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1、第八讲第八讲描画词性从句描画词性从句定语从句定语从句2v定语是修饰名词或代词的成分。单词、不定式、分定语是修饰名词或代词的成分。单词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句都可以作定语。词、介词短语和从句都可以作定语。v在复合句中起定语作用的从句称为定语从句。由于在复合句中起定语作用的从句称为定语从句。由于定语从句对名词或代词起描画、修饰作用,所以又定语从句对名词或代词起描画、修饰作用,所以又称为描画词性从句。称为描画词性从句。v请对比以下各句:请对比以下各句:vI have a very good book.vI have a book to read.vI have an interesting b

2、ook.vI have a book written by Lu Xun.vI have a book about Chinese history.vI have a book which the teacher recommended. 3v从上面各句中,我们可以看出,英文的定语有多种表达从上面各句中,我们可以看出,英文的定语有多种表达方式,但无论用什么方式表达,译成中文,都是定语方式,但无论用什么方式表达,译成中文,都是定语“的,位于被修饰的名词或代词之前。的,位于被修饰的名词或代词之前。v但在英语中,单词作定语,普通要放在被修饰词之前;但在英语中,单词作定语,普通要放在被修饰词之前;短语

3、或从句做定语,必需放在被修饰词之后。短语或从句做定语,必需放在被修饰词之后。v定语从句可以修饰名词、代词,或修饰整个句子。例:定语从句可以修饰名词、代词,或修饰整个句子。例:vThe man who gave us a talk this morning is Professor Li.vThose who want to visit museum sign here, please.vShe got the first place in a writing competition, which made her parents so proud. 4v定语从句由关系词引导。关系词分为关系代词

4、定语从句由关系词引导。关系词分为关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that 和关系副词和关系副词when,where,why。v关系词位于先行词和定语从句之间,起衔接作用,并关系词位于先行词和定语从句之间,起衔接作用,并承当句子成分。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词称为先承当句子成分。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。例:行词。例:vThe boy who is sleeping is my nephew.v boy 是先行词,是先行词,who是关系代词,引导定语从句是关系代词,引导定语从句who is sleeping,who在从句中作主语。在从句中作主语。vThat is t

5、he house where I lived ten years ago.v the house是先行词,是先行词, where是关系副词,引导是关系副词,引导定语从句定语从句where I lived ten years ago,where在从句在从句中作地点状语。中作地点状语。 5v带有定语从句的复合句实践上是由两个简单句带有定语从句的复合句实践上是由两个简单句结合而成的。其中一个句子是对另一个句子中结合而成的。其中一个句子是对另一个句子中的一个名词或代词进展阐明或限定,否那么,的一个名词或代词进展阐明或限定,否那么,这个句子的意思能够不是很清楚。例:这个句子的意思能够不是很清楚。例:6T

6、his is a book.My uncle gave me this book. 第二句是阐明第一句中第二句是阐明第一句中book的特性的特性“我叔叔送给我的,我叔叔送给我的,而不是其他什么书。可以用关系代词而不是其他什么书。可以用关系代词which替代替代this book,将第二句转变为一个定语从句紧跟在它所需求修饰的词将第二句转变为一个定语从句紧跟在它所需求修饰的词book后面。如下:后面。如下:This is the book which my uncle gave me. 关系代词引导定语从句,并在从句中作宾语时,从句中关系代词引导定语从句,并在从句中作宾语时,从句中原来的宾语必需

7、去掉。上例中,原来的宾语必需去掉。上例中,which曾经替代了曾经替代了this book,从句中就不能再反复出现从句中就不能再反复出现this book了。了。This is the book which my uncle gave me this book. 7 定语从句的位置:定语从句的位置:定语从句修饰名词或代词。它在句中的定语从句修饰名词或代词。它在句中的位置是紧跟在被它修饰的名词或代词位置是紧跟在被它修饰的名词或代词后面。后面。名词或代词在句中可以承当主语、宾语、名词或代词在句中可以承当主语、宾语、表语等多种成分,因此,定语从句也表语等多种成分,因此,定语从句也会随着被它修饰的名词

8、、代词,出如会随着被它修饰的名词、代词,出如今各个不同的位置。今各个不同的位置。名词和修饰它的定语从句组成一个短语,名词和修饰它的定语从句组成一个短语,在句子中可以作表语、主语和宾语。在句子中可以作表语、主语和宾语。例:例:8a girl + she likes dancing = a girl who likes dancingThe girl who likes dancing is my niece.作主语作主语This is a girl who likes dancing.作表语作表语A journalist wants to interview the girl who likes

