定语从句---语法规则

1、定语从句一 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别。限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用。而非限制性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句，状语从句等。如：I want this man ,who(=for he) can speak English.He gave up the plan, which(=though it) was a very good one.I will take this one, which(=for it)seems to be the best o

2、ne.He has two sons, who work in the same company.(He has only two sons) He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has more than two sons.)二 非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法。1. 关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略。2. who（主语），whom(宾语)， which(主语，宾语) 不能用that 代替，也不能互相替换。3. 介词+which/whom +从句结构中，介词不能移到从句后面。4. when,whe

3、re可用于非限制性定语从句。题组训练That is my father, and he works in Shanghai.That is his father,_works in Shanghai.I like the boy, who is very lovely.I like the boy, _is very lovely.He told me a story yesterday, and I think it is very interesting. He told me a story yesterday,_ I think is very interesting.关系代词的用法（

4、一） 关系代词的作用和分类1. 关系代词的作用有三个：（） 连接作用：关系代词引导从句，把它和主句连接起来。（） 替代作用：关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词。（） 成分作用：关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。关系代词的用法分类：用于限制性和非限制性定语从句只用于限制性定语从句指人指物既指人又指物主格whowhichthat 宾格whom属格词 whose/of whomwhose/of whichwhose关系代词的用法与分类有三个依据：（）根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性。（）根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物。（）根据它在从句中所充当的成分主语，宾语，表语或定语。（二）关系代词that和

5、which的用法。限定性定语从句中，必须用关系代词that的情况。（）当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one时。Eg: Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?You should hand in all that you have.(2) 当先行词前面被the only, the very（恰恰，正好）, any , few, little, no, all 等词修饰时。如：This is the

6、 very bus that Im waiting for.The only thing that we can do is (to) give you some money.(3) 当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best that has been used against pollution.This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.(4) 当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。 如：This train is the last that will go to Suzh

7、ou.What is the first American film that you have seen?(5) 当先行词既有人又有物时。如：Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?(6) 当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。如：Which is the bike that you lost?Who is the boy that won the gold medal?(7) 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系从句代词宜用 which， 另外一个宜用 that。如:They secretly built

8、up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.(8) 当先行词在主句中作表语， 而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。如：Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.2.定语从句中，必须用which的情况：（）在非限制性定语从句中，只用which,不用that。如：Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others e

9、nvy him.（）当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which，不用that。This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如：This is the pen (which/that) Im looking for.不可以说：This is the pen for which Im looking.题组训练 用关系代词that 或which 填空。1.Is there anything_ you dont understand about the problem?2.

10、The worst matter_ Im afraid of happened in the end.3.All the presents_ your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.4.This is the very book _ I have been looking for.5.He was late for the opening ceremony,_ was very surprising to me.三关系代词who, whom 和 whose 的用法。当先行词指人：1.在从句中作主语时，用who ，不可省

11、略；2.在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/that 可以省略；3.在定语从句中作定语时，用whose ，不可省略。如： She is the girl who lives next door.先行词在定语从句中作主语Thats the girl (whom/that) I teach.先行词在定语从句中作宾语。This is the scientist whose achievements are well-known.先行词在定语从句中作定语。This is the house, whose window broke last night.=This is the house,the win

12、dow of which broke last night.=this is the house, of which the window broke last night.用关系代词Who,whom 或whose填空。1. Luxun, _real name was Zhou Shuren,wrote many political novels and essays.2. The man _you met just now is my old friend.3. The man _is walking on the playground is my old friend.4. A child

13、 _parents are dead is called an orphan.三 “介词+关系代词” 引导的定语从句。 “介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which指物 ,whom指人.1. 当介词在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用which 或whom ， 且不能省略。如：Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.In the dar

14、k street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.2.在限制性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用that/which 指物，that/whom/who 指人作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。如This i

15、s the hero that/who/whom we are pround of.This is the pen that/which I wrote the letter with.3。复合介词短语+关系代词 which 引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。如： He lives in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.5. 介词+which/whom +不定式结构The poor man has no house in which to live.The poor man

16、 has no house which to live in.=The poor man has no house to live in=The poor man has no house in which he can live.The beggar has no money with which to buy food.=The beggar has no money to buy food with.=The beggar has no money that/which he can buy food with.1. Mrs.lee will move into the new hous

17、e next Monday, _A_it will be completely finished.A. by which time B. by that time C. by this time D. by the time.2.Have you seen the book _C_is yellow? A. the cover of it B. which cover C. the cover of which D. whichs cover3.Franks dream is to have his own garden _D_ many beautiful flowers.A. in it

18、to produce B. which produce C. it produces D. in which to produce五关系代词as 引导的定语从句。关系代词as 既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，as 在从句中作主语，宾语，表语。引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：1. such+名词+as -像-一样的，像-之类的。The same +名词+ as -和-同样的。其中关系代词 在从句中担当主语，宾语和表语。如：We have found such materials as are used in their factory. ( as作主语)These house

19、s were sold at such a low price as people expected. (As 宾语)He is not the same man as he was. (as表语)I lend you such books as will interest you.(as 作主语)She knew he felt just the same as she did.(as 作宾语)Such people as you describe are rare nowdays. (as 作宾语)Mass is not the same thing as weight is. (as 作

