夏商朝代发展 英语版

1、The Xia and Shang DynastyXia Dynasty 夏 - ca. (? 3,800) 2,200 1,776 BCE - W. Henan Capital probably at Erlitou, city of Yanshi Yu and son first two of 14-17 leaders. Yu 禹contained the Great Flood; constructed water control projects in Yellow River basin. Bronze Age: 2,220 500 BCE. Cast bronze into po

2、ttery molds to make weapons & wine, meat and grain containers for religious rituals. Bronze, jade, lacquer, white pottery, glazed pottery inlayed with turquoise in burial sites. Jie桀 (a tyrant) was overthrown by Tang 汤, who founded the Shang dynasty (ca. 1,776 BCE) Shang Dynasty商 ca. (1776 1045 BCE

3、- W. of Xia Dynasty Founder Tang (Shang), the good leader promote “The Mandate of Heaven” (tinmng天命 the will of Heaven)? Xibo on the Luo River first capital of Shang or city in Xia? Zhengzhou 郑州 (N. Henan) shared Xia & Shang culture Luoyang 洛阳was the capital for several times Worshiped Shangdi 上帝 (L

4、ord on High)。o Chief god of a ruling clan later worshiped as divine? o In the Qin 秦 (Chin) dynasty, this “di” became the word for the emperor. Anyang last Shang capital of Shang o Oracle Bones甲骨文 This writing helped to unify the Chinese culture Probably indigenous origin Divination recorded on Oracl

5、e Bones indicates importance of Divination before action A few sites, e.g. Dawenkou, 1,000 years earlier Examples also on turtle shells, bronzes, bamboo Royal Ontario Museum Menzies collection Dr. James Hsiung 許進雄 (at UofT: 1968-1997) The Written Word in Ancient China (Vol. 1 & 2) available in RL Ea

6、st Asian Library (8th floor) Oracle Bones explained and discussedo Bronzes Food & Wine Vessels used for Ceremonies Symbol of power and wealth (9 bronze vessels) Examples of Extremely Advanced Technology Record Achievements of leader (Zhou dynasty) Organization o Ruling lite (in ancestral temples, bu

7、rial sites) Councillors, ministers, diviners, Civil Officers (by rank) Military & specialists, e.g., craftsmen. o Got chariots (wheat & goats) from Middle East (1300) o Captives (slaves?) ceremonially sacrificed Some heads and torsos separated Some people and horses buried with ruler Shang Dynasty -

8、 Patriarchal Mind-set o Father passed on power to sono Brother passed on power to brother “Mandate of Heaven” in place? or written into history?o Firmly established with Mencius (Mengzi) ReferencesAllan, Sarah (ed.). The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. New London, C

9、onn.: Yale University Press, 2005. An excellent up-to-date reference of the newest discoveries. This text is used for EAS411 Art and Archaeology of Ancient China, taught by Professor Chen Shen. Chang, K. C. Art, Myth, and Ritual: The Path to Political Authority in Ancient China. Cambridge, MA: Harva

10、rd UP, 1983. Dated material, but he was a professor of Archaeology at Harvard and an expert in the field. de Bary, Wm. Theodore, et al. eds. Sources of Chinese Tradition, Vol. 2nd ed. (1999) & Vol. II, 2nd ed. (2000), NY: Columbia UP. A standard text for primary sources related to Early China. Ebrey

11、, Patricia Buckley. Cambridge Illustrated History: China. NY: Cambridge UP, 1999. An excellent overview of Chinese History - - with lots of pictures. Very often used as a required text for this course.Sullivan, Michael. The Arts of China, 4th ed., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. An easy-to-read, excellent source to supplement our material on the history and literature of China. Twitc