非谓语动词讲解[1]

1、English GrammarNon-Predicate Verbs（非谓语动词非谓语动词）英语中动词的非谓语动词有三类：英语中动词的非谓语动词有三类：1. 不定式：不定式：infinitive2. 动名词动名词：gerund3. 分词分词： participle 现在分词：现在分词： present participle 过去分词：过去分词： past participle 1. 不定式：不定式：infinitive Form Usage Omission of “ to” to do(not to do) 一般式一般式（否定）（否定）to be doing 进行式进行式 主动主动 to h

2、ave done 完成式完成式to have been doing 完成进行式完成进行式to be done 一般式一般式 被动被动to have been done 完成式完成式 一般式：一般式： 不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者在谓语动词的动作同时发生，或者在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。表示的动作之后发生。 1. Im glad to see you. (同时发生同时发生) 2. They invited us to come to a party.（不（不 定式动作后发生）定式动作后发生） 3. The computer to be pro

3、duced is of a new type. (被动被动) 4.You must promise never to do that again.进行式进行式： 谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。表示的动作正在进行。1. They are said to be building another bridge over the river. 据说他们正在这条河上修另一座大桥。据说他们正在这条河上修另一座大桥。2. I d rather read than watch television; the program seem_ all the ti

4、me.(1997.1) a. to get worse b. to be getting worse 我宁愿看书也不愿意看电视，电视节目好像越我宁愿看书也不愿意看电视，电视节目好像越来越差了。来越差了。 完成式：完成式：不定式表示的动作发生不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前在谓语动词表示的动作之前1. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_in broad daylight yesterday.(2001.1)a. robbed b. to have been robbedc. being robbed d. having been

5、robbed2. They were reported to have discovered anthor ancient tomb in this area.完成进行式完成进行式： 在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，不定式表示的动作一直在进行。不定式表示的动作一直在进行。 1. They are said to have been collecting folk songs there.(= It is said that they have been collecting folk songs there.) 2. The struggle was know to h

6、ave been going on for over twenty years.Usage1 subject（主语）（主语）2 predicative（表语）（表语）3 object（宾语）（宾语）4 attribute（定语）（定语）5 adverbial（状语）（状语）6 complement（补足语）（补足语）1.不定式（短语）作主语不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成通常转化成 “It + is/was + adj./n. + 不不定式（短语）定式（短语）”, 其中其中it 是形式主语是形式主语(form subject)，真正的主语是后，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语）。面的不定式（短语）

7、。To master a foreign language is not easy. Its not easy to master a foreign language.vIt takes sb. some time 不定式vIt costs sb. money不定式2. 复合结构：复合结构：for sb. to do sth.It is + adj./n. + for/of sb. to do sth.当形容词为表示当形容词为表示“性格特征或行为表性格特征或行为表现现”的形容词时，介词用的形容词时，介词用of，如，如kind, wrong, polite, wise as predicati

8、veHer wish is to be a teacher.She seems to be happy. as objectHe loved to listen to music.I find it difficult to speak English fluently. 下列动词要求不定式作宾语：下列动词要求不定式作宾语： afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, care, choose, decide, desire, demand, determine, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, offer, pl

9、an, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, strive, tend, wish, 特殊疑问词特殊疑问词+不定式不定式 介词介词+特殊疑问词特殊疑问词+不定式不定式Where to stay has not been decided yet. （S.）She doesnt know what to do.（O. of v.）He had no idea of how to do.（O. of prep.）疑问词包括疑问词包括how, what, where, when, whether, whom, why等等I ask him where to get this

10、book.（O.C.）The question is which to choose.（P.） 能一以这种结构作宾语的动词有：能一以这种结构作宾语的动词有：know, see, show,tell, teach, wonder, imagine, understand,explain等等 as attribute 不定式通常作后置定语，不定式通常作后置定语， 而而且且vi.后要加介词后要加介词.There is a lot of work to do.He is the best man to consult with. as adverbialA adverbial of purposeB

