英语四级长篇阅读练习题和答案

1、英语四级长篇阅读练习题和答案导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于英语四级长篇阅读练习题和答 案的内容，具体内容：下面是我整理的，希望对大家有帮助。The Heart Assoeiations Junk Science DietAA recent Cambridge下面是我整理的，希望对大家有帮助。The Heart Associations Junk Science DietA. A recent Cambridge University anal ysis of 76 studies involving more than 650, 000 people concluded, "T

2、he current evidence does not clearly support guidelines that low consumption of total Saturated fats. "Yet the American Heart Association （AriA,in its most recent dietary guidelines, held fast to the idea that we must A. 1 eat low fat diets for optimal heart healthIts a stance thatat the very b

3、estis controversiA， and at worst is dead wrong As a practicing cardiologist （心脏病学家）for more than three decades, I agree with the latteits dead wrong Why does the AHA cling to recommendations that fly in the face of scientific evidence?BWhat I discovered was both eye.opening and disturbin9.The AHA no

4、t only ignored A. 1 the other risk factors for heart disease, but it appointed someone with ties to Big Food and bizarre scientific beliefs to lead the guideline-writing paneHust the type of thingthat undermines the publics confidence in the medical community .The AHA guidelines warrant that saturat

5、ed fat make up no more than 5 to 6 percent of daily cal ories for aduIts because this will lowerbadcholesterol （胆固醇） And, for those people who need blood pressure control, the guidelines A. so suggest lowering sodium（saIt）intake to no more than a teaspoon （2, 300 mg）dailyDespite many other known ris

6、k factors for heart disease， salt and fat were, astonishingly, the only two considered by the AHA panel writing the guidelines .There are many other recognized risk factors the AHA ignored, including blood sugar level, low，zgood，zcholesterol, insulin（丿夷岛素）levels, and body weightan of these are influ

7、enced by dietC In fact, most people who have heart attacks dont have elevations in bad cholestero1They are much more likely to have metabolic syndrome （新陈代谢综合征）一a condition that puts you at high risk for diabetes and heart diseaseInterestingly enough, blood triglycerides （甘油三J旨）do not go up with eat

8、ing fatthey go up if you eat a diet high in processed grains, starches, and sugar .Unfortunately for the proponents of hi gh-carbohydrate（糖 类）diets，high blood triglycerides are a major risk factor for heart diseaseIn addition. low fat/high carb diets lower protectivegood"cholesterol and raise i

9、nsulinThese diets are involved in the development of diabetes .which is a powerful risk factor for developing heart diseaseHeart Cheek Programs contributionDThe writers of the 20 13 statin guidelines based their recommendations on studies that looked at the reduction in the risk of events like heart

10、 attacks in people treated with statins compared to people on a placebo(安慰齐I) The AHA dietary guidelines do not cite any diet studies that looked at whether following a specific diet lowered the risk of developing heart eventsyet they are giving dietary advice Why?There might be two plausible reason

11、s One is the AHAs moneymakingHeart Check Program. "The second is the conflict of interest of Robert Eckethe co-chair of the panel that wrote the guidelinesE.Fortyfive percent of theseheart heAthy"foodsover 400 of themare meat： 92 are processed meatshich have been shown to have either neutr

12、A or negative effects on heart health .Even more problematic are the foods containing added sugar The AHA recommends that women consume lessthan 6 teaspoons (1 00 calories)of sugar a day and less than 9 teaspoons (1 50 caories) for men. Yet there are items that get the nod of approvA from the Heart

13、Check program despite being near or at the sugar limit like Bruces Yams Candied Sweet Potatoes and HeA thy Choice SA. isbury SteakF Until this year, Heart Check approved many foods with trans-fatsr which raise bad cholesterol and lower good cholesterol, among other harmful effects on heA th， like in

14、creasing inf lammation （发炎）and the laying down of calcium in arteries （动 脉）G Like the dietary guidelines, the AHA Heart Check Program appears to address only the effect of foods on cholesterol level and blood pressure .Meanwhile, since the 1 970s, our yearly sugar consumption has increased quickly A

15、. ong with the incidence of diabetes and obesity .This brings us to Dr. RobertH. Eckel, the co-chair of the Working Group He is a consultant for Foodminds .which specializesin food, beverage> nutrition, health and wellness"Foodminds works with more than 30 leading food， beverage, and nutriti

16、on to offer aone stop shop of consulting. to guide food and beverage companies in navigating the complexities around the upcoming FDA Nutrition Facts label overhau 1"In other words Foodminds is a lobbying firm forz，Big Food. Creationists comingH And then there is this： Dr. Eckel describes himse

17、lf scientist and professing six day creationist and a member of the technicA advisory board of the Institute for CreationResearch"Many scientists are religious Illis is not to question Dr. Eckels religious beliefs .but to question his ability to think sciemificA ly. He believes there is scienti

