GMAT曼哈顿语法---精华汇总

1、曼哈顿SC总结Chapter 1 SentenceCorrectionBasics1 .一道例题AlthoughWilliamPereirafirstgainednationalrecognitionforhismoviesetdesigns,includingthoseforthe1942film"ReaptheWildWind",futuregenerationsrememberhimasthearchitectfortheTransamericaTower,theMalibucampusofPepperdineUniversityandthecityofIrvine.

2、A:includingthoseforthe1942film"ReaptheWildWind",futuregenerationsB:likethatforthe1942film"ReaptheWildWind",futuregenerationswillC:likethoseforthe1942film"ReaptheWildWind",futuregenerationsD:includingthatforthe1942film"ReaptheWildWind",futuregenerationswillE:in

3、cludingthoseforthe1942film"ReaptheWildWind",futuregenerationswill这道题用两点splito1.1GMAT规定，Like不能用于举例；注意，在之后的说明中，曼哈顿说TheGMATusedtoclaimthat'like'simplymeant'anmcouitdnotintroduceexamples.However,theexamwritershavemoderatedthishardlinedutyinpublishedexplanations.Asaresult,either&quo

4、t;including'or'likelihotscwoaOdlyworkinthesentence.1.2GMAT规定，进行指代时，如果有单复数转换，不能用代词指代，而应换作相对应的名词。2 .做题时间一般不多于90秒钟，理想状况下，花费60-75秒。3 .做题步骤3.1 细读原文理解原文中作者本意，顺带看是否有错误出现。如发现错误，默默记下，以备之后作为排除依据；如未发现错误，不要留恋，只要保证理解了文字的字面意思和作者本意即可。3.2 纵向扫描，找split不要读选项，只是纵向寻找不同点(split)。看句首和句尾，此两处必有split,不然画线不会画到它们。迅速找到多个

5、split,找最容易区分的。3.3 选取最简单split进行筛选所谓简单，就是容易找/容易比较/容易决定。语法语义两个角度来分析3.4 选定第一个split3.5 用同一个split,去检查其他选项是否也犯了同样的错误3.6 如此反复，一直剩下唯一一个选项3.7 把选项带回原文，重读，确定和原文匹配Chapter 2 Grammar&Meaning1 .关于“简洁”考生现在太过重视简洁问题，导致GMAT很愿意把错误选项弄得最毒。所以，一般来说，不到万不得已(比如，剩下两个选项，没有别的split可用了)，就不要用“简洁”来做split2 .句义2.1 分三部分：选对词；放在正确的位置；

6、和周边搭配(makesensetogether)。2.2 选对词。此处给出了一些类似的词组Economic(monetary)vs.economical(thrifty节俭的，effectual)Aggravate(worsen)vs.aggravating(irritating使人恼怒的)Knownas(named)vs.knowntobe(acknowledgedas)Lossof(nolongerinpossessionof)vs.lossin(declineinvalue)Mandate(command)vs.haveamandate(haveauthorityfromvoters)N

7、ativeof(personfrom)vs.nativeto(speciesthatoriginatedin)Rangeof(varietyof)vs.ranging(varying)Rateof(speedorfrequencyof)vs.ratesfor(pricesfor)Rise(generalincrease)vs.raise(abetorasalaryincreaseinAmericanEnglish)Trytodo(seektoaccomplish)vs.trydoing(experimentwith)2.3 GMAT中,'should'表示'moralo

8、bligation'应当，而非'likelihood可能。Ineverydayspeech,youcansayThetrainshouldarrivenow'tomeanthatthetrainislikelytoarrivenow,buttheGMATdoesn'tagreewiththisusage.2.4 放在正确的位置。同一个词放在句子的不同位置上，表示的意思会很不一样。2.5 关于倒装：在可以顺叙说话的日t候，就避免使用倒装。Checktheoverallwordorderforunnecessaryinversions.Forinstance,Eng

