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1、英语构词法(转)掌握英语构词法是高中学生应该具备的一项基本技能。它对于帮助学生扩大词汇量,准确地推测文章中词汇的含义具有非常重要的意义。现就英语中常见的三种构词法加以总结说明。 一 . 转化:指由一种词性转化为另一种词性的构词形式。1. 名词转化为动词:book ( n 书 v 预定);seat ( n 座位 v 使就位;落座);water ( n 水 v 浇水);shoulder ( n 肩膀 v 负责任)2. 动词转化为名词:try ( v 尝试 n 尝试);look ( v 看 n 表情);swim ( v 游泳 n 游泳);dream ( v 做梦 n 梦)3. 形容词转化为动词:di

2、rty ( adj 脏的 v 弄脏);slow ( adj 慢的 v 放慢;减慢);right ( adj 正确的 v 纠正);dry ( adj 干的 v 变干);free ( adj 自由的 v 解放;使自由);wrong ( adj 错误的 v 弄错;受委屈)4. 形容词转化为名词:dear ( adj 昂贵的 n 喜欢的人 / 物);quiet ( adj 寂静的 n 寂静);total ( adj 全部的 n 总数)5. 其它词类的转化情况:Our classroom faces south. ( south: n 南方;南面 adv 向南;朝南)6. 当英语词汇转化时,转化后的词的

3、读音常有变化。二 . 合成:指由两个或两个以上本身有独立含义的词合在一起组成一个有具体意义的新词的构词形式。1. 合成形容词的常见构词形式:数词 + 名词a five - year plan (五年计划);first-class products (一级品);second-hand goods (二手货);a four-word (四字成语)数词 + 名词 +eda three - legged bench (三条腿的登子);a one - eyed camel (一只眼的骆驼)数词 + 名词 + 形容词a 20-year-old lady (一位 20 岁的女士);a 1,000-metre

4、-long bridge (一座 1000 米长的桥)名词 + 现在分词peace-loving (热爱和平的);meat-eating (食肉的);English-speaking (说英语的);history-making (创造历史的)名词 + 过去分词heart-broken (伤心的);man-made (人造的);state-owned (国有的);water-covered (被水覆盖的)形容词 + 名词 +edabsent-minded (漫不经心的);blue-eyed (蓝眼睛的);good-tempered (好脾气的);kind-hearted (和善的)形容词 + 现

5、在分词bad-looking (相貌丑陋的);fine-sounding (动听的);easy-going (容易相处的)形容词 + 名词short-term (短期的);part-time (兼职的);high-class (高级的);large-scale (大规模的)副词 + 现在分词hard-working (努力工作的);far-reaching (深远的);ever-lasting (永恒的)副词 + 过去分词well-developed (高度发达的);well-known (著名的);well-trained (训练有素的)其他构词形式的合成形容词all-round (全面的)

6、;face-to-face (面对面的);thank-you (感谢的);out-of-date (过时的)2. 合成名词的常见构成形式:名词 + 名词silkworm (蚕);footprint (脚印);newspaper (报纸);glasshouse (温室);bedroom (卧室)名词 + 动名词handwriting (书法);sun-bathing (日光浴);sight-seeing (观光)形容词 + 名词shorthand (速记);hotline (热线);blackboard (黑板)动名词 + 名词waiting-room (候车室);sleeping-pill (

7、安眠药);writing-desk (写字台);reading-room (阅览室)动词 + 名词pickpocket (扒手);post office (邮局);playground (操场);break-water (防波堤)动词 + 副词get-together (联欢会);break-through (突破);take-off (起飞);lookout (岗哨)副词 + 动词downfall (垮台);overthrow (推翻);outbreak (爆发);income (收入;所得)其他构成形式的合成名词well-being (福利);good-for-nothing (无用之人)

8、;by-product (副产品);touch-me-not (含羞草);self-improvement (自我完善);self-criticism (自我批评)注意:合成词如果出现复数形式时通常在其后加 -s 或 -es ,如 by-products, reading-rooms, 但应特别注意: passers-by, lookers-on 等词语是在其表达该词中心含义的词上加 -s 或 -es .3. 合成动词及其他合成词类:overthrow (推翻);sleep-walk (梦游);undergo (经历);everything (一切);furthermore (而且);fore

