独立主格详解最精简,最简洁版

1、 独立主格独立主格 （一）：（一）： 独立主格结构的构成：独立主格结构的构成： 名词名词(代词代词)+现在分词、过去分词；现在分词、过去分词；名词名词(代词代词)+形容词；形容词；名词名词(代词代词)+副词；副词；名词名词(代词代词)+不定式；不定式；名词名词(代词代词) +介词短语构成。介词短语构成。（二）（二） 独立主格结构的特点：独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。式，介词等是主谓关

2、系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 独立主格结构是一个独立主格的名词或代词独立主格结构是一个独立主格的名词或代词（作为逻辑主语）加上一个分词、形容词、副词、（作为逻辑主语）加上一个分词、形容词、副词、不定式或介词短语，其作用相当于不定式或介词短语，其作用相当于状语从句状语从句，多，多用来表示行为方式或者伴随情况，有时也用来表用来表示行为方式或者伴随情况，有时也用来表示时间、原因和条件。这种结构多用于书面语中。示时间、原因和条件。这种结构多用于书面语中。1表示时间：表示时间： Spring coming on, the trees turned gre

3、en. Our work having been finished, we went home. The signal given, the bus started. The meeting (being) over, we left the room.2表示原因：表示原因： It being Sunday, the library was closed. The weather being fine, we went for a walk. There being no buses, we had to walk home. The key having been lost, she cou

4、ld not enter the room. 3表示条件：表示条件： Time permitting, well visit the Summer Palace. Weather permitting, they will start at six tomorrow morning.4表示伴随情况或补充说明表示伴随情况或补充说明： Last night I followed him here, and climbed in, sword in hand. The children were making a snowman, hands red with the cold. I have bo

5、ught a new coat, the old one being worn out. 独立主格结构的形式：独立主格结构的形式： 名词或代词名词或代词+分词（分词（doingdone)1).Weather permitting,well go sightseeing.2).All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours.3).He lay on his back,his teeth set,his right hand clenched on his breast and his glaring eyes look

6、ing straight upward. 名词或代词名词或代词+不定式不定式 The exam to be held tomorrow,I couldnt go to the cinema tonight.不定式在独立主格结构中多表示将来的行为，表不定式在独立主格结构中多表示将来的行为，表示示“企图企图” “约定约定”等，指的是按计划安排要做等，指的是按计划安排要做的事的事。 名词或代词名词或代词+形容词形容词副词副词 1).He entered the room,his nose(being) red with cold. 2).Our lessons (being )over,we wen

7、t to play football. 3).It being Sunday,I didnt go to school. 名词或代词名词或代词+介词短语介词短语1).The children came running towards us,(with) flowers in their hands.2).Last night I followed him here,and climbed in, sword in hand. 名词或代词名词或代词+名词名词He fount the robber ,a stick his only weapon. 表示存在时，也可以构成独立主格结构表示存在时，也

8、可以构成独立主格结构1). There being no buses,they walked to the theatre.2).There being no cause for fear,he returned to his hometown.1with + 名词（或代词）名词（或代词）+ 现在分词现在分词 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. With winter coming on, its time to buy warm clothes.2with + 名词（或代词）名词（或代词）+ 过去分词过去分词 All the afternoon he

9、worked with the door locked. With the work finished, all of us went out for a walk. 介词介词+复合宾语（介词复合宾语（介词+宾语宾语+宾补）宾补） with (without like) 复合结构复合结构3with + 名词（或代词）名词（或代词）+ 动词不定式动词不定式 I cant go out with all these dishes to wash. With so many books to read, I couldnt go out with you4with + 名词（或代词）名词（或代词）+

10、 介词短语介词短语 He walked along with his hat on the back of his head. He simply stared at her with that peculiar expression on his face. 5with +名词（或代词）名词（或代词）+形容词形容词 The man was sleeping with the window open.The mother doesnt allow her child to talk with his mouth full. 6with +名词（或代词）名词（或代词）+副词副词 With Joh

11、n away, weve got more room. The student listened to his teacher with his head down. With the teacher there, he cant write. without like +复合宾语复合宾语 Without a word more spoken,he left the room. The old pine tree still stood there like an umbrella covering the entrance.with复合结构复合结构 与与 独立主格结构独立主格结构 它们都可以

12、在句中作原因状语、伴随状况状语、条件状语、时间状语或结果状语用，一般也可以相互转换。虽然它们的语法功能和意义相同，但其结构形式和名称却不相同。with复合结构的模式是： with+with+名词名词/ /代词代词+ +分词分词/ /形容词形容词/ /副词副词/ /不定式不定式/ /介词短语介词短语独立主格结构的模式是： 主格名词主格名词/ /代词代词+ +分词分词/ /形容词形容词/ /副词副词/ /不定式不定式/ /介词短语介词短语一、作时间状语一、作时间状语 1、With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly

13、south.=Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.2、With the traffic light green, the bus got moving.=The traffic light green, the bus got moving.二、作原因状语二、作原因状语 1、With the weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves. = The weather terribly cold, we entered the

14、room to warm ourselves.2、With the key having been lost, she could not enter the room. = The key having been lost, she could not enter the room. 三、作条件状语三、作条件状语 1、With time permitting, well visit the Summer Palace. = Time permitting, well visit the Summer Palace. 2、With the car going wrong, well have

15、to stop at the foot of the mountain. = The car going wrong, well have to stop at the foot of the mountain. 四、作伴随状语四、作伴随状语 1、The mother was cleaning the house with her baby playing on the bed. =The mother was cleaning the house, her baby playing on the bed. 2、Last night I followed him, with a sword i

16、n my hand. = Last night I followed him , sword in hand. 无论with复合结构还是独立主格结构，都不可有动词的谓语形式充当其中的逻辑谓语。如下例中的was就必须去掉：He sat at the desk reading with a pen was in his right hand.with复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词，而独立主格结构则不可作后置定语修饰名词. Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and flowers in blossom. = Soon she arrived at

17、 a park whose grass was green and whose flowers were in blossom. 1作状语作状语 表示伴随情况、原因、条件、时间或补充说明：表示伴随情况、原因、条件、时间或补充说明： The day is bright, with a fresh breeze blowing. With three people away ill, well have to close the office this afternoon. What a lonely world it would be with you away.2作定语（作定语（with相当于

18、相当于having,该结构可改成带有该结构可改成带有have的的定语从句）定语从句） The new building with its windows facing south is our office. Some were poor, with not even a raincoat to protect them from the weather. The young man wore a shirt with the neck open, showing his bare chest.一、独立主格结构的构成形式一、独立主格结构的构成形式1 1、逻辑主语、逻辑主语+ +V-ingV-i

19、ng这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语逻辑主语发出发出的动作。如：的动作。如： 1)._no bus, we had to walk home. A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was A2)_no bus, we had to walk home. A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was3)_Sunday, the lib

20、rary doesnt open. A.Being B.There being C.It being D.Having been4)_Sunday, the library doesnt open.A.As it being B.Being C.It is D.As it is B C D2 2、逻辑主语逻辑主语+ +V-edV-ed该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。1)1)_, the train started.A.The signal given B.Giving the signal B.The signal being given

21、 D.The signal giving2)_, the train started. .A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given A D 3)_, the text became easier for us to learn. A.Explaining new words B.New words explained C.Being explained new words D.Having explained new word

22、s4)_, the text became easier for us to learn.A.When new words were explainedB.Explaining new words C.New words explaining D.Being explained new words BA3、逻辑主语逻辑主语+形容词（副词）形容词（副词）该结构相当于一个未带动词的该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主主系系表表”结构。如：结构。如：1)_, the patient can leave the hospital. A.Better conditions B.Conditions bette

23、r C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions2)_, the patient can leave the hospital. A.If better conditions B.If conditions better C.If conditions are better D.Being better conditions BC3._, wed like to go outing.A.Being Sunday B.Sunday OK C.Sunday is OK D.If Sunday OK4._, wed like to go outi

24、ng.A.If Sunday is OK B.Sunday being OK C.Sunday OK D.A,B and C5._, you can wait a while.A.The play being still on B.The play still on C Being still on the play D.A and BBDD6._, you can wait a whileA.The play is still on B.The play being still on C.As the play is still on D.The play still on3).3).He

25、left the office,He left the office, _._. A.tears being in eyes B.tears in eyes A.tears being in eyes B.tears in eyes C.being tears in eyes C.being tears in eyes D.with tears being in eyes D.with tears being in eyes4).He left the office _.4).He left the office _. A.with tears being in eyes B.with tea

26、rs in her eyes C.being tears in eyes D.tears being in eyes CBB二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分：二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分：1 1、原因状语、原因状语该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个asas引导的引导的一个原因状语从句。如：一个原因状语从句。如：1)._ 1)._ no bus, we had to walk home.no bus, we had to walk home. A.There being B.As there was A.There being B.As there

27、was C.There was D.A and B C.There was D.A and B2)._Sunday, the library doesnt 2)._Sunday, the library doesnt open.open.A.It being B.As it is C.Being D.A and B DD3._, I had to ask for two days leave.3._, I had to ask for two days leave.A.Mother being ill B.Mother ill A.Mother being ill B.Mother ill C

28、.As mother was ill D. A,B and CC.As mother was ill D. A,B and C4._, we have to work late into 4._, we have to work late into the night.the night.A.The exam near B.The exam being near C.As the exam is near D. A,B and C DD2 2、时间状语时间状语独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由when, as soon as, after等引导的时间状语等