18、fic proof that the world was created in six days and mat evolution does not exist This should at least raise eyebrows when the co-chair of an influential panel charged with giving scientificA ly sound dietary advice has a financiA conflict of interest and proselytizes for beliefs that are anti, scie

19、ntificI. The American people should be able to trust that only impartiA scientists write guidelinesWe should be confident that those experts are not working to advance corporate interests and that they do not espouse beliefs that are well outside the scientific mainstream. An avowed creationist who

20、consults for a food lobby hardly seems an appropriate choice to fulfill these criteria .For the last several decades, the AHA has promoted a low fat hig11. carbohydrate diet as a cornerstone of heart hea1th.It has taken a very public position that saturated fats are a major driver of heart disease r

21、isk and the mounting tide of evidence that this is dead wrong must put it in a very uncomfortable position. And yet a fundamental requirement of science-as opposed to propaganda-一is that when evidence tha t contradicts a hypothesis is replica ted over and over again, that hypothesis must be abandone

22、dJ The idea that eating high amounts of saturated fat causes hardening of the arteriesthe so. calleddiet-heart hypothesisdeserves to be iettisoned along with other discredited belief systemsCreationism comes to mind .Will the AHA step up to the plate?46 It is ftm that blood triglyeerides wont rise w

23、hen you eat fat, but go up with eating other sugar and starches47. The processed meats are proved to be harmful more or less to our heart health48. Many other known risk factors for heart disease have been overlooked by the AHA pane1 except for salt and fat49. It does not aim to query the religious

24、faith of Dr.Eckel, but his capability to ponder scientifically.50. At best the idea held by AHA that we must A. 1 eat low. fat diets for optimA heart heA th is a controversiA. stance, while at worst, it is dead wrong51. Many foods approved by Heart Check would be harmful to our body health52. A hypo

25、thesis must be iettisoned when it clashes with the convincing evidence53. Since the 1970s our annually sugar accommodation has rocketed A. ong with the occurrence of diabetes and obesity54. The view that high intake of saturated fat could result in sclerosis of artery should be discarded with other

26、untrustful beliefs.55 The AHA dietary guidelines do not quote any diet researches that can tell us whet her a specific diet can decrease the risk of heart disease46 It is fun that blood triglycerides wont rise when you eat fat. but go up with eating other sugar and starches有趣的是, 当 你食用脂肪时血甘油三酯不会升高，而食

27、用一些糖类或淀粉时就会升高。47. Theprocessedmeatsareprovedto beharmfulmore orlessto ourhearthealth.经预处理的肉多多少少会对我们的心脏健康有负作用。48. Many other known risk factors for heart disease have been overlooked by the AHA panel, except for salt and fat 很多其他影 响心脏健康的危险因素被AHA饮食指南制定小组忽略了，但盐分和脂肪除 外。49. It does not aim to query the r

28、eligious faith of Dr. Ecke 1 but his capability to ponder scientifically.这并不是在质疑埃克尔博士 的宗教信仰，而是他进行科学化思考的能力。50 At best the idea held by AHA that we must all eat low-fat diets for optimal heart heA th is a controversial stance, while at Worst, it is dead wrong.从最好的一面来看，AHA坚持我们必须采用低脂肪饮食 以达到最佳的心脏健康状态的观点是

29、有争议的，然而最坏的就是，它是大 错特错的。51. Many foods approved by Heart Check would be harmful to our body health.心脏检查程序认证通过的许多食物对我们的身体是有害的。52 A hypothesis must be jettisoned when it clashes with the convincing evidence.当一个假设与令人信服的证据冲突时，它应该果断 被摒弃。53. Since the 1970s, Our annually sugar accommodation has rocketed alo

30、ng with the occurrence of diabetes and obesity H 20 世纪 70 年 代以来，糖的年供应量随着糖尿病和肥胖症的高发迅速增加。54. The view that high intake of saturated fat could result in sclerosis of artery should be discarded with other untrustful beliefs.摄入高含量的饱和脂肪会导致动脉硬化的观点应该和其他不可 信的观念一同被抛弃。55 The AHA dietary guidelines do not quote

31、 any diet researches that Can tell uswhether a specific diet Can decrease the risk ofheart disease. AHA的饮食指南并没有引用任何饮食研究，这些研究也并未指出 特定的饮食是否可以降低患心脏病的风险。Robot ManagementA. Robots have been the stuff of science fiction for so long that it is surprisingly hard to see them as the stuff of management fact A

32、 Czech playwright, Karel Capek, gave them their name in 1920 (from the Slavonic word for "work") An American writer, Isaac Asimov, confronted them with their most memorable dilemmasHollywood turned them into superheroes and supervillains When some film critics drew up lists of Hollywoods 5