11、adverbial of causeC adverbial of resultas adverbial of purposeI started early (so as) / (in order) to get there before dark.so as to 和和 in order to 是不定式是不定式的强调形式的强调形式so as (not) to用在句中用在句中in order (not) to 用在句中或句首用在句中或句首as adverbial of causeWe are proud to be members of this team.We jumped with joy

12、to hear of the good news.as adverbial of resultHe is too young to go to school.I hurried to the railway station only to find that the train had left.He behaved so foolishly as to be laughed by his friends. His story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy.as complementA object complementB subject comple

13、mentAs object complementChina expects everyone to do his duty.I could make them understand me.要求不定式作宾补的动词：要求不定式作宾补的动词： ask, tell, want, expect, invite, allow, forbid, force, oblige, urge, advise, persuade(sb. to do sth.) 要求省要求省to不定式作宾补的动词：不定式作宾补的动词：make / have / let (sb. do sth.)help sb. to do sth.

14、主语不直接参主语不直接参与动作与动作help sb. do sth. 主语直接参与主语直接参与动作动作This kind of soap will help us to wash the clothes more easily.They always help me do my homework.As subject complementWe were made to pay the money.A man was seen to enter the house.注注：主被动语态转换：主被动语态转换S. ask sb. to do sth. sb. be asked to do sth.S.

15、make sb. do sth. sb. be made to do sth.S. saw a man enter the house. A man was seen to enter the house.S. saw a man entering the house. A man was seen entering the house.omission of “to”1 set phrase2 set structure3 sentence with special conjunction or preposition 4 as predicative set phrase1 had bet

16、ter/ had best (not) do2 had rather/ had sooner do sth. than do sth.3 would rather/ would sooner do sth. than do sth.4 would just as soon do sth. as do（宁愿（宁愿也不愿也不愿 ）5 may /might (just) as well do（还是（还是好好;还不如还不如;不妨不妨）6 can not but do (不能不；不得不不能不；不得不)7 cannot choose but （只得）（只得）8 cannot help but （不得不）（

17、不得不） cannot help + doing 9 can but = can only （只得，充其量不过）（只得，充其量不过）egI would just as soon stay as go with him.We may as well begin at once.You may as well tell the truth.We might just as well stay at home.I can not but admire his courage.I cannot but laugh.I cannot choose but stay.I cannot help but g

18、rieve.set structure 感官动词或使役动词感官动词或使役动词+宾语宾语+动词原动词原形宾补形宾补make / have / let / bid / leave + sb. / sth. + do常见感官动词：常见感官动词： see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at, feel perceive etc.He made her do so.Bid him go home. （叫他回家）（叫他回家）We will have the boy mail this letter.Let there be no mistak

19、e about it. （这（这事可别出错）事可别出错）Leave him go. （放他走）（放他走）Look at that horse jump.I heard them talk about that film.连词连词 (than, as) 或介词或介词 (except, but, besides , save) 前有前有 do 的某的某种形式省种形式省 to; 反之则不省反之则不省I did no more than make a beginning.I have no choice but to accept the fact.I did nothing but / except

20、 repair the farm-tools.My dog does everything except speak.What do you like to do besides swim?作表语的不定式作表语的不定式: :若主语中有若主语中有dodo的某种形式，可省的某种形式，可省toto也可不省也可不省. .All I did was (to) hit him on the head.The only thing we can do is (to) encourage him to try again.The only thing to do is (to) encourage him t

21、o try again.What Ill do is (to) tell her the truth.GerundForm Usage Testing StructureForms:v-ing (主动主动)一般式一般式no v-ing / not doing 否定式否定式having done 主动完成式主动完成式 being done 被动一般式被动一般式 having been done 被动完成式被动完成式 ones doing 复合结构复合结构Usage1 subject2 predicative3 object 4 attribute as S.There is no denying

22、 this.Its no use / no good / useless crying over the spilt milk. as P.His hobby is collecting ancient gold coins. as O.I have finished reading the book.She is very fond of dancing.Do you find staying here interesting? Do you find it interesting staying here? as Attr.动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能or用

