气象专业英语1

1、 气象科技英语气象科技英语 English For Meteorological Science and Technology扩展大气科学类专业英语词汇量扩展大气科学类专业英语词汇量熟悉专业术语及专业英语的特殊语法熟悉专业术语及专业英语的特殊语法掌握气象专业英语翻译技巧掌握气象专业英语翻译技巧 顺利阅读外语文献资料和书籍顺利阅读外语文献资料和书籍学习目的学习目的Learn English , Go Abroad, To Watch the World!课时安排课时安排总学时总学时3232，周学时，周学时2 2由于学时有限，实际的课堂教学以第一部分为由于学时有限，实际的课堂教学以第一部分为主，第

2、二三部分供课余学习。主，第二三部分供课余学习。第一部分学习第一部分学习8 8课，我们课堂详细阅读讲解。课，我们课堂详细阅读讲解。Part One: Reading materials of English for meteorological science and technology 参考教材参考教材u寿绍文等，寿绍文等，气象科技英语教程气象科技英语教程，气象出版社，气象出版社，20022002u何三宁等，何三宁等，气象科技英语翻译气象科技英语翻译，气象出版社，气象出版社，20102010uC.DonaldC.Donald Ahrens Ahrens ，Meteorology TodayM

3、eteorology Today，20092009u钱正安，钱正安，气象科技英语气象科技英语900900句句，气象出版社，气象出版社，19991999u盛芝义等，盛芝义等，科技英语科技英语900900句句，气象出版社，气象出版社，19911991讲课方式讲课方式 课前请同学们预习将要上的课程，课堂上以提课前请同学们预习将要上的课程，课堂上以提问方式，讲解方式为主。并挑出其中的长句、问方式，讲解方式为主。并挑出其中的长句、难句重点分析。对于每一课挑选出的重要的专难句重点分析。对于每一课挑选出的重要的专业词汇，要求同学们熟练掌握课后总结复习。业词汇，要求同学们熟练掌握课后总结复习。 考考 试试闭卷

4、闭卷概述概述(前言前言)科技英语是描述科技用词中各种语言现象和特科技英语是描述科技用词中各种语言现象和特性的一种英语体系，它是用来进行国际科技交性的一种英语体系，它是用来进行国际科技交流的重要手段。全面的专业英语能力应包括读，流的重要手段。全面的专业英语能力应包括读，写，译，听，说等五个主要方面对于本科生写，译，听，说等五个主要方面对于本科生来说，应基本具备这五方面的能力，尤其是来说，应基本具备这五方面的能力，尤其是读读。这对于今后阅读英文文献，掌握国际科研最新这对于今后阅读英文文献，掌握国际科研最新动态是必不可少的工具。动态是必不可少的工具。 English for special purp

5、oses(ESP) English for science and technology(EST) English for meteorological science and technology75% of the 30,000 journals are in Englishworking language for most of international conferences is English气象科技英语的语言和文体特点科技文体是一种信息语言体，是科技工作者借以传递科技信息的媒介。 科技信息的主要内容是客观真理、一般规律、具体事实和科学设想等，具有较强的客观性和科学性。因此，科技

6、信息必然是可定义的、可比较的、可分类的、可计量的和可验证的。围绕以上信息，人们可进行论证、讨论，提出假说等，而这又要求有严格的逻辑推理过程和手段。气象科技文体也不例外，从文体上讲较多使用议论或说明文体，追求归纳概括、列举演绎、证明、假设、推理等功能，语言要求做到概念清晰、数据准确、逻辑严谨、思路缜密。 气象科技英语文体在词汇、短语、句子、修辞和语篇气象科技英语文体在词汇、短语、句子、修辞和语篇各个层面上都有其自身特点。各个层面上都有其自身特点。 气象科技英语的语言和文体特点一、词汇特点气象专业英语词汇大体包括五种类型大气科学专用词汇大气科学专用词汇通用科技词汇通用科技词汇派生合成词汇派生合成词

7、汇缩略语缩略语普通词汇专业化普通词汇专业化1.1.大气科学专用词汇大气科学专用词汇Troposphere 对流层 stratosphere平流层ridge line脊线 trough line 槽线 climatic feedback气候反馈 meteorology气象学 frontogenesis锋生作用 active-monsoon periods季风活跃期 synoptic model天气学模式 radarsonde雷达测风仪 这些词汇的词义精确而狭窄，专业性强2.2.通用科技词汇通用科技词汇通用科技词汇有多种含义，因此使用时一定要弄清它们在不同学科或领域中的确切意思，不能随意使用，以免