9、lishnormallyputssubjectsinfrontofverbs.Trytopreservethatorder,whichisnaturaltothelanguage.2.6 关于Redundancy:GMAT正确答案里，没有一个词是冗余重复的，每一个词必定有其存在的必要性。2.7 关于Concision:Quitefrequently,therightanswerwillbealongerchoicethatisgrammaticallycorrectandthatclearlyreflectstheauthor'sintendedmeaning.Ifyouhaverun

10、outofgrammarormeaningissuestoapplyandyouaredowntotwochoices,thenchoosethemoreconciseoption.Otherwise,donotthinkaboutconcision.Chapter 3 Subject-VerbAgreement1. AdditivePhrases:以下短语作为修饰语，不会改变助于的单复数Alongwith/inadditionto/aswellas/accompaniedby/togetherwith/including只有an眼主语时，会把主语变成复数；而修饰语跟主语，不会改变单复数。2.

11、 Mathematics是单数名词，即使它跟了彩;同样适用于其他学校课程/一些运动项目(eg,aerobics有氧运动)/疾病(e.g.,diabetes).3. Or,either-or,neither-nor连接的两个主语一单数一复数时，谓语的单复数形式采取就近原则。4. 集合名词People:agency,army,audience,class,committee,crowd,orchestra,teamItems:baggage,citrus橘类植物,equipment,fleet,fruit,furnitureGMAT中，集合名词多被认为是单数，所以多采用单数动词来搭配。在英式英语中

12、，很多集合名词一般会被看作复数，但不是在GMAT中。5. 不定代词5.1. Some,Any,None,All,Most/More-SANAM以上五个不定代词要根据上下文确定单复数。5.2. Notone一直用单数形式：NotoneofmyfriendsISherethisweekend.6. EachandEvery在Each或Every修饰主语时，此主语应当认作单数。EachdogandcatHASpaws.但是，跟在主语后面的each不会影响动词格式。TheyeachAREgreattennisplayers.7. Majority,minorityandplurality诸多据不同上下

13、文，可能是单数，也可能是复数。8. 在不能确定单复数时，倾向于单数。Chapter 4 Parallelism1. 平行结构中，尽量做到精确平行，至少关键词要平行。E.g.：Theemployeeswereupsetbythecompanyslowpay,poorworkingconditions,andshortageofoutletsforemployeescreativit.y2. 想强调一下，在做平行结构时，如果句子可以做到精确匹配，一定要做到。WRONG-Theexperienceswehavewhenchildreninfluenceourbehaviorinadulthood.R

14、IGHT-Theexperiencesinchildhoodinfluenceourbehaviorinadulthood.WRONG-Tobaccocompanies,shakenbyastringoflegalsetbacksintheUnitedStates,butwhichretainstronggrowthprospectsinthedevelopingworld,faceanuncertainfuture.RIGHT-Tobaccocompanies,whichhavebeenshakenbyastringoflegalsetbacksintheUnitedStates,butwh

15、ichretainstronggrowthprospectsinthedevelopingworld,faceanuncertainfuture.WRONG-Dr.Crock'claimshavebeennotcorroboratedbyotherscientistsorpublishedinaprestigiousjournalbuthavenonethelessgarneredagreatdealofattentionfromthepublic.RIGHT-Dr.Crock'claimshavenotbeencorroborated3. 两个从句中,经常打都要带上主从连词,

16、但是两个主从连词不一定相同.TherearemanypeopleWHOspeakEnglishBUTWHOSEparentsdonot.4. 不要过于紧缩任何元素.要保证每一个元素都是完整的.RalphlikesBOTHTHOSEWHOarepopularANDTHOSEWHOarenot.5. And列表在连接两个分句时,在and前可以选择加入逗号.尤其在分句都很长或者独立性很强的时候最好这样做.Ireallylikecandyapples,ANDIeatthemoften.这也是个一个句子多组主谓的例子.6. 在排列并列成分时,应该将最长的一部分放在最后.7. 带有平行格式的习语AsX,s

17、oYXisgood,andsotooisYConsiderXY(注意,没加as)DeclareXY注意(,没加as)XDevelopsintoYNotOnlyX(,)ButAlsoY(commaisoptional)8. 连系动词可被看作是主语和宾语并列的标识WRONG-ThebouquetofflowersWASagivingoflove.上面句子，bouquet和giving被认为在结构上不平行。Giving可以换作gift。Chapter 5 Pronouns1. Antecedent先行词必须和代词在一起makesense把先行词放到代词位置时,要能够讲得通.WRONG-Althoug

