第一讲理解主旨要义

1、阅读理解在高考英语中 所占分值最大 ，可以说“得阅读者得高考”。因此，在考前复习中，阅读理解能力的培养和训练依然是 重中之重 。本部分从高考阅读理解命题入手，剖析高考阅读理解的命题特点，并结合高考真题对高考常考题型进行解题指导，从而有效地提高解题的速度和准度。表一：高考阅读的题材与体裁(以近三年全国卷为例 )篇目语篇类型主题语境A应用文人与自我 暑期工作公告B记叙文人与自我 增强自信2019C说明文人与社会 智能键盘D说明文人与社会 青少年心理健康A应用文人与社会 参观指南B记叙文人与自我 省钱做美食2018C说明文人与社会 语言的消亡D说明文人与社会 新电器节能A应用文人与社会 参观指南B记

2、叙文人与自然 救助猫头鹰2017C说明文人与社会 爵士乐D说明文人与社会 太阳能蒸馏器表二：高考阅读理解的题型分布卷别题型与题量细节理解题推理判断题主旨大意题词义猜测题卷66212019卷6522卷7611卷75212018卷9321卷9321卷76112017卷5622卷6621从近几年的高考来看， 高考语篇注重立德树人， 突出文化品格，文章题材丰富 英语试卷中所有语篇围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题，题材涉及故事、科普、人文、社会现象、文化活动等。短文体裁包括记叙文 (主要是人物或故事 )、说明文 (主要是最新短文体裁广泛研究成果或调查发现等科普类文章 )、议论文 (特别是社会现象

3、和热点问题 )、应用文 (信息类或广告类文章 )等。从整体来看，高考阅读理解的细节理解题占多数，推理判断题题型分布不均 其次，然后是主旨大意题和词义猜测题，突出考查考生理解和运用语言解决问题的基本能力。1.原汁原味：高考语篇一般选自各大主流英文报刊和媒体网站，新材料尽量原汁原味。2.词汇量大：高考语篇词汇量丰富，含有大量的派生词、词性语篇特点鲜明转换词、熟词生义词以及英语短语和习语。3.长难句多：高考语篇含有大量的长句和难句，句子结构复杂。4.结构典型：高考语篇的文章多为总分或分总结构。第一讲理解主旨要义 攻克 4 类主旨大意题主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题

4、和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章大意、概括段落大意、选择标题以及判断作者写作目的等形式出现。一、文章大意题 突破文章主旨 3 法1.主题句法解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。(1)根据不同文体的写作方法来定位主题句议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采用“总分”或“总 分 总”的模式，所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段。说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子为主题句。(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句在文中尤其是在首段出现表

5、示转折的词，如but， however，in fact ，actually 等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。在文中出现表示总结的词，如therefore，thus，in short，conclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。示例 (2018 ·全国卷 阅读 C)Languages have been coming and going for thousands ofyears，but in recenttimestherehasbeen lesscoming and a lotmore going.When t

6、heworldwas stillpopulated by huntergatherers，small， tightly knit ( 联系 ) groupsdeveloped their ownpatterns ofspeech independent of each other.Some languageexperts believe that 10， 000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12， 000 languages between them.31.Wha

7、t is the main idea of the text?A.New languages will be created.B.People s lifestyles are reflected in languages.C.Human development results in fewer languages.D.Geography determines language evolution.分析：选 C。本文为议论文， 文章为 “ 总分 ”结构，根据第一段第一句中的 “butin recent times there has been less coming and a lot mor

8、e going”和后文可知，随着人类社会的发展，使得语言的种类越来越少。故C 项最符合原文主旨。2.高频词法全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。3.逆向思维法在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。二、标题归纳题 3 大特点与 3 大技巧1.文章标题的 3 大特点概括性针对性醒目性2.解题的 3 大技巧准确而又简短标题外延正好与

9、文章内容相符能引发读者的阅读欲望(1)正面肯定法： 在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。(2)反面否定法： 撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。(3)研究备选项： 研究备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括力等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。示例 (2019 ·全国卷 阅读 D)Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts.Themicroorganisms (微生物 ) fromour bodies grow un

10、controllably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It turnings to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms ，like the one sci

11、ence teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years, Gordonstudents have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they reclose to a

12、solution (解决方案 ).“We dongivet the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，” says Florence Gold, a project manager.“There are no tests，” Gordon says.“There is no graded homework.There almostare no grades, other than Are you working towards your goal？ Basically, it sI vegot to

13、produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it toNASA. Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and.it s not a very nicething at times.It s a hard business review of your product”.Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact (影响 ) on college admissions andpractical life ski

14、lls. “ These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back.Idon t teach”. And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing dailywith NASA engineers about the problem，readying a workable solution to test in space.35.What is the best title for the text?A.NASA ：The Home of

