高中英语句子成分和句子类型讲解及配套练习（讲课用）-

1、句子成分(一句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。(二主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如: During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.(名词We often speak English in

2、 class.(代词One-third of the students in this class are girls.(数词To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式Smoking does harm to the health.(动名词The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. (主语从句It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it作

3、形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式(三谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语:(1由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.(2由系动词加表语构成。如:We are students.(四表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, lo

4、ok, grow, turn, seem等之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:Our teacher of English is an American.(名词Is it yours?(代词The weather has turned cold.(形容词The speech is exciting.(分词Three times seven is twenty one?(数词His job is to teach English.(不定式His hobby(爱好is playing football.(动名词The machine

5、must be out of order.(介词短语Time is up. The class is over.(副词The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句(五宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:They went to see an exhibition(展览yesterday.(名词The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.(代词How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(数词

6、They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词He pretended not to see me.(不定式短语I enjoy listening to popular music.(动名词短语I think(thathe is fit for his office.(宾语从句宾语种类:(1双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语.例如:Lend me your dictionary, please.(2复合宾语(宾语+宾补.例如:They elected him their monitor.(六宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直

7、接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:His father named him Dongming.(名词They painted their boat white.(形容词Let the fresh air in.(副词You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.(不定式短语We saw her entering the room.(现在分词We found everything in the

8、lab in good order.(介词短语We will soon make our city what your city is now.(从句(七定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容词China is a developing country; America is a developed country.(分词 There are thirty women teachers is our school.(名词His rapid progress in English made us surp

9、rised.(代词Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短语 The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(动名词He is reading an article about how to learn English.(介词短语 (八状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:Light travels most quickly.(副词及副词性词组He has lived in the city for

10、 ten years.(介词短语He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. (不定式短语He is in the room making a model plane.(分词短语Wait a minute.(名词Once you begin, you must continue.(状语从句状语种类如下:How about meeting again at six?(时间状语Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.(原

11、因状语I shall go there if it doesnt rain.(条件状语Mr Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的状语 He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语S

12、he works very hard though she is old.(让步状语I am taller than he is.(比较状语简单句、并列句和复合句(一句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种:1陈述句(肯定、否定:He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意:Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she?3祈使句:Be careful, boys; Don

13、t talk in class4感叹句:How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种:1简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语和一个谓语(或并列谓语。例如:l. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2 并列句:由并列连词(and, but, or等或分号(;把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。例如:You help him and he he

14、lps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。3复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含:名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。例如:The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.(二简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语:e. g. He is a student.2、主语+不及物动词:e. g. We work.3、主语+及物动词+宾语:e. g.

15、 Henry bought a dictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语:e. g. My father bought me a car.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补:e. g. Tom made the baby laugh.注:其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。主语-系动词-表语:在这一句型中,动词是系动词,划线部分为表语。1. Mr. Brown is an engineer. (名词作表语2. Gradually he became silent. (形容词作表语3. She remained standing for a

16、hour. (现在分词作表语4. The question remained unsolved. (过去分词作表语5. The machine is out of order. (介词短语作表语6. The television was on. (副词作表语7. His plan is to keep the affair secret. (动词不定式作表语8. My job is repairing cars. (动名词作表语9. The question is what you want to do. (从句作表语,即:表语从句注意:在下面的句子中,形容词作表语,在表语的后面常常接不定式结

17、构。Im happy to meet you.They are willing to help.We are determined to follow his example.主语动词:在这一句型中,动词为不及物动词及不及物的动词词组。在有的句子中,不及物动词可以有状语修饰。1. The sun is rising.2. Ill try.3. Did you sleep well?(well做状语,修饰不及物动词sleep4. The engine broke down.注意:在此句型中,有少数不及物动词表达被动含义,表达主语本身所具有的特性,不用被动语态。1. The book sells

18、well.2. The window wont shut.3. The pen writes smoothly.4. Cheese cuts easily.主语动词宾语:在此句型中,动词为及物动词,划线部分为宾语。1. Do you know these people (them?(名词或代词作宾语2. I cant express myself in English. (反身代词作宾语3. He smiled a strange smile. (同源宾语4. We cant afford to pay such a price. (不定式作宾语5. Would you mind waitin