18、hthetermsupercomputermaysoundfancifulorexaggerated,ITissimplyanextremelyfastmainframethatcanexecutetrillionsofcalculationseverysecond.讲解-supercomputer'ismainframe讲不通.RIGHT-Althoughtheexaggerated,ITsimplyREFERSTQn永远不要人为假设,一直要把先行词放到代词位置上,看是否合理.2. This/that/these/thoseGMAT中,永远不会用this/these来指代名词.在用t

19、hat/those指代的时候,必须加修饰语,以区分与先行词的不同.此外,如果先行词和现在的that/those单复数不一致时,不能再用代词指代,不许用名词重复先行词的概念.3. It/they指代时,指的就是同样的那个东西.4. 一组it和its指的是同样的东西;一组they/them/their指的是同样的东西.5. 除非被逼到墙角,否则不要用”代词指代模糊”来排除选项.6. 在GMAT中,永远不会出现代词在没有先行词而独立做主语的情况.Chapter 6 Modifier1. 修饰时,用形容词还是副词,有时候会表达不同的意思:WRONG-Maxsgrandmotherishissuppos

20、edIrishancestor.RIGHTMax'sgrandmotherishissupposedlyIrishancestor.常见的形容词副词易混淆的词语有:Corresponding,frequent,independent,rare,recent,seeming,separate,significant,supposed,andusual.2. 修饰语与被修饰语（名词）,很多时候用逗号相隔.3. 对openingmodifiers要关照有加.有时候openingmodifier会在句子没有准备好的情况下,出现一长串的openingmodifier;当然,这样做不一定错.4.

21、TOUCHRULE名词和修饰语应当紧挨着彼此。不然可能造成MisplacedModifier.如果修饰语在，而被修饰语不在，叫做danglingmodifier.动词和修饰语不一定紧挨着彼此。5. That引导的从句，不能修饰人people.6. 当被修饰的名词是修饰语中的宾语时，that/whom可以被省略。RIGHT-ThemovieTHATwewatchedlastFridaywasscary.RIGHT-ThemoviewewatchedlastFridaywasscary.7. WHERE只能修饰具体名词性质的地点；不可用于修饰“抽象地点”，如condition/situation/

22、case/circumstances/arrangement.修饰“抽象地点”只能用INWHICH.RIGHT-WehadanarrangementINWHICHhecookedandIcleaned.8. Inwhich可以替代when9. 标点可用于区分essential和non-essential修饰语。修饰语和名词间有逗号，表non-essential;修饰语和名词间无逗号，表essential。WRONG-People,whotalkloudlyontheircellphonesincrowdedtrains,showlittlerespectforotherpassengers.R

23、IGHT-Peoplewhotalk-trainsshowlittlepassengers去掉逗号,表示限制性.而根据句义,此处确实应该是限制性定语从句10. WHICH只能引导从句去修饰其前的临近名词，永远不会修饰前面的整个句子。这与我们之前学习的非限制性定语从句用WHICH引导有很大出入。11. Basedon在口语中，经常被用作becauseof的意思；但在GMAT中,basedon没有'因为'的意思.Chapter 7 VerbTense,Mood,&Voice?VerbTense-时态。体现动作发生在什么时候。?VerbMood-语气（陈述indicative

24、/虚拟subjunctive）。?VerbVoice话态（主动active/被动passive）.?VerbTense-时态。体现动作发生在什么时候。1 .GMAT不用现在进行时表示将来。这被认为是口语化的colloquial。表将来，用一般将来时。2 .现在完成时，表示动作发生在过去，但：2.1. 延续到现在；或者2.2. 仍适用于现在。WRONG-ThechildHASDRAWNasquareinthesand,buttheoceanHASERASEDit.3 .过去完成时，一般不用，除非必须使用过去完成时才能表现动作间的前后关系。在使用过去完成时时，表示较近的过去的动作的成分不一定是一般

