海上力量与海洋事件-第八讲-十九世纪末二十世纪初美国海军与美国帝国主义

1、海上力量与海洋事件海上力量与海洋事件The U.S. Navy and American Imperialism, 1898-1914lKnow the influence of the mass media in U.S. relations with Spain and the effect of the destruction of the U.S.S. Maine on public opinion.lComprehend the impact of Mahanian doctrine on the naval strategy and thinking in preparation

2、for and conduct of the war.lComprehend the reasons for the acceleration of U.S. Navy expansion following the war with Spain. lKnow the effect of the Progressive Era in domestic politics on the Navy. lComprehend the threats and resultant actions taken by the U.S. concerning activities in the Pacific

3、and Caribbean during the period 1900-1914.lDecreased isolationism in U.S. public and CongresslCuban Revolution (1895-1898):U.S. investments threatenedSpanish authorities commit atrocities against Cuban civiliansSympathetic to CubanslUSS Maine Explosion - February 1898:Havana, Cuba.Mission protect U.

4、S. citizens and property.U.S. public angered - blame placed on Spain.l“Free Cuba!”l“Remember the Maine!”lPresident William McKinleyCongress declares war on Spain - April 1898.lGeographySpanish Empire- Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, GuamU.S. strategic interestslPanama Canal, HawaiilU.S forcesAtlanti

5、c: Sampson/SchleyAsiatic: Dewey (China/Japan)lUnited StatesNorth Atlantic SquadronlSampson based in Key West.lSchleys “Flying Squadron” in Norfolk.lUSS Oregon sent from Pacific to Atlantic.Asiatic SquadronlCommanded by Commodore George Dewey at Hong Kong.Sent by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theod

6、ore Roosevelt.lSpainInferior naval forces.lMontojo - Manila BaylCervera - Cape Verde IslandslCubaBlockade of Santiago harbor (1 May)Amphibious landing at Daiquiri (June 20)Destruction of Ceveras Fleet (July 3)lSampson/Schley command controversylNaval ResultsCommanderSpanish FleetBattle of Santiago d

7、e CubalAmerican blockade of Santiago Harbor.Guantanamo Bay seized by Huntingtons battalion of Marines.lAmphibious landing at Daiquiri.Confusion between Army and Navy: Shafter and Sampson.lRough Riders Teddy Roosevelt.Leads charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill. lSpanish governor orders fleet to flee

8、 harbor - 1 July 1898.Sampson / Schley command controversy. lResults and lessons:Spanish home fleet recalled while en route to the PhilippinesU.S. technological superiority overwhelms Spanish.U.S. becomes dominant power in the Caribbean Sea.Improvement needed in fire control and amphibious doctrine.

9、Battle of San Juan Hill1 July 1898Teddy RooseveltlPacificPhilippines: Phase IlDeweys DescentlSpanish Fleet sunk at anchorlDewey national HerolSiege of ManilaCommanderSpanish FleetBattle of Manila BaylU.S. Asiatic Fleet sails from Hong Kong to Manila.Dewey orders increased training and gunnery practi

10、ce.lSpanish use shore guns to augment anchored fleet.lDewey: “You may fire when you are ready, Gridley.” Spanish fleet sunk at anchor.Superior American gunnery.lDewey becomes a national hero.lSiege of Manila follows with Army troops.lWar against Aguinaldos Philippine Nationalists.Philippine Insurrec

11、tion or Filipino-American War- 1899-1902.U.S. establishes control of entire Philippine Archipelago.BataanManilaManila BayPhilippinesDewey from Hong Kong. MANILA- CommodoreGeorge Dewey1 May 1898Deweys FlagshiplPacificPhilippines: Phase IlDeweys DescentlSpanish Fleet sunk at anchorlDewey national Hero

12、lSiege of ManilaOther islands- Wake seized, Guam seized, Hawaii annexedPhilippines: Phase IIlWar against Philippine NationalistslU.S. bogged downlFrom Spain in 1898:Puerto RicoGuamPhilippinesGuantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba(Spain sells other island territories in the Pacific to the German Empire in

13、 1899.)lFormerly Independent: Hawaii (Annexed 1898)Wake Island - 1899“American” Samoa (Harbor of Pago Pago) - 1899lBattle Ships principle warshiplMahans advocacy of fleet engagements vindicated.Commerce raiding discredited. lConstruction programs to be completed by 1905:10 first-rate battleships.4 a

14、rmored cruisers.lGlobal empire yields:Overseas bases.Expanded obligations to protect overseas interests.lDewey heads new Navy General Board.First U.S. peacetime strategic planning apparatus.Missions are to devise war plans and assess foreign navies capabilities.lStrong Presidents:Theodore Roosevelt,

15、 William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.lRepublican Congress funds battleships and canal construction.Large increases in federal budget.Large increase in percentage of federal budget for Department of the Navy.lDewey and General BoardAccess to Secretary of the Navy and / or the President on a regul

16、ar basis due to increased importance of the Navy.lExpanding Interests of Germany, U.S. attention to CaribbeanlExpanding Interests of Japan, U.S. attention in Pacific lThreat: GermanyU.S. has stake in CaribbeanlAnnexation of Puerto RicolNaval base in CubaGermany has strong interest in Latin AmericaVe

17、nezuela Crisis (1902)lGermany wants base therelGermany (plus Britain, Italy) blockades to recover from default on 12.5 million loanlCaribbean SeaVital defense of the U.S. - Navy protects access to Panama Canal.lEuropean relations with Latin America.Venezuela Crisis (1902) demonstrates need for U.S.