23、途用途现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，是主谓关系是主谓关系sleeping pillsa sleeping childTesting Structure:否定式否定式 no v-ing / not v-ing复合结构复合结构: ones v-ing名词所有格或物主代词名词所有格或物主代词+动名词动名词名词通格或代词宾格名词通格或代词宾格+动名词（非动名词（非正式文体或口语中）正式文体或口语中）Its no use buying books but not reading them.His / Him going there wont help much.Johns

24、/John coming here will get us out of trouble.I dont remember his / him giving me back that dictionary.I heard of Miss Marys /Mary coming back.有些动词或短语后需接动名词有些动词或短语后需接动名词作宾语：作宾语： anticipate, involve, remember, forget, forgive, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, regret, avoid, consider, discuss, deny, encour

25、age, finish, like, love, resist, delay, admit，risk, resume, suggest, advise,allow, permit, dislike, favor, fancy, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, leave off, overlook, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, put off, prevent, prohibit, quit, recommend, require, resent, recall, tolerate, appreciate, stop, ap

26、proach to doing, be busy doing, object to doing, feel like doing, cant help doing, prefer doing A to doing B,ParticipleForm UsageTesting Structure Present Participlev-ing (主动主动)一般式一般式 not v-ing 否定式否定式 having done 主动完成式主动完成式 being done 被动一般式被动一般式 having been done 被动完成式被动完成式 Past Participle v-ed (被动被动

27、)一般式一般式 not v-ed 否定式否定式Usage1 Predicative2 Attribute3 Adverbial4 Complementas predicativeMy pencil was broken. (过去分词作表语过去分词作表语主语状态主语状态)Her speech was quite stirring. (现在分词作表语现在分词作表语主语性质主语性质)as attributeA lost opportunity never returns.The woman sitting at the desk is his secretary.The material used

28、is cement.注注:分词分词(短语短语)作定语可以转化作定语可以转化成定语从句成定语从句as adverbial I stood watching her, not knowing what to do. He was reliable, judged by ordinary standards. 分词分词(短语短语)作状语作状语,其逻辑主语必须其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致与句子主语一致. Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him. Seen from the hill, the city

29、 looks beautiful. Adverbial of time Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him. Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. Adverbial of cause Being ill, he stayed at home. Convinced of the accuracy of the data, I stuck to my opinion. Adverbial of condition Working hard

30、, youll succeed. United, we stand; divided, we fall. Adverbial of concession Working very hard, he did not feel a little tired. Though beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence. (连词连词though加强语气加强语气) Adverbial of result A letter has just come, relieving her from anxiety. New ma

31、chines were installed, thus / thereby resulting in an increase in production. (thus/thereby加强语气加强语气) Adverbial of manner Traveling by car, the students visited many places. Armed with Marxism-Leninism, the Party solved the problems one after another. Adverbial of accompaniment The teacher, followed

32、by some students, went into the classroom. They stayed at home all day, giving the house a thorough cleaning.as complementa O.C. I am sorry Ive kept you waiting.I have my hair cut once a month. (谓语谓语 v.多为使役多为使役 v.和感官和感官 v.)b S.C. She was seen going up stairs.The work was left half done.Testing Struc

33、ture1 Participle as Adverbial 2 Absolute Structure 现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别:Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc.He stood there, surrounded by his three daughters.一般来说一般来说 现在分词表示主动的意思现在分词表示主动的意思; 过去分词表示被动的意思过去分词表示被动的意思. 分词作状语时的时态分词作状语时的时态1 一般式：分词表示的动作与谓一般式：分词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作

34、同时或几乎同语动词表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生时发生Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.= As she saw nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.2 完成式：完成式：分词表示的动作发生分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前在谓语动词表示的动作之前Having cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden.= After we had cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden. 分词短语作状语的强调结构分词短语作状语的强调结构: 分词短语前加连词分词短语前加连词(加强语气加强语气)Be careful when crossing the street.Though beaten by the oppo