完整版语言学导论第05章练习及答案

1、SemanticsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.I. Dialectal synonymscan often be found in different regional dialects such asBritishEnglish and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example ,within British English or American English.2.Sens

2、e is concernedwith the relationship between the linguistic elementand thenon-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning ofthe linguistic form.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.4.In semantics , meani

3、ng of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.5. Contextualismis based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from orreduce meaning to observable contexts.6. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situa

4、tion in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.9. "

5、;it is hot. " is a n-place predication because it contains no argument.10.In grammatical analysis , the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semanticanalysis of a sentence , the basic unit is predication , which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.II. Fill in each of the f

6、ollowing blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.S can be defined as the study of meaning.12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d link between a linguistic formand what it refers to.13. R means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world ； it dealswith

7、 the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14. Words that are close in meaning are called s.15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, theyare called h.16. R opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal

8、 of a relationshipbetween the two items.17. C analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided intomeaning components.18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s restrictions , which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what

9、 others.19. Ana is a logical participant in a predication , largely identical with thenominal element (s)in a sentence.20. According to the ntheory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to belabels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the c

10、hoice that can best complete the statement.21. The naming theory is advanced by.A. PlatoIT B. BloomfieldIC. Geoffrey LeechP D. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps." This statement re presents .A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism23. Whic

11、h of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can

12、 I borrow your bike? " _A. is synonymous with "You have a bike.B. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25.is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaningcomponents , called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD.

13、Grammatical analysis26.“alive " and"dead" are.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. deals with thenon-linguistic world of experience.relationship between the linguistic element and theA. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28.re

14、fers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29.Words that are close in meaning are called,A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by,A. grammatical rulesB. selectional r

15、estrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresIV. Define the following terms.31.semantics32.sense33.reference34.synonymy35.polysemy36.homonymy37.homophones38.Homographs39 pletehomonyms40.hyponymy41.antonymy42.analysiscomponential43.grammaticalmeaning44.predication45.Argument46.predicate47.Two-plac

16、epredicationV. Answer the following questions.31. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components ?32. What is componential analysis ? Illustrate it with examples.33. Howdo you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truthva

17、lues ?34. Howdo you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymousrelation , inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?35. According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonymsinto ? Illustrate them with examples.36. What are the major views concerning

18、 the study of meaning? How they differ ?Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.l.F2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.T10.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.Semantic12.direct13.Referenc14.synonym15.homophones

19、ess16.Relationa17.Componenti18.selection19.argumen20.naminglalaltIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.2l.A22.B23.D24.D25.B26.C27.A28.C29.D30.A31. SemanticsIV. Define the following terms.Semantics can be simply defined as the study

20、 of meaning in language.it is abstract and de -contextualized.32. Sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is thecollection of all the features of the linguistic form33. ReferenceReference means what a linguistic form refers to in the realphysicalworld ； it dea

21、ls with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguisticworld of experience34. SynonymySynonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.35. PolysemyPolysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more thanone meaning.36. HomonymyHomonymy refers to the

22、phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same formi.e. different words are identical in sound or spellingor inboth.37. HomophonesWhen two words are identical in sound,they are called homophones.38. HomographsWhen two words are identical in spelling,they are homographs.39. Complete hom

23、onymsWhen two words are identical in both sound and spellingthey are called complete homonyms.40. HyponymyHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more generalmoreinclusive word and a more specific word.41. Antonymy : Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.42. Componential

24、 analysisComponential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. Itwas proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that themeaning of a word can be divided into meaning componentswhich are called semanticfeatures.43. The grammatical meaningThe grammatical meaning of a se

25、ntence refers to itsgrammaticalityi.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence isgoverned by the grammatical rules of the language.44. Predication : The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.45. ArgumentAn argument is a logical participant in a predica

26、tion. It is generallyidentical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.46. Predicate : A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.47. Two-place predication : A two-place predication is one which contains two argumen

27、ts.V. Answer the following questions.48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components ?The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its co

28、nstituent words. For example :(A) The dog bit the man.(B) The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components,then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know , there are two aspects to s

29、entence meaning: grammatical meaning andsemantic meaning.The gramma tical meanings of " the dog" and " the man" in (A) aredifferent from the grammatical meanings of" the dog " and " thBr)an The meaningof a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical mea

30、ning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to another.49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.Componential analysis , proposed by structural semanticists, is a way to analyze wordmea

31、ning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components , which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word,and these feature symbols are u

32、sually written in capitalized letters. For example, the word"man" is ana lyzed as consisting of the semantic features of + HUMAN ,+ ADULT , +ANIMATE , +MALE50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values ?Entailment is a relation of inclusion. Supp

33、ose there are two sentences X and Y:X: He has been to France.Y: He has been to Europe.In terms of truth values , if X is true , Y is necessarily true , e.g. if he has been to France , he must have been to Europe.If X is false , Y may be true or false , e. g. if he has not been to France , he may sti

34、ll have been to Europe or he has not been to Europe. If Y is true, X may be true or false , e.g. if hehas been to Europe , he may or may not have been to France.If Y is false , X is false , e.g. If he has not been to Europe , he cannot have been to France.Therefore we conclude that X entails Y or Y

35、is an entailment of X.The truth conditions that we use to judge presupposition is as followsSuppose there are two sentences X and Y:X: John's bike needs repairing .Y : John has a bike.If X is true , Y must be true , e.g. if John's bike needs repairing , John must have a bike.If X is false ,

36、Y is still true , e. g. If John's bike does not need repairing, John still hasa bike. If Y is true , X is either true or false , e.g. if John has a bike , it may or may not need repairing. If Y is false , no truth value can be said about X , e.g. if John does not have a bike , nothing can be sai

37、d about whether his bike needs repairing or not. Therefore , X presupposes Y , or Y is a presupposition of X.51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymousrelation , inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?In terms of truth condition , of the two sentences X a

38、nd Y , if X is true , Y is true ； if X is false , Y is false , therefore X is synonymous with Y.e.g. X : He was a bachelor all his life.Y: He never married all his life.Of the two sentences X and Y , if X is true , Y is false ； if X is false , Y is true , then we can say A is inconsistent with Y.e.g

39、. X: John is married.Y: John is a bachelor.52. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonymsinto ? Illustrate them with examples.According to the ways synonyms differ, synonyms can be divided into the followinggroups.i. Dialectal synonymsThey are synonyms which are

40、used in different regional dialects. British English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language. For examples :British EnglishAmericanEnglishautumnfallliftelevatorThen dialectal synonyms can also be found within British, or American English itself. Forexamp

41、le , "girl" is called "lass" or "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whisky"in Irish dialect.ii. Stylistic synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in style or degree of formality. Some of the stylistic synonyms tend to be more formal

42、, others tend to be casual , and still others are neutral in style. For example :old man , daddy , dad , father , male parent chap ,pal , friend , companioniii. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaningThey are the words that have the same meaning but express different emotions of

43、the user. The emotions of the user indicate the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about. For example ,“ collaborator " and " accomplice " are synonymsharing themeaning of "a person who helps another", but they are different in their evaluative meaning.Th

44、e former means that a person who helps another in doing something good, while the latterrefers to a person who helps another in a criminal act.iv. Collocational synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in their collocation. For example, we can use accuse ,charge , rebuke to say that someone has done s

45、omething wrong or even criminal, but theyare used with different prepositions accuse. . . of, charge. . . with , rebuke. . .for.v. Semantically different synonymsSemantically different synonyms refer to the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean. For example , "amaze" and "astound" are very close in meaning t