18、to ensure European powers need not intervene in Western Hemisphere.lTheodore Roosevelt (December 1904):U.S. obligated “in flagrant cases of wrong-doing or impotence (in Latin America) to the exercise of an international police power.”lConstant interventions by Navy and Marines:Haiti, Nicaragua, and

19、the Dominican Republic.Cuba - Platt Amendment.Vera Cruz, Mexico.l“Yankee Imperialism” despised by many Latin Americans.lRenewed U.S. desire for canal in Central America.Link between Atlantic and Pacific Fleets.lNeed for the canal is highlighted by USS Oregons long transit to the Battle of Santiago.l

20、Strong support from President Theodore Roosevelt.Essentially MahanianlPanamanian Revolution against Colombia - 1903.Engineered and influenced by U.S.Panama Canal Zone ceded to U.S.lConstruction of the canal begins in 1904.Completed in 1914.lIncreased importance of U.S. control of Caribbean Sea.Prote

21、ction of Panama Canal is vital to defense of the U.S.lWar Plan OrangeU.S. Navy plan for war with Japan.Defense of the Philippines and defeat of the Japanese Navy.lU.S. “Open Door” policy in China:Policy has two aspects.(1) Ensure territorial integrity of China.(2) Ensure free trade in China for all

22、countries.Chinas Boxer Rebellion - 1900lU.S. Marine Regiment attached to U.S. Army force protecting Westerners.Counter European and Japanese attempts at “spheres of influence”.lYangtze River Patrol - U.S. gunboats protect American commerce.lCommodore M.C. Perry - 1854Treaty of KanagawaEuropean power

23、s quickly follow U.S. lead.lMeiji Restoration - 1868End of Tokugawa Shogunates feudal system.Emperor restored to power.lIncreased trade with the West.lRapid modernization of industry and armed forces.lColonial expansion begins on Pacific Islands.lJapanese NavyFrom the Age of Galleys directly to the

24、Modern Age.Skips entirely the Age of Sail.lConflict with ChinaRyukusTaiwanKorealJapanese make a surprise first strike.Prior to declaration of war.lBattle of the Yalu:Chinese fleet takes “V” formation.Japanese divide fleet into two squadrons.lOutcome: Expansion of Japanese Empire in East Asia.KoreaTa

25、iwan (Formosa) and PescadoresPort ArthurlJapan forced to withdraw from Korea and Port ArthurlRussian Expansion into the Far EastTrans-Siberian RailwaylChinese allow Russian construction through Manchuria.Russian Naval Base at VladivostoklPort Arthur and ManchuriaOccupied by Russian forces.lKorea thr

26、eatened.lAnglo-Japanese Alliance - 1902Attempt by Japan to keep European powers out of the war.lJapanese strike first again.lBattle of the Yellow Sea.JapanlDisadvantagesNumber of TroopsFleet StrengthNatural ResourceslAdvantagesStrategic CenterMultiple Naval BasesFirst StrikeRussialAdvantagesNumber o

27、f TroopsFleet StrengthNatural ResourceslDisadvantagesDivision of ForceslThree FleetsLines of CommunicationlTrans-Siberian RRInitial Defensive StrategylBaltic Fleet commanded by Admiral Zinovi Rozhestvenski.Transit to Vladivostok.Protection of supply ships.lVice Admiral Heihachiro TogoTogo “Crosses t

28、he T” - Decisive Japanese victory.lLessons learned:Rear Admiral Nebogatov - Surrender not an option.Heavy armor and guns.Semi-independent divisions.Dividing the fleet.lTreaty of Portsmouth - President Theodore Roosevelt:Port Arthur and Southern Sakhalin ceded to Japan.Japan becomes the dominant powe

29、r in the Far East.lBy 18984 1st Class Battleships: Indiana, Massachusetts, Oregon, and Iowa.2 2nd Class Battleships: Texas and Maine.2 Armored Cruisers.10 Protected Cruisers.Gunboats, Monitors, Torpedo Boats.lModern technology in the fleet:Steam, armor, and rifled breech-loading guns.lImproved gunnery:Smokeless powder.lHMS Dreadnought - 1907First all “big-gun” battleship launched by G