大学英语新视野第二册 第一课

1、Unit OneBook TwoText AnalysisKey Sentence PatternsWriting & Reading SkillsLead-in ActivitiesBackground InformationKey Word StudyAfter learning this unit, students are supposed to be able to:1. talk about time consciousness of Americans. 2. learn about cultural differences. 3. master the key words an

2、d sentence patterns. 4. writing skills-how to write a para. of a general statement supported by specific details and reasons.5. improve the reading skillshow to find the main ideas.Teaching ObjectivesLead-in Activities 1 - Proverbs on TimeRead the following proverbs. Have you ever learnt them?What a

3、re the Chinese versions for them?时间创造奇迹。时间创造奇迹。1. 1. Time works wonders. 2. Time tries truth. 时间检验真理。时间检验真理。 Time is the best healer. Time and tide wait for no man.时间是治愈创伤的良药。时间是治愈创伤的良药。时间不等人。（时不我待。）时间不等人。（时不我待。）5. Time is money.6. Time flies.7. An inch of time cannot be bought by an inch of gold. 8

4、. All time is no time when it is past.机不可失，时不再来。机不可失，时不再来。9.Time lost is never regained. 光阴一去不复返光阴一去不复返。1. Why we say “time is money”? 2. What does time mean to us? 3. What should we do with time?Lead-in Activities 2Watch & discussionT i m e I s L i f e返回返回Situation 1 an appointment How to Manage th

5、e Following Situations?Situation 2 home visitSituation 3 to a partySituation 4 being invited to dinnerSituation 5 an interview Lead-in Activities 3 Pair WorkSituation 1: Dr. Tom McDivern from NY is practicing medicine in a rural area in Saudi Arabia. His opening day was booked fully a week ago. But

6、half an hour passed, neitherof his first two patients arrived. Why?Why?Why?Why?Americans tend to be _. To the Arabians, _ _ is acceptable. punctualhalf an houror 40 minutes lateSituation 2: On your way home, it occurred to you that your American friend Mary had invited you to visit her when you were

7、 free. Then you dropped in on her house. But when you knocked at the door In China, its OKto visit friendswithout callingahead of time.While in the U.S.,its impolite to doso.Mary felt surprised. Why? What is the polite way in the U.S.?Calling ahead of time.Situation 3: Your American friend invited y

8、ou to her party tonight at 7:30. When are you supposed to get there? Why?A. Before 7:00, to help her to prepare.B. 510 late, not to be the first guest.C. After 8:00, Im the VIP.D. 510 earlier, its a polite way to show my respect for her.In the U.S., people tend to be _. In China, close friends tend

9、to arrive _，but acquaintances tend to arrive _.510 late (B)before 7:00 (A) 510 earlier (D)General differences between Chinese & AmericansTime Consciousness Chinese:Relatively more attention to the past (nostalgic) and to the longer-term future. American:Less interested in the past; eye on near-term

10、future. Americans have formulated their own concept of time. In general, American time is exact, people are punctual, activities are scheduled, and time is appropriated for separate activities. Two different management styles of time Time can be thought of as a straight line or as a circle: the line

11、ar, sequential march of days and years, or the rotation of the seasons. Our cultural orientation has a profound effect on our daily lives and business functions. Monochronic / Polychronic Time 单向计时制单向计时制 /多向计时制多向计时制 introduced by American anthropologist Edward Hall Two different management Two diffe

12、rent management styles of timestyles of time Monochronic time is one-track linear: people do one thing at a time.Polychronic time is multi-track circular; it allows many things to happen simultaneously, with no particular end in sight. Monochronic time is tightly compartmentalized (划分): schedules ar

13、e almost sacred. Polychronic time is open-ended: completing the task or communication is more important than adhering to a schedule. Monochronic /Polychronic TimeMonochronic People Polychronic PeopleDo one thing at a timeDo many things at onceConcentrate on the jobHighly distractible and subject to

14、interruptionsTake time commitments seriously (deadlines, schedules)Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved only if possibleCommitted to the jobCommitted to peopleAdhere religiously to plans Change plans often and easilyConcerned about not disturbing others; Follow rules of privacy and

15、considerationMore concerned with relations (family, friends, close business associates) than with privacyShow great respect for private property, seldom borrow or lendBorrow and lend things often and easilyEmphasize promptnessBase promptness on the relationshipAccustomed to short-term relationshipsS

16、trong tendency to build lifetime relationships What do you think of Chinese people, Monochronic or Polychronic? Can you cite some examples ?Question to ponder on Before doing something, Chinese will trace back to the old experience trying to get some successful tips. Chinese have high respect for “o