25、过去时，也可以是一个日期或者时间短语。RIGHT-By1945,theUnitedStatesHADBEENatwarforseveralyears.4 .在使用过去完成时时，有时候句子会比较灵活，不能拘泥于寻找过去时间点。要理解句义，根据表达的时间点（而非形式上的时间点）来决定是否要使用过去完成时。RIGHTThebandU2WASjustoneofmanynewgroupsontherockmusicsceneintheearly1980s,butlessthantenyearslater,U2HADfullyECLIPSEDitsearlyrivalsinthepantheonofpop

26、ularmusic.?VerbMood-语气（陈述indicative/虚拟subjunctive）5 .虚拟语气分两种-Hypothetical前提假设）Subjunctive/CommandSubjunctive6 .前提假设型虚拟语气-Ifthen结构（个人认为这个结构很有代表性，可以依此类推其他结构中虚拟语气的用法）6.1. GeneralRulewithnouncertaintyIFSophieEATSpizza,THENsheBECOMESill.IFPresent,THENPresent.6.2. GeneralRulewithsomeuncertaintyIFSophieEAT

27、Spizza,THENsheMAYBECOMEill.IFPresent,THENCanorMay.6.3. ParticularCase(inthefuture)withnouncertaintyIFSophieEATSpizzatomorrow,THENsheWILLBECOMEill.IFPresent,THENFuture.6.4. UnlikelyCase(inthefuture)IFSophieATEpizzatomorrow,THENsheWOULDBECOMEill.IFHypotheticalSubjunctive,THENConditional.6.5. CaseThatN

28、everHappened(inthepast)IFSophieHADEATENpizzayesterday,THENsheWOULDHAVEBECOMEill.IFPastPerfect,THENConditionalPerfect.任意见到的IF-THEN结构，都要遵循以上五种结构之一。WOULD和SHOULD远不会出现在IF部分中。7 .命令型虚拟语气：7.1. 在表示愿望时，必须使用命令式虚拟语气的动词：Demand/dictate/insist/mandate/propose/recommend/request/stipulate(规定/讲明)/suggestRIGHT-Wedeman

29、dTHATHEBEhere.7.2. 只能用不定式的动词：Advise/allow/forbid/persuade/wantRIGHT-WeallowHIMTOBEhere.7.3. 能用命令式虚拟预期或者不定式的动词：Ask/beg/intend/order/prefer/urge/require(要特别注意require)RIGHT-WerequireTHATHEBEhere.OrWerequireHIMTOBEhere.7.4. 注意suggestRIGHTHerpresencesuggeststhatsheishappy.止匕处suggest意思是“意味着",而4,祈使注意一

30、些表达同样意思的动词的名词/形容词格式，可以同样使用虚拟语气。例如：Hisdemandthat/itisessentialthat语义为王！?VerbVoice话态(主动active/被动passive)8 .被动只能用BE动词，不能用其他动词，比如GET9 .不要歧视被动语态，不要用主被动来剔除选项。当你必须在主动和被动之间做出猜测的话，猜被动。因为很可能是一些别的遗漏了其他的splito10 .在句子中，主被动平行出现时，认为是平行的。RIGHTTheshuttlelaunchTOOKplaceflawlesslyandWASSEENontelevision.WRONG-Newregula

31、tionsrequirethateverycyclistintheTourdeFrancehastobetestedforperformance-enhancingsubstances.RIGHT-NewregulationsrequirethateverycyclistintheTourdeFrancebetestedforperformanceenhancingsubstances.文中用了命令型虚拟语气，已经强调了test的必须性。因此，hasto就变得多余了。Chapter 8 Comparisons1 .Like用于比较名词或名词短语As用于比较分词短语，作为介词或者连词。2 .比较

32、句，互相之间必须在结构上平行。WRONGTliketorunthroughforestsmorethanIenjoywalkingthroughcrowds.RIGHTTlikerunningthroughforestsmorethanwalkingthroughcrowds.3 .省略语句比较结构中，可以省略量词/动词/甚至整个短语，只要保证句子没有歧义就行.但有时GMAT也会允许本可省略的辅助性动词出现.RIGHT-Applesaremorehealthytoeatthancaramels.RIGHTApplesaremorehealthytoeatthancaramelsare.因此，不

