatedistheresponseofeffectorTcellsatnonlymphoidtissuesiteswhentheyreencounterAg.18. ThepreciseroleofIL-2intheregulationofCD8TcellresponsestoforeignAginvivohoweverremainsenigmatic.19. OurunderstandingofthedevelopmentalcontrolofV(D)Jrecomb

10、inationontheonehand,andthatofcellproliferation,death,andsurvivalduringdifferentiationontheother,isstillfragmentary.已经得到公认1.Itiswellacceptedthattwocytokines,namelyIL-7andIL-15,areinvolvedinmaintainingthenumbersofCD8memorycellsinvivo(145-147).与相似1.Inaddition,thereisahigh-affinityreceptorforIL-15,refer

11、redtoasIL-15Ra,anditwasthought,inanalogywiththeIL-2R,thatathree-chaincomplex,a3r,wasthereceptorforIL-15onNKcellsandmemoryCD8+Tcells.仍存在争议1.Itwasclearthatthereisnoshortageofcontroversy.可以肯定地说1. Itissafetosay,infact,thatthereisalongwaytogobeforethefieldfullyunderstandstheprocessofeffectorandmemorycell

12、differentiation,therelationshipsamongthesepost-activationcellfatesandtheextenttowhichanygivenTcelladoptsafixedversusaflexiblefunctionalprogramafterantigenactivation.2. Thereisnodoubtimmunologicalresearchhasbeenboostedbytherecentapplicationof2P-IVM依赖、需要1. Ag-specificmemoryCD8+cells,ontheotherhand,are

13、lessdependentonIL-15,relyingmoreonIL-7,butstillrequireIL-15forbasalhomeostaticproliferationandlong-termmaintenance2. Furthermore,robustCD8recallresponsesappeartobeparticularlyreliantonCD8costimulationvia4-1BB.A与B之间的差异1ThediscrepancyinthehomeostaticrequirementsforAg-specificmemoryversusMPcellsappears

14、evengreaterforCD4+thanCD8+cells.与一致，相符1. Consistentwiththisnotion,recentstudieshaveshownthatIL-7isessentialforthesurvivalandbasalhomeostaticturnoverofAg-specificCD4+memorycells.2. SimilarlybroadexpressionofIL-2andIL-15receptorsdonotcoincidewellwiththehighlyrestrictedrolesthatIL-2andIL-15appeartoplay

15、inthymicdevelopment.3. ThedistinctfunctionsofIL-2,IL-15,andIL-7signalsinnaiveTcellhomeostasiscorrespondwellwiththeexpressionpatternsofthevariousreceptorchains.4. Acomparisonofwild-typeandCD25?/?CD8+TcellssidebysideinamixedradiationchimerafollowingLCMVorListeriainfectionrevealedthattheknockoutcellsco

16、ulddivideasfastaswild-typecellsandaccumulatetolargenumbersofeffectors(54),inlinewithpreviousfindings.5. TheseexperimentsarealsoinagreementwithphysiologicalstudiesshowingthatTcellsactivatedbysolublepeptideinvivoarenotcommittedtotoleranceafter3d6. Resultspresentedinthisworkdonotcontradictthishypothesi

17、s,butsuggestthatinadditiontoitsfunctionasa“Tcellgraveyard,“thelivermayplayaroldvatpjnmafrCa8t1TcellsspecificforAgspresentedwithintheliver,includingpeptidesdeliveredbythei.v.route.被迫1TheseeffectorTcellsundergoadramaticcontractioninnumbersafterantigenclearance,with90-95%succumbingtoapoptosiswithinweek

18、s.与相反，相反地1. IncontrasttoCD8memoryTcells,CD4memoryTcellsmaynotrequirethesignalsthroughcommoncytokinereceptorchain.2. Bycontrast,IL-2signalingmayplayamajorroleinthedifferentiationofregulatoryTcells3. ContrarytoT-cellrecognitionofpeptidesprocessedandpresentedonMHCmoleculesbyDC,immunoglobulinreceptorson

19、Bcellsrecognizeintactproteinantigensintheirnativestate.参与了1. Thepolycombgroup(PcG)geneBmi1hasrecentlybeenimplicatedinthemaintenanceofhematopoietic2. anintrinsichistoneH3-K27methyltransferaseactivity,whichimplicatesalikelymechanismforPcG-mediatedgenesilencing.本课题研究了在的作用1. Wehereininvestigatedtheroleo

20、fBmi1inthegenerationandmaintenanceofmemoryCD4+Th1/Th2cells.研究(清楚)表明2. OurresultsindicatethatBmi1controlsmemoryCD4TcellsurvivalandfunctionthroughthedirectrepressionoftheNoxagene.3. However,follow-upstudieshavenotrevealedanobviousdefectinthymicselection4. MultipleinvitrostudiesdemonstratethatTcellacti

21、vationdependsonthepresenceofIL-2.5. TheresultsconclusivelydemonstratedthatIL-2wasdispensableasagrowthfactorforantiviralCD8Tcellsinsecondarylymphoidtissues在方面缺乏让人信服的证据1. Compellingevidenceinthisregardiscurrentlylacking.与相比1. AlthoughtheexpressionlevelsofIL-7R_andIL-2R_wereslightlyloweronBmi1_/_memory

22、Th2cellsascomparedwithwild-typecells.静脉过继转移到2. (AandBmi1+/+,Bmi1+/_,orBmi1_/_effectorTh2(A)orTh1(cellswithDO11.10TgbackgroundwereintravenouslytransferredintoBALB/cnu/numice.大量的证据表明3. Hence,despiteaplethoraofinvitroevidenceshowingthatIL-2wascriticalforsupportingTcellactivation,thedominantphysiologica