17、ld”, emphasizing age and experience. 老练、老成、老手、老马识途、老马嘶风、老练、老成、老手、老马识途、老马嘶风、老当益壮、老谋深算、老成持重、老成练老当益壮、老谋深算、老成持重、老成练达、老松耐寒、老骥伏枥，志在千里、老达、老松耐寒、老骥伏枥，志在千里、老将出马，一人顶两、将出马，一人顶两、 树老根须多树老根须多, ,人老见人老见识多、生姜老的辣、老凤清于雏凤声、不识多、生姜老的辣、老凤清于雏凤声、不听老人言，吃亏在眼前听老人言，吃亏在眼前中国人的时间观：中国人的时间观： 典型的东方镜头：典型的东方镜头：大漠中的牵驼人，大漠中的牵驼人， 晒太阳儿的农民，晒

18、太阳儿的农民，一步一伏的朝圣者，边唠边绣的妇女，一步一伏的朝圣者，边唠边绣的妇女，半天不起杆的钓者，藤架下的品茶人，半天不起杆的钓者，藤架下的品茶人，晨练太极的老者晨练太极的老者.他们都不着急。他们都不着急。Contrast to the Americans Contrast to the Americans time concept time conceptAnother question to ponder on What do you know about American in treating time? Monochronic or Polychronic? Can you mak

19、e some examples ?Monochronic American “Old” in English is associated with lack of energy, creativity, challenge, useless, burden .Some English sayings concerning “old”: An old dog will learn no new tricks./ You cant teach an old dog new tricks. （老狗学不会新把戏）（老狗学不会新把戏） It is hard to make an old dog stoo

20、p. （老狗弯腰，谈何容易）（老狗弯腰，谈何容易） “elderly” or “senior citizen”（people over 60），），“golden ager” (retired people over 65)Monochronic AmericanSome expressions showing the monochronic conceptplace/put on the agenda （列入议事日程）（列入议事日程）agree (up)on an agenda ( (就议事日程取得一致意见）就议事日程取得一致意见）lay out/map out/make out/plan

21、a schedulehave a full schedule（时间表排得很紧）（时间表排得很紧）maintain a schedule（遵守某一时间表）（遵守某一时间表）accomplish sth. according to schedule （按照预定计划完成某件事情）（按照预定计划完成某件事情） on/to schedule （按照预定时间） schedule time（预定的时间） a tight schedule（排得紧紧的时间表） at the scheduled time（按时） according to schedule（按时间表） ahead of schedule（提前）

22、behind schedule（迟于预定的时间）Chinese vs American All in all, Americans value time as something irrecoverable while Chinese treat time as something enjoyable. In history, Americans were well-known for their inventions like telephone, airplane, fax and other time-saving devices whereas Chinese were famous

23、for their time-consuming practices such as enjoying fireworks, playing ma-jong, and tasting delicious food in leisurely manners. Besides, to the American businessmen, time signifies money. They seize every golden minute to make money. By contrast, to the Chinese businessmen, time means an interperso

24、nal network. They seize every occasion to get it into shape.Conception Of the SelfFriendship Chinese: Small number of close, lifelong friends who feel deeply obligated to give each other whatever form of help might seem required. American:Large collection of friends and acquaintances which changes o

25、ver time and involves only limited mutual obligations. Obligation American:People avoid interdependent relationships and situations that might entail long-term obligations. Chinese:Relationships with other people involve reciprocal(互惠的)obligations. Harmony vs. Truth American:Willing to confront dire

26、ctly, criticize, discuss controversial topics, press personal opinions about what they consider the truth. Little concern with face. Chinese: Avoid direct confrontation, open criticism, and controversial topics. Concern maintaining harmony and with face. Role of laws, rules, and regulations Chinese:

27、More faith in personal relationships than in written rules and procedures for structuring interactions. American:Written rules presumably apply to everyone and are assumed to produce fair, reasonable procedures and decisions. Key Word StudyObtain : v. acquire , have granted to one Gain: v. obtain st

28、h. desired or favourableAcquire: v. gain by and for oneself fameAchieve: v. reach or attain by effortWin : v. acquire as a result of fight , contest , bet or some other effortSecure: v. succeed in obtaining or achieving Attain: v. gain or accomplish an aim , distinction etc by conscious development

29、or effort. Key word Study1. Acquired fame / acquired property2. Achieve victory / achieved notoriety3. Attain ones aim/ attain great success 4. Gain advantage / gain recognition5. Obtain what he wished / obtain information6. Secured good seats in theatre7. Win some money / win admiration ExamplesCom