33、0 greatest good guys and 50 greatest baddies, the only character to appear on both lists was a robot, the TerminatorB It is time for management thinkers to catch up with science-fiction writers Robots have been doing auxiliary jobs on production lines since the 1960s The world already has more than

34、lm industrial robots There is now an acceleration in the rates at which they are becoming both cleverer and cheaper: an explosive combination.Robots are learning to interact with the world around them. Their ability to see things is getting ever closer to that of humans, as is their capacity to inge

35、st information and act on it. Tomorrows robots will increasingly take on delicate, complex tasks And instead of being imprisoned in cages to stop them colliding with people, they will be free to wanderC Americas armed forces have blazed a trail here They now have no fewer than 12, 000 robots serving

36、 in their ranks Peter Singer, of the Brookings Institution, a think-tank (智囊团)，says mankinds 5, OOO-year monopoly on the fighting of war is breaking down. Recent additions to the battlefield include tiny "insects" that perform reconnaissance （侦查）missions and giant "dogs" to terri

37、fy enemies The Pentagon is also working on the EATR, a robot that fuels itself by eating whatever biomass （生物量）it finds around it.D But the civilian world cannot be far behind Who better to clean sewers or suck up nuclear waste than these remarkable machines? The Japanese have made surprisingly litt

38、le use of robots to clear up after the recent earthquake, given their world leadership in this area They say that they had the wrong sort of robots in the wrong places But they have issued a global call for robotic assistance and are likely to put more robots to work short 1 y.E As robots advance in

39、to the service industries they are starting to look less like machines and more like living creatures The Paro （made by AIST, a Japanese research agency） is shaped like a baby seal and responds to attention Hondas robot, ASIMO, is humanoid and can walk, talk and respond to commandsFUntil now executi

40、ves have largely ignored robots, regarding them as an engineering :rat her than a management proble m. This cannot go on: robots are becoming too powerful and ubiquitous （无处不在 的）.Companies may need to rethink their strategies as they gain access to these new sorts of workers Do they really need to 第

41、10页/总页数 20页outsource production to China, for example, when they have clever machines that work ceaselessly without pay? They certainly need to rethink their human-resources policies-starting by questioning whether they should have departments devoted to purely human resourcesG The first issue is ho

42、w to manage the robots themselves Asimov laid down the basic rule in 1942: no robot should harm a human. This rule has been reinforced by recent technological improvements: robots are now much more sensitive to their surroundings and can be ins true ted to avoid hit ting people But the Pent agons pl

43、ans make all this a bit more complicated： many of its robots will be, in essence, killing machinesH A second question is how to manage the homo side of homo-robo relations Workers have always worried that new technologies will take away their livelihoods, ever since the original Luddites fears about

44、 mechanised looms That worry takes on a particularly intense form when the machines come with a human face: Capeks play that gave robots their name depicted a world in which they initially brought lots of benefits but eventually led to mass unemployment and discontent Now, the arrival of increasingl

45、y humanoid automatons in workplaces, in an era of high unemployment, is bound to provoke a reaction.I. So, companies will need to work hard to persuade workers that robots are productivity-enhancers, not just job- eating aliens They need to show employees that the robot sitting alongside them can be

46、 more of a helpmate than a threat Audi has been particularly successful in introducing industrial robots because the carmaker asked workers to identify areas where robots could improve performance and then gave those workers jobs overseeing the robots Employers also need to explain that robots can h

47、elp preserve manufacturing jobs in the rich world： one reason why Germany has lost fewer such jobs than Britain is that it has five times as many robots for every 10,000 workersJ These two principles一一dont let robots hurt or frighten people-are relatively simple Robot scientists are tackling more co

48、mplicated problems as robots become more sophisticated They are keen to avoid hierarchies （层级） among rescue-robots （because the loss of the leader would render the rest redundant） So they are using game theory to make sure the robots can communicate with each other in egal it arian （半等）ways They are

49、 keen to avoid duplication bet ween robots and their human handlers So they are producing more complicated mathematical formulae in order that robots can constantly adjust themselves to human intentionsThis suggests that the world could be on the verge of a great management revolution: making robots

50、 behave like humans rather than the 20th centurys preferred option, making humans behave like robots46. Tomorrows robots will be free to move around rather than being locked up in cages so as not to hurt people47 It is not easy for people to regard robots as management stuff, for the later are mostl

51、y seen in science fictions48. Robots appear more like living creatures as they enter into the service industry49. According to the Pentagons plans, many of its robots will essentially become killing machines50. The Japanese didnt use a lot of robots to clear up after the recent earthquake, consideri

52、ng their world leadership in the robot field.51. Companies should show their workers that robots can be more of a helper :rat her than a t hreat to the m.52 The fact that more and more human-like robots are used in workplaces will surely arouse reaction in a time of high unemployment53. Robots, who

