外文翻译嘉兴蓝天有限公司办公楼设计(可编辑)

1、外文翻译-嘉兴蓝天有限公司办公楼设计（可编辑）外文翻译-嘉兴蓝天有限公司办公楼设计嘉兴学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目:嘉兴蓝天有限公司办公楼设计学院:嘉兴学院专业:土木工程班级:土木N064学号:2006456791435学生姓名:岑哲指导教师:金玉完成日期:2009年9月4号一、外文原文:TallBuildingStructureTallbuildingshavefascinatedmankindfromthebeginningofcivilization,theirconstructionbeinginitiallyfordefenseandsubsequentlyforeccles

2、iasticalpurposes.Thegrowthinmoderntallbuildingconstruction,however,whichbeganinthe1880s,hasbeenlargelyforcommercialandresidentialpurposes.Tallcommercialbuildingsareprimarilyaresponsetothedemandbybusinessactivitiestobeasclosetoeachother,andtothecitycenter,aspossible,therebyputtingintensepressureonthe

3、availablelandspace.Also,becausetheyformdistinctivelandmarks,tallcommercialbuildingsarefrequentlydevelopedincitycentersasprestigesymbolsforcorporateorganizations.Further,thebusinessandtouristcommunity,withitsincreasingmobility,hasfuelledaneedformore,frequentlyhigh-rise,citycenterhotelaccommodations.T

4、herapidgrowthoftheurbanpopulationandtheconsequentpressureonlimitedspacehaveconsiderablyinfluencedcityresidentialdevelopment.Thehighcostofland,thedesiretoavoidacontinuousurbansprawl,andtheneedtopreserveimportantagriculturalproductionhaveallcontributedtodriveresidentialbuildingsupward.Ideally,intheear

5、lystagesofplanningabuilding,theentiredesignteam,includingthearchitect,structuralengineer,andservicesengineer,shouldcollaboratetoagreeonaformofstructuretosatisfytheirrespectiverequirementsoffunction,safetyandserviceability,andservicing.Acompromisebetweenconflictingdemandswillbealmostinevitable.Inallb

6、uttheverytalleststructures,however,thestructuralarrangementwillbesubservienttothearchitecturalrequirementsofspacearrangementandaesthetics.Thetwoprimarytypesofverticalload-resistingelementsoftallbuildingsarecolumnsandwalls,thelatteractingeitherindependentlyasshearwallsorinassembliesasshearwallcores.T

7、hebuildingfunctionwillleadnaturallytotheprovisionofwallstodivideandenclosespace,andofcorestocontainandconveyservicessuchaselevators.Columnswillbeprovided,inotherwiseunsupportedregions,totransmitgravityloadsand,insometypesofstructure,horizontalloadsalso.Theinevitableprimaryfunctionofthestructuralelem

8、entsistoresistthegravityloadingfromtheweightofthebuildinganditscontents.Sincetheloadingondifferentfloorstendstobesimilar,theweightofthefloorsystemperunitfloorareaisapproximatelyconstant,regardlessofthebuildingheight.Becausethegravityloadonthecolumnsincreasesdowntheheightofabuilding,theweightofcolumn

9、sperunitareaincreasesapproximatelylinearlywiththebuildingheight.Thehighlyprobablesecondfunctionoftheverticalstructuralelementsistoresistalsotheparasiticloadcausedbywindandpossiblyearthquakes,whosemagnitudeswillbeobtainedfromNationalBuildingCodesorwindtunnelstudies.Thebendingmomentsonthebuildingcause

10、dbytheselateralforcesincreasewithatleastthesquareoftheheight,andtheireffectswillbecomeprogressivelymoreimportantasthebuildingheightincreases.Oncethefunctionallayoutofthestructurehasbeendecided,thedesignprocessgenerallyfollowsawelldefinediterativeprocedure.Preliminarycalculationsformembersizesareusua

11、llybasedongravityloadingaugmentedbyanarbitraryincrementtoaccountforwindforces.Thecross-sectionalareasoftheverticalmemberswillbebasedontheaccumulatedloadingsfromtheirassociatedtributaryareas,withreductionstoaccountfortheprobabilitythatnotallfloorswillbesubjectedsimultaneouslytotheirimumliveloading.Th