30、petent adj. Competence n. (+ to do or for) ability the state of being competent Competition n. (+ for) competing esp. in an examination in tradeCompetitive adj. Involving , offered for or by competition Compete v. (+with,against a person , for a thing )strive for superiority or supremacy)Competent 他

31、能胜任这项任务。他能胜任这项任务。你如要学习英文你如要学习英文, , 首先得找一位称职的教师。首先得找一位称职的教师。 He is competent for the task. If you want to learn English, you must first find a competent teacher.Examplefulfill: 1)do or perform, perform sth to a completion 2)supply or satisfy(a need, demand, requirementCollocation a promise 履行诺言履行诺言 o

32、nes work 完成工作完成工作 prophecy 实现预言实现预言 a duty 履行职责履行职责 a command 服从命令服从命令 an obligation 履行义务履行义务 a desire 满足欲望满足欲望 prayer 实现祈愿实现祈愿 hope 符合愿望符合愿望 need 符合需要符合需要 dream 实现梦想实现梦想 expectations 符合预想符合预想 the terms of the contact 满足合同条款的要求满足合同条款的要求 the conditions of 具备具备条件条件Consequent adj.Consequent adj.1.follo

33、wing as a 1.following as a result or consequence 2. Logically result or consequence 2. Logically consistent. 3. n. A thing that follows consistent. 3. n. A thing that follows anotheranother consequenceConsequence n. 1.the result or effect of an action or condition 2. importanceConsequential adj. 1.

34、following as a result or consequence 2. resulting indirectlySequence n. 1. succession , coming after or nest 2. Order of succession 3. apart of a film dealing with one scene or topicSequential adj. forming a sequence consequenceMain idea of the text ?Devices for developing it?Main Idea and Devices f

35、or Developing ItAmericans value time and save time carefully. In their eyes, time is regarded as precious resource. A person who tends to waste his own time or that of others is never accepted in American culture. Consequently, Americans try every means to save time in their daily life, business and

36、 work so as to make every minute count. Besides, to solve a problem or fulfill a job with speed in U.S.A is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent. Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4Text Analysis Main Idea:(Paras. 1-2)Americans value and save time. Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4Text Analysis Main

37、Idea:(Paras. 3-5)Americans resent someone wasting time and are working hard in saving time. Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4Text Analysis Main Idea:(Paras. 6-7)Americans produce a steady flow of labor-saving devices and view the impersonality of electronic communication as insignificant. Part 1 Part 2 Pa

38、rt 3 Part 4Text Analysis Main Idea:(Paras. 5-7)It is taken as a sign of skillfulness to solve a problem with speed in the U.S. We are slaves to nothing but the clock. Meaning: We are under the control of time only and nothing else.We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it cut it, account fo

39、r it; we also charge for it.Meaning: We deal with time in various ways as if time were something of real value.(6) We want every minute to count.Meaning: We want every minute to be put into good use. Since it is precious.5.Once the sands have run out of a persons hourglass, they cannot be replaced.

40、(Para.2)hourglass: n. a glass container holding fine sand for measuring time, which is narrow in the middle like a figure 8 so that the sand inside can run slowly from the top half to the bottom taking exactly one hour Meaning: The whole sentence is a metaphor, which means: Once time has passed, it

41、will not return. Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over extended small talk;(para4) Meaning: Usually Americans do not judge or evaluate their visitors in a restaurant or coffee house which are considered relaxed places through long, light conversations; As

42、signments are, consequently, felt to be given added weight by the passage of time,(para8) Meaning: As a result, people think that assignments are gaining additional importance with the passage of time. In the U.S., however, it is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent to solve a problem

43、, or fulfill a job successfully, with speed. Meaning: In the U.S., however, if you can solve a problem or do a job quickly, you will be considered as a person having skill or ability.to stand still - keep or stay in a position or state(L. 1) Other phrases: stand idle / stand opposed / stand ready /

44、stand firm For exampleThose who are always satisfied with what they achieved and stand still will easily fall behind.Exampleto have a rather acute sense of feel or sense fine , sharpRelated phrases: acute pain / an acute lack of sth.A sense of humour / a sense of sight / a sense of placeGreat losses

45、 in Anti-Japanese war account for why Chinese people have a rather acute sense of the true value of developing science and technology.Exampleto race through to do sth. in a hurryRelated phrases: race with / have a race withAs the time is running out, these students have to race through the rest of t