53、are considered as an engineering instead of a management problem, have been largely neglected by executives54. Scientists are trying to enable robots to constantly adjust themselves to peoples intenlions.55. The example that Germany has lost fewer manufacturing jobs than Britain shows that robots ca

54、n help preserve manufacturing jobs in the rich world.【参考译文】管理机器人A. 47很久以来。机器人都被认为是科幻小说里的东西，因此人们很难 将它们视为管理的对象。捷克剧作家KarelCapek于1920年将它们命名为 机器人（来源于斯拉夫语中的工作一词）。在美国作家Isaac Asimov 的笔下，机器人面对了令它们最为难忘的抉择。好莱坞把机器人变成了超 级英雄和超级恶魔。在由电影评论家总结出的好莱坞50个最好角色和50个最坏角色的名单 上，唯一一个同时登上两份榜单的角色就是一个机器人一一终结者。B. 现在到了管理思想家跟上科幻小说作家步

55、伐的时候了。自20世纪60 年代起机器人就在生产线上做一些辅助工作了。世界上已有超过100万的 工业机器人。现在机器人变得更聪明、更廉价的速度在不断加快，这两者 简直是一种爆炸性的结合。机器人正在学着与周围的世界互动。它们看东 西的能力正在变得越来越接近人类，它们获取信息及做出相应反应的能力 也在接近人类。未來，机器人将能够从事越来越多精细而复杂的工作。46 机器人将不会再被关起来以防止它们与人们发生冲突，而是可以自由移 动。C. 美国军队己经在这方面开拓了一条道路。他们现在有不少于12000个 机器人正在服役。智囊团布鲁金斯学会的PeterSinger说，5000年来只有 人类参与战争的局面

56、正在被打破。近来被增派到战场的机器人包括执行侦 察任务的小昆虫和恫吓敌人的大狗。五角大楼还在研发一种强动力自 动战术机器人，它们可以通过吞食其周边的生物量来补给自己的能量。D. 但机器人在民用方面也没有落后太远。有谁能比这些神奇的设备更适 于清洁下水道或清理核废料呢？50 口本人在近期的一次震后清理中所用 的机器人数量惊人地少，即使他们在这一领域处于世界领先地位。他们说 他们在错误的地点选择了错误的机器人类别。但是他们已经率先在全球范 围内呼吁寻求机器人的援助.而且似乎马上就会投入更多的机器人进行作 业。E. 48当机器人进入到服务产业时，它们开始变得不像机器，而更像生 物了。口本产业技术研究

57、院是一所研发机构，它们制作的机器人Par。形 似一只小海豹，并能对命令做出回应。本田公司研制的机器人ASIM0具有 很多人类的特征，它能够走路、说话以及回应命令。F. 53时至今口，管理人员一直在很大程度上忽视了机器人，把它们当 做工程问题而不是管理问题。这种现象不能再继续下去了：机器人正变得 功能强大且无处不在。随着企业可以使用机器人这种新型员工，它们可能 需要重新考虑自身的人力资源战略了。例如，在拥有不计报酬、可以持续 工作的智能机器的情况下，它们是否真的需要把产品外包给中国加工?它 们必然要重新考虑它们的人力资源政策一一就从质疑是否应该有一个纯 粹管理人力资源的部门开始。G. 第一个问题

58、是如何管理机器人本身。Asimov在1942年确立了基本原 则：机器人不能伤害人类。这一原则已经通过近年来的技术改良得以加强: 现在的机器人对于它们周围的事物更加敏感，还可以遵照抬示避免袭击人 类。49但是五角大楼的计划使得这一切变堡更为复杂：从本质上来说， 它们所制造的机器人有很多将成为杀人机器。H. 第二个问题是如何处理人与机器人的关系中人类这一方的问题。从最 初的科技反对者恐惧机械织布机开始，劳动者们总是担心新技术会抢走他 们的饭碗。当机器以人类的面孔出现时，那种担忧变得尤为强烈：capek 那部给机器人取名字的戏剧中描绘了这样一个世界：起初，机器人带来了 很多好处，最终，它们却导致了大

59、量的失业和不满。52在现在这样一个 高失业率的时代，工作场所越来越多地使用类人机器人必然会激起反对。I. 所以，企业必须努力使工人相信机器人有助于提高产量，而不只是吞 噬职位的外来者。51它们需要展现给员工们看：坐在他们身边的机器人 更多的是他们的帮手，而不是威胁。奥迪在引进工业机器人方面一直做得 特别成功，因为这家汽车制造商让员工去发现那些机器人可以改进工作的 领域，然后将监管那些机器人的岗位提供给员工。55企业还需要阐明， 机器人有助于保留富有国家的生产岗位：徳国之所以没有象英国一样丧失 如此之多的生产岗位，原因之一就是，在徳国，每一万名工人所对应的机 器人数量是英国的5倍。J. 这两条原则，即不要让机器人