12、einitialsizesofbeamsandslabsarenormallybasedonmomentsandshearsobtainedfromsomesimplemethodofgravityloadanalysis,orfromcodifiedmidandendspanvalues.Acheckisthenmadeontheimumhorizontaldeflection,andtheforcesinthemajorstructuralmembers,usingsomerapidapproximateanalysistechnique.Ifthedeflectionisexcessiv

13、e,orsomeofthemembersareinadequate,adjustmentsaremadetothemembersizesorthestructuralarrangement.Ifcertainmembersattractexcessiveloads,theengineermayreducetheirstiffnesstoredistributetheloadtolessheavilystressedcomponents.Theprocedureofpreliminaryanalysis,checking,andadjustmentisrepeateduntilasatisfac

14、torysolutionisobtained.Invariably,alterationstotheinitiallayoutofthebuildingwillberequiredastheclient'sandarchitect'sideasofthebuildingevolve.Thiswillcallforstructuralmodifications,orperhapsaradicalrearrangement,whichnecessitatesacompletereviewofthestructuraldesign.Thevariouspreliminarystage

15、smaythereforehavetoberepeatedanumberoftimesbeforeafinalsolutionisreached.Speedoferectionisavitalfactorinobtainingareturnontheinvestmentinvolvedinsuchlarge-scaleprojects.Mosttallbuildingsareconstructedincongestedcitysites,withdifficultaccess;thereforecarefulplanningandorganizationoftheconstructionseq

16、uencebecomeessential.Thestory-to-storyuniformityofmostmultistorybuildingsencouragesconstructionthroughrepetitiveoperationsandprefabricationtechniques.Progressintheabilitytobuildtallhasgonehandinhandwiththedevelopmentofmoreefficientequipmentandimprovedmethodsofconstruction.EarthquakeFaultsTheoriginof

17、anearthquakeAnearthquakeoriginatesonaplaneofweaknessorafractureintheearth'scrust,termeda"fault".Theearthononesideofthefaultslidesorslipshorizontallyand/orverticallywithrespecttotheearthontheoppositeside,andthisgeneratesavibrationthatistransmittedoutwardinalldirections.Thisvibrationcons

18、titutestheearthquake.Theearthquakegenerallyoriginatesdeepwithintheearthatapointonthefaultwherethestressthatproducestheslipisaimum.Thispointiscalledthehypocenterorfocusandthepointontheearth'ssurfacedirectlyabovethispointiscalledtheepicenter.Themainorgreatestshockisusuallyfollowedbynumeroussmaller

19、aftershocks.Theseaftershocksareproducedbyslippageatotherpointsonthefaultorinthefaultzone.TypesofearthquakefaultsFaultsareclassifiedinaccordancewiththedirectionandnatureoftherelativedisplacementoftheearthatthefaultplane.Probablythemostcommontypeisthestrike-slipfaultinwhichtherelativefaultdisplacement

20、ismainlyhorizontalacrossanessentiallyverticalfaultplane.ThegreatSanAndreasfaultinCaliforniaisofthetype.Anothertypeistermedanormalfault?whentherelativemovementisinanupwardandownwarddirectiononanearlyverticalfaultplane.ThegreatAlaskanearthquakeof1964wasapparentlyofthistype.Alesscommontypeisthethrustfa

21、ult?whentheearthisundercompressivestressacrossthefaultandtheslippageisinanupwardanddownwarddirectionalonganinclinedfaultplane.TheSanFernandoearthquakewasgeneratedonwhathasusuallybeenclassifiedasathrustfault,althoughtherewasaboutasmuchlateralslippageasupanddownslippageduetothrustacrosstheinclinedfaul

22、tplane.Someauthoritiesrefertothiscombinedactionaslateralthrustfaulting.ThecompressivestrainintheearthoftheSanFernandoValleyfloorjustsouthofthethrustfaultwasevidencedinmanyplacesbybuckledsidewalksandasphaltpaving.ForcesexertedbyanearthquakeSlippagealongthefaultoccurssuddenly.Itisareleaseofstressthath

23、asgraduallybuilt-upintherocksoftheearth'scrust.Althoughthevibrationalmovementoftheearthduringanearthquakeisinalldirections,thehorizontalcomponentsareofchiefimportancetothestructuralengineer.Thesemovementsexertforcesonastructurebecausetheyaccelerate.Thisaccelerationissimplyachangeinthevelocityoft