19、g a few minutes?(动名词作宾语6. I hope that I have said nothing to pain you. (从句作宾语,即:宾语从句注意:并不是所有的及物动词都可以接上述各种情况作宾语,不同的动词有不同的用法,所以,在学习动词时,一定要掌握其用法。主语动词宾语宾语:在此句型中,动词可以称作双宾语动词,在英语中,这样的动词并不多,在学习中遇到时,要牢记。后面的宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语,其中,间接宾语在前,一般表人,直接宾语在后,一般表物。这类句型有三种情况。第一种情况,间接宾语可以改为由to引导的短语。1. He handed me a letter. He

20、handed a letter to me.2. She gave me her telephone number.She gave her telephone number to me.第二种情况,间接宾语可以改为由for引导的短语。3. She sang us a folk song. She sang a folk for us.4. She cooked us a delicious meal. She cooked a delicious meal for us. 第三种情况，直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当。 5. Tell him Im out. 6. Can you inform m

21、e where Miss Green lives？ 主语动词宾语宾语补足语： 在此句型中的动词，叫做可以跟复合宾语的动词，在英语中，这样 的动词也不多。后面的宾语补足语是说明宾语的情况的，宾语和宾 语补足语一起被称作复合宾语。这个句式是英语中比较复杂的一个 句式，因为复合宾语的构成内容较多。下面句子中划线部分为宾语 补足语。 1. He found his new job boring. (形容词作宾补 2. The called their daughter Mary. (名词作宾补 3. This placed her in a very difficult position. (介词短语

22、作宾补 4. We went to here house but found her out. (副词作宾补 5. What do you advise me to do？(不定式作宾补 6. We thought him to be an honest man. (to be 作宾补 7. He believed them to have discussed the problem. (不定式的完成式 作宾补 8. He believed her to be telling the truth. (不定式的进行式作宾补 9. Did you notice him come in？(不带 to

23、 的不定式作宾补 10. I saw her chatting with Nancy. (现在分词作宾补 11. He watched the piano carried upstairs. (过去分词作宾补 注意：在这个结构中，可以出现用 it 作形式上的宾语，把真正的 宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。在此结构中，宾语常常是动词不定式 或宾语从句。 1. He felt it his duty to mention this to her. 分析： it 是形式宾语， his duty 是宾语补足语， to mention this to her 是真正的宾语。 2. I think it bes

24、t that you should stay with us. 分析： it 是形式宾语， best 是宾语补足语， that you should stay with us 是真正的宾语。 3. there be 句型是一种特殊的句子，真正的主语在后面，含义为 “有” 谓语动词和主语保持一致：There is a television in the sitting room. 有两个或更多的主语时，动词一般和最近的一个保持一致： There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall. 6 主语的后面有时有修饰语：There are a lot o

25、f difficulties facing us. There were many things to be done(此处也可以使用 to do. 谓语动词 be 可以有时态的变化:There will be a concert in the park tonight. There was little change in him. 谓语也可以有不定式构成的复合谓语。 There used to be a cinema here. There seems to be something the matter with her. Is there going to be any activit

26、y tonight？ there be 句式变疑问句，把 be 提前；变反意疑问句也要借助 there。 Is there any hope of getting the job？ There is nothing wrong with your watch，is there？ there be 句型中也可以使用诸如：live，follow，come，stand， sit，exist 等不及物动词： Once upon a time，there lived a fisherman on the island. There came a knock at the door. At the top

27、 of the hill there stands an old temple. 用于非谓语的情况下，有时用不定式的复合结构 there to be 或 动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构 there being： You wouldnt want there to be another war. (不定式的复合结构 The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework. (动名词的复合结构 There being nothing else to do，we went home. (独立主格结构 （三）并列句的

28、分类 并列句基本概念： 并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。 两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起；但有时不用连接词,只在两个 简单句之间用一逗号或分号。 1 、 表 示 连 接 两 个 同 等 概 念 ， 常 用 and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then 等连接。 e. g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John. 2、 表示选择， 常用的连词有 or, eitheror, otherwise 等。 e. g. Hurry up, or youll miss th

29、e train. 3、 表示转折， 常用的连词有 but, still, however, yet, while, when 等。 e. g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有 so, for, therefore 等。e. g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 7 主从复合句： 1、概念：主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。 主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为 一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在 一起。 2、分类：从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、 宾语从句、同位语、定语从句和状语从句等。 练习 一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question