33、要因为能省略的语句没有省略而舍弃某一答案.4 .比较时，必然要有than.Chapter 9 Idioms1. P145-190的正确句子，多读.培养语感.2. 一些特别值得注意的句子：（除特别说明，都是正确句子）ITAPPEARSTHATthedinosaursWEREsmart.ASwedidlastyear,wewillwinthisyear.ASyoupractice,SOshallyouplay.JUSTASyoupractice,SOshallyouplay.JUSTASthetrainswerelateyesterday,thebusesarelatetoday.JUSTASth

34、etrainswerelateyesterday,SOTOOaretheylatetoday.HeASKEDTHATsheGOtothestore.虚拟语气）- -WRONG-HeASKEDTHATsheSHOULDGOtothestore.TheverdictwasBASEDONtheevidence.- -WRONG-BASEDONtheevidence,thejuryreachedaverdict.BYSHINING,thesunmakesplantsgrow.Plantsgrow,FORthesunshines.（grammaticallycorrectbutveryformal）BE

35、INGinfecteddoesnotmakeyousick.ThejudgessawthehorsesBEINGledtothestables.- -WRONG-BEINGandadvocateofreform,Iwouldliketomakeadifferentproposal.BEING经常是wordyorawkward,但基于此，GMAT很愿意出一些包含being的正确选项。因此，只有在100%确定其他选项错误的情况下，才选择being作为正确选项。TheprotestBEGANamovement.(=caused)ITISBELIEVEDTHATGaryISright.WITHINth

36、eBORDERSofacountry-WRONG-INtheBORDERSofacountry/INSIDEtheBORDERSofacountryALTHOUGHafrequentnapper,ISTUDYeffectively.(ALTHOUGH1面一般跟分词短语)IhaveONECHANCEINATHOUSANDOFWINNINGtonight.TheyCLAIMTHATtheyCANreadminds.TheyCLAIMTOBEABLETOreadminds.GMAT中不区分传统意义上的COMPARETC愿调共同点)和COMPAREWITH®调不同点)的区别。HeCONCEI

37、VESOFarchitectureASadialogue.TheyCONTENDTHATtheycandecipherthecode.ThedangerwillCONTINUETOGROW.ShewasCONVINCEDTHATshehadbeenrobbed.HugoCREDITSSallyWITHgoodtaste.SallyISCREDITEDWITHgoodtaste.WeAREINDANGEROFFORGETTINGthepast.MyfriendsreputationDECLINED.TheyDEMANDEDTHATthestoreBEclosed.TheirDEMANDTHATt

38、hestoreBEclosedwasnotmet.TheexecutiveDEVELOPEDherideaINTOaproject.TheideaDEVELOPEDINTOaproject.WeDONOTDOUBTTHATtheapplesareripe.WeHAVENODOUBTTHATtheapplesareripe.SheDOUBTSWHETHERJanwillarriveontime.(GMAT要求在使用DOUBT的肯定句(没有NOT/NO)中，后面要跟WHETHER/IF/THAT)TheeconomyisMOREfragileTHANEVERBEFORE.Weenjoyedthef

39、ilmTOsomeEXTENT.ThecriminalsAREATFAULTFORBREAKINGthelaw.ThelawFORBIDSanycitizenTOVOTEtwice.HisHELPINRAKINGtheleaveshasbeenwelcome.ThelawHOLDSTHATjaywalkingL穿马路)isillegal.Icaneaticecream,PROVIDEDTHATmydoctorapproves.(=ONLYIF)AreportINDICATESTHATuniquebacteriaLIVEonourskin.Weeatoutoften;FORINSTANCE,la

40、stweekweateouteverynight.IwentwiththeINTENT(orINTENTION)OFLEAVINGsoon.IwentwiththeINTENTTOLEAVEsoon.ThesegroupsoftenINTERACTWITHONEANOTHER(orEACHOTHER).OldgadgetsARELACKINGINfeatures.OldgadgetsLACKfeatures.MyspouseHASMISTAKENmeFORawealthierperson.ThekangarooisNATIVETOAustralia.(saidofanimals,plants)