15、 AstronautsB.Space： The Final Homework FrontierC.Nature：An Outdoor ClassroomD.HUNCH ：A College Admission Reform分析：选 D。本题为标题归纳题。本文为说明文，主要介绍了一个项目：把高中的教室教学与太空的研究联系起来，使学生们得到NASA 工程师们的指导。因此在选标题时既要有太空，还要有学生，选项B 将其完美地结合了起来，故答案为B。三、段落大意题 根据段落结构精准定位主题句段落大意题跟文章大意题一样，要先找出主题句，对于没有明确主题句的段落，要结合全段的意思归纳大意。段落的组织结构和主

16、题句的位置主要有以下几种：类型位置总分( )主题句在段首分总 ()主题句在段尾分总分()主题句在段中平铺型 ()无明确主题句示例 (2019 ·全国卷 阅读 D).Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology.Mitch Prinstein, a professorof clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories： the likable and the statusseekers.The likables plays-well-with-o

17、thers qualities strengthen schoolyardfriendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed everafter in life and work.Then there s the kind of popularity that appearsncein：adolescestatus born of power and even dishonorable behavior. 33.What is the second paragraph mainly

18、about? A.The classification of the popular. B.The characteristics of adolescents.C.The importance of interpersonal skills.D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.分析：选 A 。本题为段落大意题。本段为“总 分”结构。根据本段内容以及第二句的句式特点 (句中有冒号 )，可断定第二句是本段的主旨句。而第三句和第四句分别用 The likables . .和 Then theres the kind of popularity that ap

19、pears inadolescence.引出后文内容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时我们发现本段第二句中的关键词o.(把 分成 )与 A项中的 classification 相呼应，所以 A 项可以概括本段大意。四、写作意图题 体裁不同写作目的不同一般来说，写作意图题也是主旨大意题的一种(也有人把它归为推理判断题)，写作目的可以是段落的写作目的，也可以是文章的写作目的，对于文章写作目的而言，主要有以下几种：推销某种产品或某种服务，或是通过影片、图书、电视节目、旅游景点广告等的介绍以吸引更多的观众、读者或游客等说明文向人们展示某物的用途或制作过程议论文

20、论述一个道理或表达一个观点记叙文向人们分享经历、叙述一件事情或表达情感等示例 (2018 ·浙江卷阅读 A)In 1812， the year Charles Dickenswas born， there were 66 novels published inBritain.People had been writing novels for a centurymost experts date the first novelto Robinson Crusoe in 1719butnobodywanted to do it professionally.Thesteam-power

21、ed printing press was still in itsearly stages; the literacy(识字 )rate inEngland was under 50%.Many works of fiction appeared without the names of theauthors，often with something like“ By.Novelsalady，for” the most part，were lookedupon as silly，immoral or just plain bad.In 1870，when Dickens died，the w

22、orld mourned him as its first professional writer andpublisher，famous and beloved，who had led an explosion in both the publication ofnovelsand their readership and whose charactersfrom Oliver Twist to TinyTim were held up as moraltouchstones.Today Dickens greatness isunchallenged.Removing him from t

23、he pantheon (名人堂 ) of English literature wouldmake about as much sense as the Louvre selling off theMona Lisa.How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories，literatureis a numbers game，and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass.Some 60 ，000novels were publish

24、ed during the Victorian age，from 1837 to 1901; today a casualreader might be able to name a halfdozen-of them.It s partly true that Dickens style ofwriting attracted audiences from all walks of lif e.Itpartlys that his writings rode awave of social，political and scientific progress.But it s also tha

25、t he rewrote the cultureof literature and put himself at the center.No one will ever know what mix of talent ，ambition，energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.But as the 200thanniversary of his birth approaches， itis possibleand important for our owncultureto understand how he made

26、himself a lasting one.23.What is the author s purpose in writing the text?A.To remember a great writer.B.To introduce an English novel.C.To encourage studies on culture.D.To promote values of the Victorian age.分析：选 A 。本题为写作意图题。本文为夹叙夹议文，根据文中对查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的介绍，和文章最后一句可知，本文写于查尔斯·狄更斯诞辰

27、200 周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念查尔斯·狄更斯这位伟大的作家。【即时训练】A(2019 ·山西省八校联考 )In a post on Love What Matters，Hanss Mujica，24，explainshow he surprised his family by announcing he d be graduating from college. Mujica says he wasn t a-workinghard student in high school，but was able to pass his classes“.In hig

28、h school，teachers are always on top of you to see if you turned in your work or if you read the assigned book，” Mujica writes on the post.But when he went to college，that wasn t the case.“Professors tell you the work that needs to get done and it is up to you to decide ifyou want to do it or not.Aft

29、er all you are the ones that are paying to be there.That ，I believe， was my downfall as a college student.My behavior caused me to be suspended(被暂时停学 ) from the university.”Mujica says that at that time ， he had a 1.47 grade point average“.When my parents got the news，the looks on their faces comple