24、heearthmovement.Sincethegroundmotioninanearthquakeisvibratory,theaccelerationandforcethatitexertsonastructurereversesindirectionperiodically,atshortintervalsoftime.Thestructuralengineerisinterestedintheforceexertedonabodybythemovementoftheearth.ThismaybedeterminedfromNewton'ssecondlawofmotion

25、9;whichmaybestatedinthefollowingform:FMaInwhichFisaforcethatproducesanaccelerationawhenactingonabodyofmassM.Thisequationisnondimensional.ForcalculationsMissetequaltoW/g,then:FW/g*a1InwhichFisinpounds,aisinfeetpersecondpersecond,Wistheweightofthebodyalsoinpoundsandgistheaccelerationofgravity,whichis3

26、2.2feetpersecondpersecond.Equation1isempirical.ItsimplystatestheexperimentalfactthatforafreefallingbodytheaccelerationaisequaltogandtheaccelerationforceFisthenequaltotheweightW.Forconvenience,theaccelerationofanearthquakeisgenerallyexpressedasaratiototheaccelerationofgravity.Thisratioiscalledaseismi

27、ccoefficient.Theadvantageofthissystemisthattheforceexertedonabodybyaccelerationissimplythecorrespondingseismiccoefficientmultipliedbytheweightofthebody.ThisisinaccordancewithEquation1inwhicha/gistheseismiccoefficient.ActivityoffaultsAllfaultsarenotconsideredtopresentthesamehazard.Someareclassifiedas

28、"active"sinceitisbelievedthatthesefaultsmayundergomovementfromtimetotimeintheimmediategeologicfuture.Unfortunatelyinthepresentstate-of-the-artthereisagooddealofuncertaintyintheidentificationofpotentiallyactivefaults.Forexample,thefaultthatgeneratedtheSanFernandoearthquakedidnotevenappearon

29、anypublishedgeologicalmapsofthearea.Thisfaultwasdiscoveredtobeactiveonlywhenitactuallyslippedandrupturedthegroundsurface.Accordinglytheidentificationofactivefaultsandgeologicallyhazardousareasforlandusecriteriaandforhazardreductionbyspecialengineeringmaybeofquestionablevalue.Onlyinveryrecentyearshav

30、egeologistsbeguntotrytoevaluatethepotentialactivityoffaultsthathavenohistoricalrecordofactivity.Bycloseinspectionofafault,visibleinthesidewallsofatrenchthatcutsacrossthefault,itissometimespossibletodetermineifithasbeenactiveinrecenttimes.Forexample,ifthetraceofthefaultextendsthrougharecentalluvialma

31、terial,thentheremusthavebeenslippagesincethatmaterialwasdeposited.Howeverfaultrupturesmaybeverydifficultorimpossibletoseeinimbeddedmaterialsuchassandandgravel.Alsoofcoursethelocationofthefaultmustbeknownanditmustreachthesurfaceofthegroundinordertoinspectitbytrenching.Evidenceofthehistoricalactivityo

32、fafaultmaysometimesbeobtainedbyobservingthefaultingofgeologicallyyoungdepositsexposedinatrench.Suchdepositsaregenerallybeddedandwellconsolidatedsothatfaultrupturecaneasilybeseen.Theapproximatetimeofformationofafaultruptureorscarphasinsomecasesbeendeterminedbyradiocarbonanalysisofpiecesofwoodfoundint

33、heruptureorscarp.Inadditiontoevidenceofyoungfaultactivityobtainedbytrenching,therealsomaybetopographicevidenceofyoungfaultingsuchasisobviousalongtheSanAndreasfault.Verticalaerialphotographsareoneofthemostimportantmethodsforfindingtopographicevidenceofactivefaults.Thisevidence,whichincludesscarps,off

34、setchannels,depressions,andelongatedridgesandvalleys,isproducedbyfaultactivity.Theageofthesetopographicfeaturesandthereforethetimeofthefaultactivity,canbeestimatedbytheextenttowhichtheyareweatheredanderoded.二、外文译文:高层建筑结构高楼大厦已经着迷,从人类文明的开始,其建设是国防和最初其后教会的目的。现代高层建筑的增长,然而,这在19世纪80年代开始,在很大程度上是为商业和住宅用途。高商业