9、ver (永远);maybe (也许)三 . 派生:指由一个词根加上前缀和(或)后缀构成另一个词的构词形式。1. 前缀:一般而言,前缀只改变词的含意,并不改变词的词性,有些前缀如 en- , under- 等却使原词改变了词性,如 force ( n 力量) enforce ( v 加强);rich ( adj 富有) enrich ( v 使富裕);line ( n 线) underline ( v 在之下画线)。表示否定意义的前缀,往往使原词变成它的反义词。前缀    含义       &#

10、160;    词根                  派生词dis-     不         like (喜欢)         dislike (不喜欢)un-  

11、0;   不         fair (公平)         unfair (不公平)il-    不;无       legal (合法的)      illegal (非法的)in-    不;非    

12、;  correct (正确的)     incorrect (不正确的)im-      非        possible (可能的)    impossible (不可能的)ir-    不;非      regular (规则的)     irregular (不规则的)

13、non-   无;非      smoker (烟民)        non-smoker (不吸烟者)en-      使        courage (勇气)       encourage (鼓励)fore-  前;预先   

14、60; head (头)           forehead (前额)inter- 在之间   national (国家的)   international (国际的)kilo-    千         meter (米)          kilomet

15、er (千米)micro- 微量的;微小的computer (计算机)  microcomputer (微机)mid-   在中间      autumn (秋天)      mid-autumn (中秋)mis-   错误地       understand (理解)   misunderstand (误解)over- 在上,过分;超过  head (头)

16、     overhead (在头顶上的)re-   再;重;又     build (修建)       rebuild (重建)seimi-   半          circle (圆)        semicircle (半圆)2. 后缀:通常情况下

17、,后缀不但改变词,还改变词性,常见的后缀有动词后缀、副词后缀、形容词后缀和名词后缀。动词后缀:后缀       含义        词根              派生词 -en       变得   wide (宽的)    w

18、iden (加宽;变宽) -ify      使     beauty (美)    beautify (使漂亮) -ize/ise  使     real(的)       realize (实现) 副词后缀:后缀      含义       &#

19、160;        词根                      派生词-ly    在状态中      happy (高兴;幸福) happily (高兴地;幸福地)-ward   朝方向/地方  ba

20、ck (后)          backward (向后;朝后)形容词后缀:后缀            含义                   词根      

21、;            派生词-able/-ible 可的;能的       comfort (舒服)     comfortable (舒适的)-al/-ial    属于的;有特点   practice (练习)    practical (实际的;可行的)-ed   &#

22、160;     有特性的           interest (兴趣)    interested (感兴趣的)-ful        充满的             harm (伤害;损伤)  harmful (有害的;致伤

23、的)-ish        有属性的           self (自己)        selfish (自私的)-ive        有倾向的           create (创

24、造)      creative (创造性的)名词后缀:后缀          含义                词根                

25、;    派生词-ance/-ence 指行为、状态     perform (表演)      performance (演出;表演)-dom        指性质、状态     free (自由的)       freedom (自由)-er/or     

26、; 指人的身份       work (工作)         worker (工人)-ess        指人的身份       host (招待;主持)   hostess (女主人)-ese        表示国籍 

27、60;       China (中国)        Chinese (中国人)-ian        指人的身份       music (音乐)        musician (音乐家)-ism     

28、0;  与主义有关的     social (社会的)     socialism (社会主义)1. able a. ability n. enable v. disabled a. disability n.2. abnormal normal(反) 3. aboard (在船/车/飞机上=on board) abroad (在国外) board (木板) broad (宽阔的)4. abolish v abolishment n5. abrupt a abruptly ad abruptness n.