8、造成误解。同一词语语义的多专业化3.3.派生合成词汇派生合成词汇合成词：合成词：指由两个或其以上的英语单词构成的词汇指由两个或其以上的英语单词构成的词汇Counter-circulation 反环流反环流Raindrop 雨滴雨滴 wind-finding 高空测风高空测风Leap-day闰日闰日派生词：派生词：指通过词缀手段产生的词汇指通过词缀手段产生的词汇anti-: anticyclone 反气旋反气旋 anti-icing 防积冰防积冰sub-: subtropical 亚（副）热带亚（副）热带 subpolar 副极地副极地再如：前缀再如：前缀hydro-,hyper-和和inter

9、-分别表示分别表示“液体液体”，“超过超过”，“交互交互”等意义。等意义。(hydrobiology 水生物学水生物学 ，hyperactive 活动过度的）活动过度的）是指通过合成、转化和派生构词手段而构成的词汇4.4.缩略词缩略词EASM: East Asian summer monsoonEAWM: East Asian winter monsoonWMO: World Meteorological Organization AO: Arctic OscillationENSO: El Nino and Southern Oscillation5.5.普通词汇的专业化普通词汇的专业化（1

10、）气象科技英语中的普通词汇专业用途。这类词汇在日常生活和在气象学科词义是一致的。5.5.普通词汇的专业化普通词汇的专业化（2）气象科技英语中还有一部分词汇，从其基础意义来看，它们完全是普通词汇，但在气象学科中有专业化的词义，翻译时需要注意气象科技英语的语言和文体特点二、句法特点大量使用被动语态大量使用被动语态 这是科技英语的显著特征，因为被动句强调的是客观、真实，拒绝的是主观和臆断被动语态的应用主要是突出这些主体，让其做主语，可以让读者被动语态的应用主要是突出这些主体，让其做主语，可以让读者重点注意到这些叙述中的客观事实、现象、实验和结果等重点注意到这些叙述中的客观事实、现象、实验和结果等气象

11、科技英语的语言和文体特点二、句法特点大量使用被动语态大量使用非谓语动词1. 在科技英语中使用非谓语动词结构可以更好、更准确地描述各个事物之间的关系，事物的位置和状态的变化，以及语气的加强和强调动作的概念等。非谓语动词非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词。 气象科技英语的语言和文体特点二、句法特点大量使用被动语态大量使用非谓语动词大量使用名词化结构用名词词组或短语（主要是用具有动作意义的名词+of+修饰语）来表示一个句子的意思，就是名词化结构气象科技英语的语言和文体特点二、句法特点大量使用被动语态大量使用非谓语动词大量使用名词化结构大量使用后置定

12、语 后置定语具有简化结构、加强语气、强调动作概念、详解事实等目的The stratosphere is the atmosphere layer above the troposphere.平流层是位于对流层上面的大气层后置定语包括介词短语、形容词及其短语、副词、分词及其短语、定语从句等气象科技英语的语言和文体特点二、句法特点大量使用被动语态大量使用非谓语动词大量使用名词化结构大量使用后置定语大量使用长句和复杂句气象科技英语的语言和文体特点三、修辞特点句子和时态的使用特点句子和时态的使用特点 大量使用陈述句型，谓语动词倾向于多用现在时，主要以一般时为主，如一般现在时、过去时和将来时。2. 语气

13、的使用语气的使用 使用条件句较多，偶尔也会采用虚拟口气，使口吻变得委婉和圆滑。气象科技英语的语言和文体特点四、语篇特点Unit One: The Structure And Composition Of The Atmosphere第一课第一课 大气的结构和组成大气的结构和组成New words:gaseous 气体的inhomogeneous 不均匀的;inhomogeneityProfile 廓线，分布Altitude 高度;height; Meteorological 气象的Aerological 大气学的, 高空的WMO （World Meteorological Organizati

14、on)世界气象组织 temperature profileTerms中文中文廓线、剖面廓线仪风廓线风廓线探测雷达profileprofilerwind profile wind profiling radar Troposphere 对流层 tropopause 对流层顶Stratosphere 平流层 stratopause 平流层顶 Mesosphere 中间层 mesopause 中间层顶Thermosphere 热成层 thermopause 热成层顶Exosphere 外逸层对流层平流层对流旺盛近地面，对流旺盛近地面，纬度不同厚度变；纬度不同厚度变；高度增来温度减，高度增来温度减，只

15、因热源是地面；只因热源是地面；天气复杂且多变，天气复杂且多变，风云雨雪较常见风云雨雪较常见气温初稳后升热气温初稳后升热只因层中臭氧多只因层中臭氧多水平流动天气好水平流动天气好高空飞行很适合高空飞行很适合上冷下热上冷下热高空对流高空对流电电离离层层高层大气电离层能反射电离层能反射无线电波，对无线电波，对无线电通讯有无线电通讯有重要作用重要作用中间层热成层lapse 递减 lapse rate 递减率boundary 边界Polar 极地的 tropics 热带Latitude 纬度atmospheric 大气的Inversion 逆转，逆温isothermal 等温的Ultraviolet (U