46、he questions on the test paper.Exampleto produce / make a steady flow of （许多，一系列）许多，一系列）At this conference, the central government made a steady flow of significant decisions concerning the national economy and peoples livelihood.Exampleto take sth. as a sign of regard sth. As a symbolRelated phrase

47、s: sign for acknowledge receipt of by signing / sign in sign a register on arrival in a place Some teenagers take smoking as a sign of being mature and manly, but actually smoking is a potential killer.Exampleto pour capital, energy and attention intodevote all to sth.Curie poured all her love and e

48、nergy into the scientific research and experiment on radium.Collocation fall behind1) become bit by bit further behind 2) (with) fail to finish at the proper time 1) fall behind in science 在科学方面落后在科学方面落后 fall behind ones competitors 落后于竞争对手落后于竞争对手2) fall behind with the rent 拖欠房租拖欠房租 这个学生一直很努力这个学生一直

49、很努力, , 惟恐落后。惟恐落后。 The student has been working hard for fear that he should fall behind.Acting before thinking always _ failing. The accident _ the death of two people Nothing _ his efforts. The childs illness _ eating unclean food。A love marriage, however, does not necessarily _ much sharing of int

50、erests and responsibilities. (CET-4 96.1) a. take over b. result in c. hold on d. keep to 然而有爱情的婚姻未必会使夫妇利益共享，责任共担。然而有爱情的婚姻未必会使夫妇利益共享，责任共担。 result in have as a result; cause result from be caused byresults inresulted inhas resulted fromresulted frombThe child often turns a deaf ear to the peoples car

51、e; much less do they criticize.He would not do anything that might disgrace his country, much less would he turn traitor.Structure 1ExampleSb. does not do sth.; much less does sb. do sth. else. 某人不会做某人不会做/没有做某事，没有做某事， 更不用说做其他的事。更不用说做其他的事。Sentence PatternsSentence Patterns可直接跟可直接跟 n.， v.， ( to )do st

52、h.等与主句等与主句相对称的结构，如跟句子则需要倒装。相对称的结构，如跟句子则需要倒装。Ex. VII (P.10)Structure2 ExampleUnless, it seems in ones eyes (to ones mind) as if 如果不是如果不是，则某人就觉得好像是，则某人就觉得好像是By the custom of the times, unless some of our guests get drunk at table, it seems to our minds as if we are not warm-hearted enough towards them

53、.Sentence StructureSentence Structure subject + v-ing / v-ed or: with+subject +v-ing /v-edNo further discussions arising, the meeting was brought to an end. 没有做进一步的讨论没有做进一步的讨论, 会议就告结束了。会议就告结束了。Time is one of the two elements that American save carefully, with the other being labor.Now you try:吃完午饭吃完

54、午饭, 所有客人都回到了起居室。所有客人都回到了起居室。Lunch finished, all the guests returned to the sitting-room. With lunch finished, all the guests returned to the sitting-room. 独立结构独立结构Structure3 Now you try:Given their inexperience, theyve done a good job. Given that they are inexperienced, theyve done a good job.考虑到他们缺

55、乏经验，他们算做得不错了。考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们算做得不错了。看她对孩子们的兴趣，教书应是适合她的职业。看她对孩子们的兴趣，教书应是适合她的职业。Given her interest in children, teaching should be the right career for her.Structure 4 given (that) /n: taking into account 把把考虑进去的话考虑进去的话How to write a paragraph of a general statement supporting by details Writing SkillqIll

56、ustration is the use of detailed examples to make abstract ideas concrete and general opinions more specific. General statements are seldom impressive or convincing, so it is often necessary to provide examples or illustrations to clarify them. Illustrations are extended examples, often taking the f

57、orm of short narratives. To develop an illustrative paragraph, you should select sufficient and specific examples.A paragraph of a general statement supported by illustration (details)qIllustration is the use of detailed examples to make abstract ideas concrete and general opinions more specific. Ge

58、neral statements are seldom impressive or convincing, so it is often necessary to provide examples or illustrations to clarify them. Illustrations are extended examples, often taking the form of short narratives. To develop an illustrative paragraph, you should select sufficient and specific example

59、s.How is it that everyone is in a rush?General statement: Everyone is in a rush.Specific details of how everyone is in a rush.1.2.3.Why is it that everyone is in a rush?The reason: This is because people value time highly, and they resent someone else “wasting” it beyond a certain appropriate point.

60、A general statementHow do you prove your general staement?Specific details to support the general statementWhat is the reason for what you said in the general statementThe reason for the statementCity people always appear to be hurrying .People value time highly, and they resent someone else “wastin