30、tely broke my heart”.Then Mujica explains how he got his schooling back on track：he went in with a different attitude，applied himself， and worked at a company to pay for school.“Since I was suspended from the university， my federal aid was suspended as well.Iwas paying out of pocket and it got to th

31、e point where I had to get emergency loans(贷款) from the university.Summer 2015 came by and I could not pay back the loans so I was dropped from my fall 2015 courses.I got out another year from the university andin summer of 2016 I decided to work upstate( 在州的乡野地区 ) to raise the money Ineeded”.Fortun

32、ately，with help from the university dance program and the money he earned at work ，Mujica returned to school in fall 2016.In 2018，Mujica was ready to graduate.He left his parents a letter and two tickets for graduation to surprise them with. “I spent six years in and out of the university but seeing

33、 the reactions on their faces was worth every sleepless night，” says Mujica.【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。因受处分中途停学的24 岁大学生 Mujica ，为了不再让父母失望难过，通过自己的打拼努力，最终在六年后拿到了大学毕业证，给不知情的父母一个大大的惊喜。1.What do we know about Mujica from the first two paragraphs?A.He couldn t adapt to the college life.B.He has finally become a college

34、 graduate.C.He used to be a good high school student.D.He was sometimes ignored by his teachers.答案 B 细节理解题。根据第一段中的 Hanss Mujica ， 24， explains how he surprised his family by announcing hed be graduating from college 可知， Mujica 最终成为了一名大学毕业生。2.According to Mujica ，what was the main reason for his fail

35、ure at university?A.His wrong attitude.B.Too much pressure.C.Bad scores at high school.D.Lack of professors instruction.答案A 推理判断题。根据第三段中的After all you are.as a college student 以及第五段中的 he went in with a different attitude 可知，Mujica 认为是他的错误态度导致了他的大学成绩一塌糊涂。 3.What does Mujica explain in Paragraph 6?A.H

36、ow he paid back the loans in 2015.B.Why he decided to refuse his federal aid.C.How he got emergency loans from the university.D.Why he was dropped from the university for another year.答案D 推理判断题。根据第六段中的Summer 2015 came by.from theuniversity 可知，Mujica 主要解释了他受处分一年后， 为何在第二年也没能上大学。 4.What s the best titl

37、e for the text?A.24-year-old finally wins his parents supportB.Six-year college life puts Mujica under pressureC.College student surprises parents with the graduationD.A moving story on Love What Matters attracts attention答案C 标题归纳题。本文主要讲述了24 岁的大学生 Mujica 通过自身的努力，历经六年拿到大学文凭，给了不知情的父母一个大大的惊喜。故C 项作标题最能概

38、括文章主旨。 BAt the age of seven ，while his friends were spending their allowance on things like candy and toys，Jose Adolfo Quisocola was busy saving money for basic purchases.To try to get his peers(同龄人 ) to do the same，the boy from Peru came up with the idea of an eco-bank， the Bartselana Student Bank，

39、which allows kids of all ages to become financially independent while also helping the environment.Set up in 2012，the bank is the world s first bank for kids.To become a，memberakid has to bring in at least 5 kilograms of solid waste and set a savings goal.Onceaccepted，all bank “ partners required”ar

40、e to deposit at least one additional kilogram of recyclables on a monthly basis and observe other requirements，such as attending financial education and environmental management workshops.The waste accumulated is sold to local recycling companies，which， thanks to Jose s efforts ， pay a higher-than-m

41、arket rate for everything brought in by the bank members.The money received is placed in the personal account where they collect until the savings goal is reached.The account holder can then withdraw the money， or choose to leave it and make it continue to grow for a bigger target“.At the beginning，

42、my teachers thought I was crazy or that a child could not undertake this type of project，” Jose recalls.“ They did not understand that we are not the future of thecountry but its present.Luckily，I had the support of the school headmasterand an assistant in my class”.The boy s efforts paid ，offand by

43、 2013，the bank had over 200 members，who brought in one ton of recyclable waste.Today，the eco-bank， which now has the support of several local institutions ， boasts ten educational centers.They are designed to teach over 3， 000 students， aged 10 to 18， to become financially independent，use their mone

44、y wisely， and help the environment.Not surprisingly，Jose efforts have earned him several national and international awards.On November 20，2018，Jose won Children s Climate，Prizewhich comes with a medal and $5，500 in prize money and is given to a child or youth who has accomplished an extraordinary achievement for the climate or environment.【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。 当其他的孩子把零花钱花在糖果和玩具上时，七岁的 Jose却想着如何储蓄。在校长的支持下，他成立了学生生态银行，让学生带废品开户，之后将废品销售给收购商。该银行受到了孩子们的欢迎。5.W