35、楼宇,主要是对商业活动的需求响应作为彼此接近,并到城市中心,如可能,从而使在现有的土地空间的巨大压力。此外,因为它们形成鲜明的标志性建筑,高商业楼宇,经常制定了促进企业组织的威信的象征的城市中心。此外,商业和旅游界与流动性日益增加,已促使更多的,经常的高层需要,市中心酒店住宿。城镇人口的迅速增长和随之而来的压力有限的空间大大影响了城市住宅发展。土地成本高,为了避免出现连续的城市扩张以及需要维护重要的农业生产都有助于推动住宅楼宇向上。理想情况下,在规划建设的初期阶段,整个设计团队,包括建筑师,结构工程师,服务工程师,应互相合作,在商定的结构形式,以满足功能,安全性和可维护性各自的需求,并提供服务

36、。冲突的要求之间的妥协将是不可避免的。但在所有的结构非常最高,但结构安排将服从安排和空间美学的建筑要求。两个垂直荷载抗高层建筑元素的主要类型列和墙壁,后者代理或者作为剪力墙或剪力墙作为核心组件独立。该大楼的功能将导致自然提供的墙壁围分裂和空间,和内核,以遏制和传达,如电梯服务。专栏将提供,在每单不支持的地区,否则,传输重力负荷,并在某些类型的结构,水平荷载也。不可避免的结构因素的主要功能是抵抗建筑物及其内容的重力负荷重量。由于不同的楼层负荷往往是相似的,该系统每单位楼面面积重量约不断,不论建筑物的高度。由于对降低建筑物的高度,重量面积和重力负荷的增加而增加约与建筑的高度成正比。在极有可能垂直结

37、构构件的第二个功能是抵制也是寄生风荷载和可能的地震,其震级将由国家建筑守则或风洞研究取得造成的。对这些侧向力的增加造成的建设的弯矩至少高度广场,和其效果会变得越来越重要,因为建筑物高度的增加。一旦结构功能布局已经确定,设计过程中普遍遵循明确的迭代过程。会员规模初步测算,通常根据一个任意扩充增量占风力重力负荷。的跨垂直截面面积的成员将根据其相关地区的支流与积累负荷削减,以考虑到,并非所有的楼层将同时受到其最大的活荷载的概率。最初的梁,板的尺寸通常为基础,在时刻剪一些简单的我获得需氧量重力负载分析,或从编纂中和年底跨度值。进行检查,然后做出的最高水平偏转,并在主要结构构件的力量,使用一些快速近似性

38、能分析技术。如果变形过大或部分成员不足,调整,是为成员的大小或结构安排。如果行政长官成员吸引过度劳累,工程师可减少其刚度重新分配负载量较低强调组件。初步分析程序,检查和调整,直到满意的解决办法,得到重复。总是以建筑物的初步布局的改动需作为客户端的建设和发展的建筑师的想法。这将调用结构的修改,或者可能是激进的重新安排,因此必须对结构性的设计进行全面审查。各种初级阶段,因此可能要重复最终解决之前,多次到达。勃起速度是在获得在这样大规模的项目涉及投资回报的重要因素。大多数高层建筑都建在拥挤的城市用地,难以利用,因此仔细的规划和施工顺序组织是至关重要的。这个故事对大多数高层建筑的故事,鼓励通过反复的统

39、一行动和预制技术建设。在高大的能力建设已经取得进展的同时更高效的设备和施工方法的改进发展手。地震断层地震的起源据我国地震台起源于软弱的飞机或在地壳断裂,称为“错误”。关于一个断层的一侧地球幻灯片或单就在地球对面横向和/或垂直,这会生成一个向各个方向传播向外震动。这构成了地震震动。这次地震深度一般起源于对故障点的地球内部的压力下产生的支路是最长的。这一点被称为震源或重点和地球表面的点上方这一点称为震中。主要的或最大的震动,随后通常是由众多小的余震。这些余震在其他生产点的过失或在断裂带的延误。地震断层类型故障归类按照方向和在断层面上的地球相对位移的性质。可能是最常见的类型是走滑断层,其中相对断层位移主要是在本质上平面垂直断层水平。伟大的圣安德烈亚斯断层是在加利福尼亚州的类型。另一种是称为正断层-相对运动时,在一个向上向下的方向,是一个几乎