9、 dancing.作宾语作宾语 9v限制性定语从句限制性定语从句v 限定性定语从句限定性定语从句v非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句v 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句 10A. 限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句与其先行词限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句与其先行词严密相连,不可分割。假设去掉从句,主句的严密相连,不可分割。假设去掉从句,主句的意思就不完好或是不合逻辑。主句和从句之间意思就不完好或是不合逻辑。主句和从句之间没有逗号分开。例:没有逗号分开。例:The woman who is speaking at the meeting is a famous lawyer. 假设把定语从句去掉,只剩

10、下主句,意思就假设把定语从句去掉,只剩下主句,意思就是:那个女士是个著名的律师。但是,哪个女是:那个女士是个著名的律师。但是,哪个女士呢?意思显然不完好。士呢?意思显然不完好。This is the factory where we worked last year. 去掉定语从句,只剩下主句:这是那个工厂。去掉定语从句,只剩下主句:这是那个工厂。是哪个工厂,意思不明确,所以限制性定语从是哪个工厂,意思不明确,所以限制性定语从句决不能被去掉。句决不能被去掉。11B. 非限制性定语从句:非限制性定语从句只是对非限制性定语从句:非限制性定语从句只是对主句加以补充阐明,或进一步描画。没有这种主句加以

11、补充阐明,或进一步描画。没有这种定语从句,主句的意思依然完好、清楚。非限定语从句,主句的意思依然完好、清楚。非限制性定语从句可以修饰一个名词、代词,也可制性定语从句可以修饰一个名词、代词,也可以修饰整个主句。非限制性定语从句不能用以修饰整个主句。非限制性定语从句不能用that引导,当关系代词作宾语时,决不能省略。引导,当关系代词作宾语时,决不能省略。从句和主句要用逗号分开。例:从句和主句要用逗号分开。例:Tom, who was one of my old friends, came to see me from London.He always comes to help me, which

12、 is very kind of him. 当非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句时,关系代当非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句时,关系代词替代的是整个句子,被视为一件事,从句中词替代的是整个句子,被视为一件事,从句中的谓语动词运用第三人称单数。此外,带有非的谓语动词运用第三人称单数。此外,带有非限制性定语从句的复合句,译成中文时,往往限制性定语从句的复合句,译成中文时,往往译成两个分句。译成两个分句。12A. 关系代词的用法:关系代词有关系代词的用法:关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等。关系等。关系代词本身没有单、复数之分。当他们在代词本身没有单、复数之分。当他们在从句中作主语

13、时,从句中谓语动词的人从句中作主语时,从句中谓语动词的人称和数必需与它的先行词一致。例:称和数必需与它的先行词一致。例:Those who are singing are my classmates.Anyone who drives car must wear a seat belt.131. who: 修饰的先行词必需是人,在定语从句中作主语。修饰的先行词必需是人,在定语从句中作主语。The man who has made up his mind to win will never say “impossible.Do you know the girl who studies at B

14、eijing University?2. whom:修饰的先行词是人,但在定语从句中作宾语,可省:修饰的先行词是人,但在定语从句中作宾语,可省略。略。The old gentleman (whom) you met just now is a famous writer.A distant relative (whom) I knew nothing about has written to me from Australia. 3. whose:表示:表示“的,在定语从句中作定语,可修饰人的,在定语从句中作定语,可修饰人或物。或物。Is there any room whose window

15、 faces the sea?Mary, whose father and mine are brothers, looks like my younger sister.144. which:替代物,在从句中可以作主语,也可以作宾语,:替代物,在从句中可以作主语,也可以作宾语,作宾语时可以省略。在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。在非限制性定语从句中which也可也可以替代整个主句。以替代整个主句。The river which flows through our village is very helpful to the villagers.Sorry, I forgot to bri

16、ng the magazine (which) you want.The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for man to live. 5. that: 既可以替代人,也可以替代物。在从句中可以作主既可以替代人,也可以替代物。在从句中可以作主语和宾语,作宾语时可以省略。语和宾语,作宾语时可以省略。All (that) I want is a good meal and a good rest.Who is the girl that is talking to the teacher? 156. that和和which的区别:的区别