29、6. absent a absence n.7. abundant adequate-rich8. accelerate v acceleration n.9. accept v acceptance n acceptable a acquaint v acquaintance n10. access v&n accessible=available (availability n)11. accident n accidental a (突发的,偶然的) accidentally12. accomplish v accomplishment a13. accountant 会计 ac

30、counting 会计业务,会计学14. accumulate v. accumulation n15. accurate=exact a accuracy=exactness n accurately adv16. accuse v accusation the accused 被告17. acknowledge v acknowledgement18. acquire v acquisition19. addicted a addiction n addictive a20. adjust v adjustment n adjustable a21. admire v admirable

31、a admiration n22. advertise v 做广告 advertising 做广告 advertisement 广告 an advertising firm 广告公司23. advice n advise v.24. affection n affectionate a affectionately ad25. allocate v allocation n26. amaze v amazing a amazed a amazement n27. amuse v amusing a amused a amusement n28. analyse v analysis n ana

32、lytical a29. anger v&n angry a hunger n hungry a30. annual a annually ad yearly31. anxious a anxiety n curious a curiosity n32. appear v appearance n disappear v disappearance n33. apply v applicant n (申请人)n application (申请/运用) home appliances(家用电器)34. an approach to (doing) sth a way to do sth/

33、of doing sth a method of doing sth a means of doing sth35. appropriate a inappropriate a36. approve sth (批准,通过),approve of sth (同意),approval n disapprove disapproval37. rise(上升)/rose/risen arise(问题、矛盾在产生)/arose/arisen arouse (激发) ones interest /curiosity38. ashamed a shame n shameful a39. aspect(方面)

34、 respect expect except40. assistant v assistance n 41. assume v assumption n consume v consumption n42. sure a surely adv ensure sth assure sb43. attach v attachment n44. attend v attendance n attention n attentive a attentively45. be aware/ conscious /ignorant of unaware awareness unawareness uncon

35、scious consciousness unconsciousness ignorance46. award sb for sth=give sb a award for sth (奖励) reward sb for sth = give sb a reward for sth(给报酬) in reward for= in return for (作为回报) in turn (相应地)46. badly ill need money badly(非常地)47. ban /prohibit/forbid/prevent/keep/stop/hold (sb back) sb from doin

36、g sth48. bath n take a bath bathe v bathe oneself in the sun=be bathed in the sun49. bear /stand /tolerate ones doing sth put up with/ live with/ come to terms with50. behave v behaviour n51. benefit beneficial52. betray v betrayal n53. bitter a bitterness n54. blame sb for sth =blame sth on sb sb b

37、e to blame for sth hold the blame for sth55. blood bloody bleed v bleeding56. breath breathe v breathless=out of breath 57. brilliant brilliance n diligent diligence elegant elegance58. bury v burial n (burial service)59. cancel doing sth=call off doing sth put off doing sth = postpone doing =delay

38、doing60. capable capability capacity able (enable v) ability possible possibly possibility probable probably probability61. care careful carefully carefulness careless carelessly carelessness62. casual casually casualty(伤员,遇难者)63. catastrophe = disaster spell disaster/misfortune64. cater to = appeal

39、 to appeal to sb to do65. the cause of an accident the cause for ones sorrow/anger/anxiety the reason for (ones doing) sth66. caution take caution be cautious with/ of67. celebrate celebration in celebration of celebrity(名人)68. certain certainly certainty n69. change the changing world(变化着的世界) chang

40、eable weather(多变的天气) changed conditions (改变了的环境)70. character characteristic a characteristics n.71. chemistry n chemical a chemist n 72. choose (chose, chosen) choice n73. under no circumstance = in no case = in no way = by no means = on no account = on no condition 句首倒装74circulate circulation75. c

41、lass (阶层,类别) classify v classification n clear n clarify pure purify 76. comfort n/v comforting a 令人安慰的 feel comforted a 感到安慰的 comfortable 令人舒适的77. compare v comparison n contrast v/n 78. compete v competition n competitive a competitor n competence n79. complete v/a completion n accomplish n accomp

42、lishment fulfill v fulfillment80. compose v composer n composition n81. concern n/v concerned a(担心的,忧虑的;与有关的) concerning prep. 关于82. confuse v confused a confusing a confusion n83. consequence n consequent a consequently adv = as a consequence adv 84. consider v considerable a 相当大/多的 considerate 关心的,体贴的;考虑周全的 consideration n take sth into consideration= take sth into account85. be consistent (a ) with = be in consistence (n)with 86. constant a constantly adv instant a instantly adv87. contact 接触 contract合同88.

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