41、MyfriendisaNATIVEOFAustralia.(saidofpeople)WeworeNOTONLYboots(,)BUTALSOsandals.(commaisoptional)WeworeNOTJUSTbootsBUTALSOsandals.HisemotionsRANGEDFROMangerTOjoy.ThegovernmentimposedRESTRICTIONSONthepriceofgasoline.ThesaucewasSOhotASTOburnmymouth.GMATB此搭配上不具一贯性。一般认为这个搭配是正确的，但需谨慎。BellbottomsAREcomingb

42、ackinstyle,andSOTOOAREvests.WeSUBSTITUTEDparmesancheeseFORmozzarella.CratershavebeenseenONTHESURFACEOFthemoon.ThispaperisNOLESSimpressiveTHANthatone.SheTHINKSOFthemASheroes.SheISTHOUGHTTOBEsecretlywealthy.TheyWILLTRYTOBUILDacompany.(=intentorpurpose)WeTRIEDBREAKINGthedoordown.(=experiment)Naomiwrote

43、tenletters,DOUBLETHENUMBERTHATSarawrote.IdonotknowWHETHERIwillgo.-SUSPECT4donotknowWHETHERORNOTIwillgca意!WHETHERORNOTT推荐Chapter 10 Odds&Ends1. 并列连词：(CoordinatingConjunctions)And/but/or/for/nor/yet/so2. 不要用(逗号+and)来分割公用同一主语的动词。3. 分号分开的两个句子是彼此独立的，而且从逻辑关系上来讲是平衡的/并列的。如果作者本意是一个分句与另一个分句是从属关系，则不可用分号。4.

44、 分号另一个用途是：分隔开各自内部有逗号出现的小组。RIGHTTlistentoEarth,Wind&Fire;Wow,Owls;andBlood,Sweat&Tears.5. 冒号前的句子一定要是个完整句；冒号后面不一定是完整句。冒号后面可以跟namely或者thatis。6. 修饰可数名词：Numberofhats;numeroushats;morenumeroushats修饰不可数名词：Amountofpatience7. Lessthantwentydollars吊虽调的是小于20美金这个价值Fewerthantwentydollars吊虽调的是少于20美金的张数Cha

45、pter 11 GM/S-V/Parallelism:Extra1 .简洁程度：动词>形容词>名词2 .That从句（有动词）>名词短语（只有名词）3 .Idea类型的名词，很多会跟that从句（其中是个完整的句子）：这类名词有：Hypothesis/idea/suggestion/belief/discovery/evidence/indication/report4 .副词>介词短语TOACOMPARABLEEXTENT>COMPARABLY5 .此外在检查简洁性时，要着重看be动词，一般be动词会有冗余问题.6 .形容词>带be的形容词短语7 .强调句

46、在GMAT中不存在：WORDY-ITISwithoutfearTHATchildrenshouldplay.Better-Childrenshouldplaywithoutfear.8 .除非介词是of,不然不要考虑去掉该介词短语.AwallOFstone和Astonewall都可以SOLDIERFROMBOSTON以，但BOSTONSOLDIE界可以一般，地点名词不可用名词做形容词来修饰.在修饰timeperiod/quantity/measurement的时候，不能去掉of引导的修饰语。永远不要用possessive（'ors）来修饰measurement09 .Reporting

47、Verb后面的THAT不能省略这样的verb有：Indicate/claim/contend（声称）/report/agree/declare/find/reveal/rule（裁定）/show.Announce/assert/believe/confess/demonstrate/doubt/expect/hold/know/mention/observe/proclaim/reason/recognize/repeat/state/think/warn.Beconvinced/becertain/beassured但是呢，say不一定带that10 .具体名词（concretenouns）

48、和动作名词（Actionnouns）不可平行具体名词：rock/continent/electron/politician/region/holiday/week动作名词：eruption/pollution/nomination/withdrawal/development/change/growth11 .动名词的平行结构11.1. 简单动名词simplegerundphraseTrackingsatellitesaccuratelyisimportantforthespaceagency.11.2. 复杂动名词complexgerundphraseTheaccuratetrackingo