16、V) 紫外线 ozone 臭氧Interplanetary 星际的 interaction 相互作用 Inter- 相互之间Friction 摩擦Eddy-viscosity 涡度粘滞性Instability 不稳定性stability 稳定性；稳定性； unstable adj. 不稳定的不稳定的 in+ 否定否定 （构词法）（构词法） inaccurate 不精确，不精确， invisible 不可见，不可见，incompressible 不可压缩不可压缩 independent 独立；独立； inhomogeneous 不均匀；不均匀； informal 非正式非正式Parameter

17、参数参数Superadiabatic 超绝热的超绝热的 adiabatic 绝热的绝热的Super+.超超（构词法）（构词法） Supermarket 超市 superman 超人 supercell 超级单体Aerosol 气溶胶 Photosynthetic 光合的 ， photosynthesis 光合作用Equatorial 赤道的 equator 赤道Global 全球的 (regional 区域的）P1:Like a fish in the ocean, man is confined to a very shallow layer of atmosphere. The gaseo

18、us envelope of the Earth is physically inhomogeneous in both the vertical and horizontal directions, although the horizontal inhomogeneity is much less marked than the vertical inhomogeneity. P2:Various criteria have been devised for dividing the atmosphere into layers. This division can be based on

19、 the nature of the vertical temperature profile, on the gaseous composition of the air at different altitudes, and the effect of the atmosphere on aircraft at different altitudes, etc. The division based on the variation of the air temperature with altitude is used most commonly in the meteorologica

20、l literature. How to divide the atmosphere into layers? Which criterion is most commonly used for layers division?P3:According to a publication of the aerological commission of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1961, the Earths atmosphere, is divided into five main layers: the troposphe

21、re, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere and the exosphere. These layers are bounded by four thin transition regions: the tropopause, the stratopause, the mesopause, the thermopause . troposphere stratosphere, mesospherethermosphere exosphereP4:The troposphere is the lower layer of the

22、 atmosphere between the Earths surface and the tropopause. The temperature drops with increasing height in the troposphere, at a mean rate of 6.5 C per kilometer (lapse rate). The upper boundary of the troposphere lies at a height of approximately 8 to 12 km in the polar and middle latitudes and 16

23、to 18 km in the tropics. In the polar and middle latitudes the troposphere contains about 75% of the total mass of atmospheric air, while in the tropics it contains about 90%. The tropopause is an intermediate layer in which either a temperature inversion or an isothermal temperature distribution is

24、 observed. polarMiddle latitudetropicsEarths surface8km12km16-18km75%90%tropopauseTemp.heightP5:The stratosphere is the atmospheric layer above the troposphere. In the stratosphere the temperature either increases with height or remains nearly constant. In the lower part of the stratosphere (up to a

25、pproximately 20 km above the Earths surface) the temperature is practically constant (about 56 C). While further up the temperature increases with altitude at a rate of about 1 C/km at heights of 20 to 30 km and about 2.8 C/km at altitudes from 32 to 47 km. Under the standard conditions the temperat

26、ure at the 47 km level is normally -2.5 C. P5:This increase in temperature with height is due to the absorption of UV solar radiation by ozone molecules. It should be noted that about 99% of the total mass of atmospheric air is concentrated in the troposphere and stratosphere, which extend up to an

27、altitude of 30 or 35 km. The stratopause is an intermediate layer between the stratosphere and the mesosphere (in the altitude region from 47 to 52 km ), in which the temperature remains constant at about 0C. -2.50 47-52km32 to 47 km20 to 30 km20 kmHow the vertical lapse rate of temperature change w

28、ith height?Why the temperature increase with height in stratosphere?Earths surface1/km2.8/kmP6:The mesosphere is the atmospheric layer in which the temperature continuously decreases with height at a rate of about 2.8C/km up to about 71 km and at a rate of 2.0C/km from 71 to 85 km. At heights of 85

29、to 95 km the temperature ranges from -85 to -90C. The mesopause is an intermediate layer between the mesosphere and the thermosphere (the base of the temperature-inversion region in the thermosphere). Normally the mesopause has an altitude of 85 to 95 km and it is characterized by a constant tempera

30、ture of about -86.5 C.P7:The thermosphere is the atmospheric layer above the mesopause. The temperature in this layer increases with increasing altitude, reaching about 2000C at about 450km, the mean height of the upper boundary of the thermosphere. The temperature increase in this layer is mainly c

31、aused by the absorption of UV solar radiation by oxygen molecules, which dissociate as a result of this process. P8:The exosphere is the furthest out and the least studied part of the upper atmosphere. It is located above 450km altitude. The air density in the exosphere is so low that atoms and mole

32、cules can escape from it into interplanetary space.How high is the mesosphere located above the Earths surface? How the temperature changes with height in the mesosphere ? How high is the temperature at the altitude of mesosphere?P9:Finally, along with the above division of the atmosphere, we will a