20、表语)质量并不等于重量。在“the sameas” 和 “ the same.that” 中，as 引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物 “相似”， 指同类事物；that 引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个”， 指同一事物。 This is the same (kind of ) pen as I lost yesterday.这和我昨天丢的笔一样。（类似的笔）This is the same pen (the very pen) that I lost yesterday.这支笔就是我昨天丢的那支。2. -such as -Such为代词，意为“这样的人或物”, as 在

21、从句中担当成分，修饰先行词such。 This book is not such as I expect.（as 作宾语）六关系代词 as ,which 的区别。1. as引导的非限制性定语从句既可放在主句前，又可放在主句后，有时还可插在句中，而 which 引导的非限制定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可代替主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。如： The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expected.2. 当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用 as 如： As is know

22、n to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. =the moon travels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody. =It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. =What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the eart

23、h once every month. （后两句属名词性从句范畴。）另外 as 多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see 正如人人看到的那样，as is well-known=as is known to all 众所周知，as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样。As has been said before如上所述，as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的。3. 当定语从句放在主句后面时，也并不是as 就永远等于which 。1. 当定语从句是否定句或表示否定意义时只能用 which.He came here very late, wh

24、ich was unexpected.2.当 as 在从句中作主语时，后面接动词的被动语态，如be known, be said, be reported, be announced 等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which 作主语。She has been absent again, as is expected.Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy.3.as常在 as it seems likely, as it often happens, as it was printed out, as it was

25、said earlier, as I remember it, as I understand it , as it appears 等结构中。如：Jack has won the first prize, as it often happens.She has read widely in Romantic literature, as it appears from her essay.4. as仍然保持作连词时常有的某种含义。如：David is tall, as are my brothers.He opposed the idea, as could be expected.5.当非

26、限制性定语从句的谓语动词是一个复合结构时，只能用 which引导定语从句。如：Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.6. 当非限制性定语从句为否定句时，常用which 如： Mr.Smith usually praise his students Rose in public,which she doesnt like at all.用As,which, it, what ,that 填空1. He is such a lovely student_as_everyone likes.2. He is such a l

27、ovely student_that_everyone likes him.3. _what_is known to us all is that China has the largest population in the world.4. _It _is known to us all that China has the largest population in the world.5. _As_is known to us all, China has the largest population in the world.6. That student that the teac

28、her thinks best played truant yesterday, _which_made the teacher very disappointed.关系副词的用法。一 当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。其中when =表时间的介词如in, at ,during +which ，where =表地点的介词 如in, at,on,under +which ， why=表原因的介词如 for+which，how =表方式的介词如in +which.I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (when=on

29、 which)Can you tell me the office where he works? (where=in which) Do you know the reason why he is absent? (why=for which)二。介词+关系代词which = where/when。有时为表示清楚，还可以在关系副词when/where 前加介词from,to 等。如： China is the birth place of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, korea,Thailand and India.三高考试题

30、中对于 where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的地点转为 地点的模糊化。事实上，对于where 这个词，考生不能只理解为表地点。当先行词表示某人/物的situation 或某事所发展的stage ，或表达某事的某个方面时都可用 where这个关系副词。如： The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in. 这种用法不是仅仅限于定语从句，特殊疑问词中的where 名词性从句中的where 都是这种用法。如 Where will this trouble lead? That is

31、where you are mistaken.1. We are living in an age_when_many things are done on computer.2. We are living in an age_that/which_we have lot of things to learn about.3. I can think of many cases _where_students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay. 4. I c

32、an think of many cases_that/which_you know nothing about.关系副词和关系代词的比较引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词除了起连接作用外，它们还有一个最重要的作用，那就是它们分别在定语从句中担当成分。具体地说，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此，在选择引导词时，最重要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分，若从句中缺主语，宾语，表语，那么必须要用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语，宾语，表语，那么必须要用关系副词。Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Q

33、ingdao?Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?在句1中，定语从句缺宾语，因此须用关系代词that/which来引导从句，而在句2中不缺宾语，因此须用关系副词when 来引导。1.I want to know the date_you were born.2.I have remembered the date_I forgot just now.3.Do you know the reason _he is absent today?4.That is the reason

34、_I want to know.5.This is the factory _his father works.6.This is the factory_his father built.五。定语从句的其他要点 一 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不能省略。 二定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词保持一致。 当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称，数的方面应该与先行词保持一致。 1.one of +复数名词+关系代词+定语从句中用复数动词。如： The Great wall is one of the world-famous buildings that

35、draw lots of visitors. Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.2. the only one of +复数名词+关系代词+定语从句中用单数动词。如：The Great wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.Titanicis the only one of these wonderful movies that has been pr

36、oduced in Hollywood.注意。Not the only one of = one of Tom isnt the only one of the boys who have passed the exam.=Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam.3.当关系代词 as与 which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as 与 which 作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如：Great changes have taken place in China ,as is known to all.He has pass

37、ed the college entrance examination, which makes his parents quite happy.4.其他情况I，who am your teacher,will try my best to help you.To own a computer in families, which we thought was impossible twenty years ag., now becomes true.Have you heard of the persons and things that are being talked about?用动词

38、的适当形式填空He is one of my friends who _(have) seen the film.He is the only one of my friends who_(have) seen the film.He is not the only one of my friends who_(have) seen the film.I, who_(be) very busy, cant help them at the moment.As _(be )known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China,We must unify it.The idea,which I think_ (be) reasonable, was brought up by profes