29、引导的时间状语从句。如：从句。如：1._, the train started. A.The signal given B.After the signal was given C.Given the signal D.all the above 2._, the text became easier for us to learn. New words explainedB.When new words were explainedC.When teacher explained new wordsD.all the above DD3、条件状语、条件状语 独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由

30、独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由if引引导的条件状语从句。如：导的条件状语从句。如：1)._, well go to visit the Great Wall.A.Weather permitting B.If weather permits C.If permitting D.A and B2.)_, the patient will recover himself soon.A.If the treatment is in time B.The treatment in time C.The treatment being in time D.A,B and C DD4、伴随状语、伴随状

31、语独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列谓语。如：短语或并列谓语。如：1).We have lessons every day, _. A.Sunday included B.Sunday including C.Sunday is including D.all the aboveA 2).Father came home,_ 2).Father came home,_ A.a dog following him B. followed by a dog C.being followed by a dog D.all the above D分词

32、、独立主格和分词、独立主格和“with + with + 复合宾语复合宾语”作作状语的区别状语的区别分词结构、独立主格结构、分词结构、独立主格结构、with + with + 复合宾复合宾语结构在句中均可作状语，其区别是这样语结构在句中均可作状语，其区别是这样的：的：一、分词在句中作状语时一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语句子的主语是分是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或下的分词

33、短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。并列谓语。 分词短语在句中常作以下状语：分词短语在句中常作以下状语： 1 1、原因状语、原因状语 1._ 1._late, we had to walk home. late, we had to walk home. A.Being B.As we were A.Being B.As we were C.We being D.A and B C.We being D.A and B 2._ busy, they had no time to 2._ busy, they had no time to play. play. A.As they were

34、B.Being A.As they were B.Being C.Because they were D.all the above C.Because they were D.all the aboveDD2 2、时间状语时间状语1._ the students homework, the teacher found a lot of mistakes.A.When he was correcting B. When he corrected C. Correcting D.all the above 2._by your teachers, you are supposed to be m

35、odest.A.When you are praised B.Praised C.When praised D.all the aboveDD3 3、条件状语条件状语1._ more time, he is sure to finish his test paper. A.If he is given B.If given C.Given D.all the above 2._ another chance, Ill do my job better. A.If I have B.If having C.Having D.all the above DD4 4、伴随状语、伴随状语1.1.Fat

36、her came back, _ a bag of Father came back, _ a bag of money on his left shoulder.money on his left shoulder.A.carrying B.he was carrying A.carrying B.he was carrying C.and carrying D.all the aboveC.and carrying D.all the above2.Father came back, _ by a 2.Father came back, _ by a monkey.monkey.A.and

37、 he was followed B.followed C.and was followed D.all the above DA二、独立主格结构和二、独立主格结构和with + with + 复合宾语结复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时，这种结构内部的分构在句子中作状语时，这种结构内部的分词或介词短语的词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。如：即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。如：1._, 1._, well go fishing in the well go fishing in the country.country.A.Permitti

38、ng weather A.Permitting weather B.Weather permitted B.Weather permitted C.Weather permitting D.PermittingC.Weather permitting D.PermittingC2._, he finished playing 2._, he finished playing the game of chess.the game of chess.A.His eyes closing A.His eyes closing B.With his eyes closed B.With his eye

39、s closed C.Closing his eyes C.Closing his eyes D.Closed his eyesD.Closed his eyes3._, I couldnt get the 3._, I couldnt get the book I wanted.book I wanted. A.Closed B. Library closed C.Closing library D.With library closing BB三、使用独立主格结构、三、使用独立主格结构、with + with + 复合宾语结构分复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要别在句子中作状语时要注意：它

40、们与主句之间不注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如应有从属连词（如when, if, as soon as, as, when, if, as soon as, as, whilewhile等）或并列连词（如等）或并列连词（如and, but, or, soand, but, or, so等）等）。例如：例如：1._ 1._ the teacher told the class to go the teacher told the class to go through the text through the text A.Checking the answersA.Checking th

41、e answersB.Checking the answers and B.Checking the answers and C.When checking the answers and C.When checking the answers and D.all the aboveD.all the aboveA2._a rainy day, so all the 2._a rainy day, so all the farmers had to stay inside.farmers had to stay inside.A.It being B.Being A.It being B.Be

42、ing C.It was D.all the aboveC.It was D.all the above3.As_a little sick, he remained 3.As_a little sick, he remained at the clinic.at the clinic.A.feeling B.he felt C.he felling D.all the above CB四、在使用独立主格结构、四、在使用独立主格结构、with +with +复合宾语复合宾语结构、分词结构作句子的状语时，结构、分词结构作句子的状语时，一定要看一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。1 1、当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑、当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，该状语可用分词结上的主谓或动宾关系时，该状语可用分词结构或从句表示。构或从句表示。1)_ 1)_ in thought, he almost ran into in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. the car in front of him. A.Lost B.As he was lost C.He lost D.A and B D2)._2)._for the b