33、lso make use of a division based on the extent of atmosphere with the Earths surface. According to this principle, the atmosphere is usually divided into a so-called boundary layer (sometimes also called the friction layer) and the free atmosphere. The atmospheric boundary layer(up to 1 or 1.5 km) i

34、s influenced considerably by the Earths surface and by eddy-viscosity forces. At the same time, we can neglect, as a first approximation, the influence of eddy-viscosity forces in the free atmosphere.除以外（还） P10:Of all the above atmospheric layers, only the troposphere(especially its boundary layer)

35、is characterized by a marked instability of the vertical distribution of the meteorological parameters. It is in this layer that both temperature inversions and superadiabatic temperature variations with height are observed.The Earths atmosphere is a mixture of gases and aerosols nitrogen, oxygen, a

36、rgon, neon- permanent atmospheric components water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone vary in quantity from place to place and from time to time (1)(10) Division of the atmospheric layers (11)-(18) Composition of the atmosphereP11:The Earths atmosphere is a mixture of gases and aerosols, the latter be

37、ing the name given to a system comprised of small liquid and solid particles distributed in the air. Air is not a specific gas :rather, it is a mixture of many gases. Some of them, such as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, neon, and so on, may be regarded as permanent atmospheric components that remain in fi

38、xed proportions to the total gas volume. Other constituents such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone vary in quantity from place to place and form time to time. 微量氧氧20.95%氩氩0.93%氮氮78.09%变动气体变动气体固定气体固定气体二氧化碳二氧化碳臭氧臭氧水汽水汽气溶胶粒子气溶胶粒子（极微量极微量）P12:The principal sources of nitrogen, the most abundant c

39、onstituent of air, are decaying from agricultural debris, animal matter, and volcanic eruption. On the other side of the ledger, nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere by biological processes involving plants and sea life. To a lesser extent, lightning and high-temperature combustion processes conv

40、ert nitrogen gas to nitrogen compounds that are washed out of the atmosphere by rain or snow. The destruction of nitrogen is in the atmospheres in balance with production. is?P13:Oxygen, a gas crucial to life on Earth, has an average residence time in the atmosphere of about 3000 years. It is produc

41、ed by vegetation that, in the photosynthetic growth process, takes up carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. It is removed from the atmosphere by humans and animals, whose respiratory systems are just the reverse of those of the plant communities. We inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Oxygen diss

42、olves in the lakes, rivers and oceans, where it serves to maintain marine organisms. It is also consumed in the process of decay of organic matter and in chemical reactions with many other substances. For example, the rusting of steel involves its oxidation. P14:From the human point of view, the sca

43、rce, highly variable gases are of great importance. The mass of water vapor, that is, H2O in a gaseous state, in the atmosphere is relatively small and is added to and removed from the atmosphere relatively fast. As a result ,the average residence time of water vapor is only 11 days. Water vapor is

44、the source of rain and snow, without which we could not survive. From common experiences it is well known that the water vapor content of air varies a great deal. In a desert region the concentration of water vapor can be so low as to represent only a tiny fraction of the air volume. At the other ex

45、treme, in hot, moist air near sea level, say over an equatorial ocean, water vapor may account for as much as perhaps 5 percent of the air volume.P15:There are large variations of atmospheric water vapor from place to place and from time to time, but the total quantity over the entire Earth is virtu

46、ally constant. The same can not be said about carbon dioxide (CO2).The concentration of this sparse but important gas has been increasing for the last hundred years or so. Carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere by the decay of plant material and humus in the soil ,and by the burning of fossil fue

47、ls: coal, oil, and gas. The principal sinks of co2 are the oceans and plant life that uses co2 in photosynthesis. P15:In the middle 1980s,atmospheric chemists were still debating about the effects on atmospheric co2 of burning, harvesting ,and clearing of forests/The oceans take up large amounts of

48、co2,about half the amount released by fossil fuel combustion. It is expected that this fraction will diminish with the passing decades whereas the total mass of co2 released will increase ,at least through the early part of the next century. During the 1980s atmospheric co2 was accumulating at a rat

49、e of about 1 part per million (ppm) of air per year, but it is expected to increase more rapidly in decades to come .In1983 it averaged about 340 ppm of air. P16:Ozone(O3),another important, highly variable gas, occurs mostly at upper altitudes ,bur it is also found in urban localities having a grea

50、t deal of industry and automotive traffic and a generous supply of sunshine. In cities such as Los Angeles, ozone concentration may be more than 0.1ppm in extreme cases. Most atmospheric ozone concentration often exceed 1.0 ppm and may be as large as 10 ppm. P16:They vary greatly with latitude, season ,time of day, and weather patterns. The high-latitude ozone layer is maintained by photochemical reactions. The ozone l