49、fsatellitesisimportantforthespaceagency.11.3. 简单动名词不能跟复杂动名词并列WRONGTenjoyeddrinkingthewaterANDthewinetasting.RIGHT-IenjoyeddrinkingthewaterANDtastingthewine.11.4. 只有复杂动名词能够跟动作名词并列WRONG-therebelsdemandedthewithdrawalofgovernmentforcesfromdisputedregions,significantreductionsinoveralltrooplevels,raisin

50、gtherebelflagonholidays,ANDageneralpardon.RIGHT-therebels-levels,THERAISINGOFtherebelflagon：但是，在某动名词相对应的名词存在的情况下，不能用该动名词；而应该用名词！WRONG-theRELEASINGofcertainpoliticalprisonersRIGHT-theRELEASEofcertainpoliticalprisoners11.5. 综上所述：一共有三类名词：1）具体名词2）动作名词和复杂动名词3）简单动名词以上三类之间不可互相平行。11.6. Besuspiciousof不可被susp

51、ect替代；Belackingin不可被lack替代;因为它们都是习语。Chapter12Pronouns&Modifiers:Extra1. 相互代词（reciprocalpronouns）'oneanother'和eachother用于强调几方的互动。不可与反身代词themselves互换。WRONG-TheguestsatthepartyinteractedwithTHEMSELVES.RIGHTTheguestsatthepartyinteractedwithONEANOTHER.2. IT在三种情况下不用去找先行词2.1. IT用于不定式宾语后置RIGHT-I

52、TisfutileTORESISTtemptation.2.2. IT用于THAT短语作主语后置RIGHT-ITgiveusencouragementTHATwescoredatall.AwkwardTHATwescoredatallgaveusencouragement.（W时候会作为正确答案）2.3. IT用于THAT短语作宾语后置RIGHT-ShemadeITpossibleforusTOATTENDthemovie.3 .在由于“先行词模糊”造成把所有选项全都排除的时候，放松这一项，用别的错误去决定正解。4 .对于TOUCHRULE勺特例4.1. 当“特别重要”的修饰词落在名词与名词的

53、修饰短语之间时；RIGHT-hehadawayOFDODGINGOPPONENETSthatimpressedthescouts.4.2. 当“短谓语”落在名词与名词修饰语之间，且将长句修饰词甩到后面的情况；RIGHTAnewCEOhasbeenhiredwhowilltransformthecompanybydecentralizingauthoHtytovariousdivisionheadswhileincreasingtheiraccountabilitythroughtheuseofpublicscorecards.4.3. 当“短的、非重要修饰语”落在名词与名词修饰语之间，且用逗号

54、分隔开的时候；RIGHT-OursystemofPresidentialelectionsfavorsstates,suchasDelaware,thatbypopulationareover-representedintheElectoralCollege.4.4. 当修饰语是一系列平行修饰语其中之一，且此系列修饰语紧跟在名词之后的时候。RIGHT-Inheraldry,thetermtincture'referstoacoloremblazonedonacoatofarmsandlabeledwithaspecialFrenchword.5 .在迫不得已的时候，考虑用复数所有格来排

55、除选项。WRONG-Certainhumans'parasiteshavebeenshowntoprovidebacterialresistanceandprotectionagainstauto-immunedisorders.RIGHT-Certainparasitesinhumanshavebeenshown6 .子集合修饰语RIGHT-Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEOFWHICHWEREonlyrecentlydiscovered.RIGHT-,SOMEOFTHEMonlyrecentlydiscovered.RIGHT-,SOMEonlyrecentlydiscovered.7 .很多情况下，“现在分词”可以跟“以关系代词开头的关系从句”互换。但要注意，需要注意动作发生的时间、句子的时态。现在分词自己不能表达时间概念，其时态是跟着主句的时态走的。?PASTISAWamanCLEANINGthesteps.?PRESENT-1SEEamanCLEANINGthesteps.?FUTURE-IWILLSEEamanCLEANINGthesteps.如果要表达的CLEANING动作和主句的时间