17、:that和和which在引导定语从在引导定语从句修饰物时,普通没有区别,但在某些情况下二句修饰物时,普通没有区别,但在某些情况下二者不可以互换者不可以互换 。1只能由只能由that引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 先行词是不定代词先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything,none,one等。等。As we all know, all that can be done has been done.There is nothing (that) I can do for you. 先行词被先行词被all,any,every,each

18、,few,little,no,some等修饰。等修饰。I have read all the books (that) you gave me.They have got every book (that) they needed. 161只能由只能由that引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 先行词被序数词或描画词最高级修饰。先行词被序数词或描画词最高级修饰。He was the first that gave us some useful advice.The dinner was the most expensive meal (that) I had ever had. 先行词被先行词被th

19、e only,the very,the same,the last修饰。修饰。He is the only person (that) I want to talk to.Its the very thing (that) Ive been looking for. 先行词既有人又有物先行词既有人又有物 They are talking about some things and persons (that) they remembered.The character and event (that) the author described in his book are very inte

20、resting. 在以在以who,which开头的疑问句中,用开头的疑问句中,用that以防止反复。以防止反复。Which is the book (that) you are reading?Who is the man that sent the little boy home? 172只能由只能由which引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 引导非限制性定语从句。引导非限制性定语从句。There has just been a heavy rain, which makes the farmers delighted.We missed the TV play, which was a pit

21、y. 用于介词后,跟介词一同引导定语从句。用于介词后,跟介词一同引导定语从句。This is the factory in which my father worked.China has hundreds of islands, of which Taiwan is the largest one. 18B. 关系副词的用法:关系副词有关系副词的用法:关系副词有when,where,why等。等。1. when: 修饰的先行词是表示时间的单词,如:修饰的先行词是表示时间的单词,如:time,moment,month,day,year,在定,在定语从句中作时间状语。语从句中作时间状语。when

22、可以引导限制性定可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。 1引导限制性定语从句引导限制性定语从句 He still remembers the days when he studied in France. 2引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句 Sunday is a holiday, when people do not go to work. 2. why:修饰先行词修饰先行词the reason,在从句中作缘由,在从句中作缘由状语状语 。 Tell me the reason why you were absent yesterday

23、.That is not the reason why you should leave.19C. 关系代词和关系副词的区别:对于同一个先行关系代词和关系副词的区别:对于同一个先行词,有时用关系代词,有时用关系副词,判别词,有时用关系代词,有时用关系副词,判别应该用什么词的原那么是:这个关系词引导定应该用什么词的原那么是:这个关系词引导定语从句时,在句子中是作主语、宾语还是作状语从句时,在句子中是作主语、宾语还是作状语。作主语、宾语时用关系代词,作状语时用语。作主语、宾语时用关系代词,作状语时用关系副词。请比较:关系副词。请比较:This is the school where I studi

24、ed 10 years ago. 在从句中作地点状语在从句中作地点状语This is the school which was set up 10 years ago. 在从句中作主语在从句中作主语This is the school (which) we set up 10 years ago. 在从句中作宾语在从句中作宾语20D. 介词介词 + 关系代词引导的定语从句:介词关系代词引导的定语从句:介词 + 关系关系代词也可以引导一个定语从句。主要有以下几种代词也可以引导一个定语从句。主要有以下几种方式:方式:1. 介词介词 + 关系代词关系代词which: 等于一个关系副词。在等于一个关系

25、副词。在此构造中,介词的选用由此构造中,介词的选用由which 所替代的名词在所替代的名词在构成介词短语时与介词的固定搭配所决议。如:构成介词短语时与介词的固定搭配所决议。如: in the year = in which = when on the day = on which = whenat the factory = at which = wherein the house = in which = whereduring the holiday = during which = whenWe dont know the time when/at which the meeting w

26、ill begin.I still remember the day when/on which I first came to school.212. which 所修饰的先行词作带有介词的动词词组的所修饰的先行词作带有介词的动词词组的宾语:在这一构造中,介词的选用取决于句子中宾语:在这一构造中,介词的选用取决于句子中的动词词组或固定搭配中所需求的介词。例:的动词词组或固定搭配中所需求的介词。例:This is the subject (which/that) they might argue about for a long time.This is the subject about which they might argue for a long time. 3.名词名词/代词代词 + 介词介词 + 关系代词关系代词 :I bought a dozen of eggs, half of which were broken when I got home.He has many friends, most of whom live abroad. 224.介词介词 + 关系代词关系代词whom: 当关系代词替代的是人当关系代词替代的是人而不是物,并在定语从句中作介词宾语时,要用而不是

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