23、lfunctionofIL-2signalsinvivoistorestrainTcellactivationandpreventautoimmunity.A对B很重要4. IL-2isclearlyessential/criticalforTregdifferentiation.5. Thenon-homologousDNAend-joining(NHEJ)pathwayhasanessentialroleinjoiningdouble-strandbreaks(DSBs)generatedbytheRAGproteinsduringV(D)Jrecombination;6. CD4+Tce

24、llsplayanessentialroleinpromotingtheinitialexpansionofCD8+Tcellsrespondingtoinitialantigenchallengewhenantigencomesfromarelativelynoninflammatoryimmunogen.7. OneattractivepossibilityisthatthesubsetofendogenouslyactivatedCD4+TcellsthatexpresslowlevelsofCD25andmakenumerouscytokinesarekeytomaintainingC

25、D8+memoryTcells.8. DCsarecentraltotheprimingofbothprimaryandsecondaryCD8+Tcellresponses.9. OurresultsthereforesuggestthatTLRscanplayacrucialroleinshapingthedevelopmentoftheadaptiveimmunesystem.引出问题1. TheseresultsraisethequestionoftheextenttowhichthesuppressiveactionsofTGF-3andIL-27aremediatedbytheir

26、capacitytopromoteIL-10productionbyothercells.2. TheobservationthatCD8+TcelldifferentiationisprogrammedafterarelativelyshortexposuretoantigenhasbroughtintoquestionthenatureofCD8+Tcell-DCinteractionsinvivo.3. TheexpressionofAIDindevelopingBcellsinbothmutantandnormalmice(Maoetal.,2004)raisesquestionsre

27、gardingthemechanismofAIDinductionattheseearlystagesofBcelldevelopment.不奇怪地，可以预期地1. Notunexpectedly,thenewestlineageofhelperTcells,TH-17cells,alsoreceivedagreatdealofattentionattheRingbergmeeting.2. Asexpected,RAG-2expressionisdetectedonlyinpre-BandimmatureBcells,validatingourcell-purificationprocedu

28、re.面对严峻的挑战1.Thequestionthenbecamehowtotacklesuchadauntingchallenge.除了一以外1.AsidefromCD28,perhapsthebestdescribedCD8-specificcostimulatorymoleculeis4-1BB(CD137).观点最近也受到挑战1TheparadigmthatSHMislimitedtomatureBcellshasalsobeenrecentlychallengedbyareportshowingthat为了研究我们1. TodirectlyaddresstheroleofAIDdur

29、ingBcelldevelopment,wehavenowanalyzedtheexpressionofAIDintheBMofnormalmice.老鼠是一背景的2. BecauseAicda_/_miceareonamixedC57BL/6andCBAbackground.3. ThesenudemicehaveaC57BL6/geneticbackground有研究指出1. Previously,ithasbeenreportedthatabout16%ofC57BL6immatureBcellsexpressAIDbysingle-cellanalysis.2. Apreviousre

30、porthadshownAIDexpression,butnoSHMoflightchain,inimmatureBcellsfromwild-typeC57BL/6mice(Maoetal.,2004).3. PreviousstudieshaveindicatedthatBcellsexpressingrearrangedVk4genesarefrequentlynegativelyselected,perhapsbecausetheyareautoreactive为了证明1. InordertoascertainthatAIDexpressedinpre-BandimmatureBcel

31、lsisactiveandfunctional,thepresenceofcircletranscripts(CTs)andpostswitchtranscripts.(PSTs)wasassessedinthesecells.2. ToconfirmthatCSRledtoproperrecombination,weamplifiedPSTsforeachisotypebyusingspecificprimers为了进一步证实、验证、定量1. TofurtherdeterminewhetherCSRindevelopingBcellsledtoappropriatecell-surfacep

32、roteinexpression,westainedBMcellsfromAicda+/_andAicda_/_miceandexaminedthesurfaceexpressionofIgAbyusingFACS.2. Tocircumventthispotentialproblem,weperformedstudiesinamodelsystemnotrequiringinfection.值得注意的是1. ItisnoteworthythatCT-aexhibittwotranscripts,becauseofalternativesplicingdonorsitesintheIaexon

33、.2. ItisimportanttonotethatseveralobservationsindicatethatsmallnumbersofBM-residingplasmaormemoryBcellscannotaccountforourfindingsofAIDexpressioninearlyBcells.暗示1.ThisisreminiscentofthegeneticbackgroundeffectswefindforCSRinpre-BandimmatureBcellsinnormalmice.我们的研究为一提供证据1.Ourfindingsprovideevidencetha

34、ttheinnateimmunesystemplaysanimportantroleinshapingadaptiveimmunityatearlystagesoflymphocytedevelopment.特别强调1.Weplacespecialemphasisonwhatweseeasahierarchicalorganizationoflymphoidtissueinsupportofthecell-cellinteractionsunderlyingadaptiveimmuneresponses仅仅讨论1.Soherewelimitourdiscussiontothepractical

35、aspectsofthesetechniques提示1Seminalworkontwo-photonmicroscopyfromtheCystergroupshedlightonthecentralroleofchemokinesondistincteventsinBcellbiology.把叫做1. Inthisstudy,wewillrefertotheformercellsasCD11b_dendriticcellsandthelatterasCD8_dendriticcells.据我们所知2. Toourknowledge,thisisthefirstreportdemonstratingthatnaiveTcellscanundergoprimaryactivationoutsidelymphoidorgans.综上所述3. Viewedintoto,theseresultsindicatethatTcellsactivatedinthelymphnodesofMet-KbmicearemostunlikelytohavecontributedtothebloodTcellpoolduringthefirst2daysaftertransfer.4. TakentogetherwithourpreviousinvitrodataindicatingthatC