OpticsGlossary

1、http:/www.DBXI.org第 1 页，共 33 页Abbe number阿贝数Abbe sine condition阿贝正弦条件aberration balancing 像差平衡aberration theory 像差理论accommodation调节achromatic doublet消色差双胶合透镜achromatization消色差acid resistance耐酸性aerial image空间像afocal system无焦系统Airy disk艾里斑Amici prism阿米西棱镜anamorphic system变形系统anastigmat理想像点（无像散）像点angle

2、 of incidence入射角angle of minimum deviation最小偏向角angle of refraction折射角angular field of view视场角angular magnification角放大率angular resolution角分辨率aperture stop孔径光阑aplanatic surface不晕面apochromat复消色差镜头apodization切趾aspheric surface非球面astigmatism像散astronomical telescope天文望远镜autocollimating microscope自准直显微镜axi

3、al chromatic aberration轴向色差back focal distance(BFD)后焦距baffle挡板barrel distortion桶形畸变beam expander扩束器beam splitter prism分束棱镜binary optics二元光学binocular双目镜blackbody source黑体辐射源blind spot盲点borosilicate glass硼硅酸盐玻璃cardinal planes基面cardinal points 基点Cassegrain objective卡赛格林物镜Cassegrain telescope卡塞格林望远镜cata

4、dioptic system折反射系统Cauchy dispersion equation柯西色散方程chief ray主光线chromatic aberration色差clear aperture净口径climatic resistance耐候性coefficients of thermal expansion热膨胀系数http:/www.DBXI.org第 2 页，共 33 页collimated light准之光coma慧差complementary colors互补色compound microscope复合显微镜comppound eyepiece组合透镜concave lens凸透

5、镜concave mirror凹面镜concentric共心的condenser聚光镜conic constant圆锥常数conjugate共轭convergence angle会聚角convex lens凸透镜Cooke triplet库克三片式物镜coordinate system坐标系统corner cube角锥棱镜cosine fourth law余弦四次方定律critical angle临界角critical illumination临界照明crown glass冕牌玻璃cubic coma三次慧差curvature曲率cylindrical lens柱面透镜damped least

6、 squares阻尼最小二乘dark adaptation暗适应dark field illumination暗场照明defocus离焦depth of field景深depth of focus(DOF)焦深deviation prism偏向棱镜diffraction衍射diffraction limited system衍射受限系统diffuse illumination漫射照明dihedral angle二面角dihedral line二面线diode laser二极管激光器diopter屈光度direct vision prism直视棱镜direction cosine方向余弦disp

7、ersing prism色散棱镜dispersion色散distortion畸变double telecentricity双远心Dove prism道威棱镜eccentricity偏心度effective focal length(EFL)有效焦距electromagnetic spectrum电磁波谱emittance出射度empty magnification无效放大endoscope内窥镜http:/www.DBXI.org第 3 页，共 33 页entrance pupil(EP)入瞳equivalent air thickness等效空气厚度equivalent focal leng

8、th等效焦距erecting prism system正像棱镜系统erector lens正像透镜excess power过剩光焦度exit pupil(XP)出瞳exit window出射窗exposure曝光extended object扩展物体eyepiece目镜eyerelief(ER)出瞳距faceted parabolic reflector多面抛物面反射器far point远点Fermats principle费马原理field curvature场曲field flattener平场元件field lens场镜field of view(FOV)视场field stop视场光阑

9、fifth-order astigmatism五级像散fifth-order distortion五级畸变fifth-order field curvature五级场曲fifth-order linear coma五级线性慧差fifth-order spherical aberration五级球差first principal plane第一主平面first principal point第一主点first-order optics高斯光学fish-eye lens鱼眼镜头flint glass火石玻璃flux通量F-number(f#)F数focal length焦距focal point焦

10、点focal system有焦系统Fourier transform lens傅里叶变换透镜Fresnel lens菲涅尔透镜Fresnel reflection coefficient菲涅尔反射系数front cardinal points前基点front focal distance(FFD)前焦距front focal length前焦长front focal plane前焦面front focal point前焦点front principal plane前主平面f-theta lensf-透镜full field of view(FFOV)全视场fused silica熔融石英Gal

11、ilean telescope伽利略望远镜Gaussian equation高斯公式Gaussian region高斯区域http:/www.DBXI.org第 4 页，共 33 页generalized asphere广义非球面geometrical aberration几何像差geometrical approximation几何近似geometrical modulation transfer function(MTF)几何调制传递函数geometrical optics几何光学geometrical wavefront几何波前glass code玻璃代码glass map玻璃图grad

12、ient index梯度折射率Gregorian telescope格里高利望远镜half field of view(HFOV)半视场heat absorbing glass热吸收玻璃higher-order aberration高级像差Huygens eyepiece惠更斯目镜Huygens principle惠更斯原理hyperboloid双曲面hyperfocal distance超焦距hyperopia远视illuminance照度illumination system照明系统image blur像模糊image erection prism正像棱镜image evaluation像

13、质评价image rotation prism转像棱镜image space 像空间image-space telecentric像方远心immersion lens浸没透镜index of refraction折射率infrared afocal system红外无焦系统infrared detector红外探测器integrating bar集光棒integrating sphere积分球intensity强度interference干涉invariant不变量inverse square law平方反比定律inversion prism倒像棱镜iris虹膜irradiance辐照度iso

14、planatism等晕Keplerian telescope开普勒望远镜keystone distortion梯形畸变Kohler illumination柯拉照明Lagrange invariant拉格朗日不变量Lambertian source朗伯光源laser rangefinder激光测距仪lateral aberration横向像差lateral chromatic aberration倍率色差http:/www.DBXI.org第 5 页，共 33 页lateral magnification横向放大率law of reflection反射定律lens bending透镜弯曲lig

15、ht pipe光管line spread function线扩展函数long focus lens长焦距镜头longitudinal轴向longitudinal aberration轴向像差longitudinal magnification纵向放大率longitudinal ray error轴向光线误差low dispersion低色散low-expansion glass低膨胀玻璃lumens流明luminance光亮度luminous efficiency发光效率luminous flux光通量luminous intensity发光强度luminous power光功率magnifi

16、er放大镜marginal focus边光焦点marginal ray边光线medial focus中间焦点medial surface中间面meridian plane子午面meridional ray子午光线merit function优化函数metrology测量学microscope显微镜mimimum circle最小圆mimimum deviation最小偏离mimimum wavefront variance最小波前方差modulation transfer function(MTF)调制传递函数monochromatic aberration单色像差myopia近视near p

17、oint近点Newtonian equation牛顿公式Newtonian telescope牛顿望远镜Newtons rings牛顿环nodal point 节点normalized image height归一化像高normalized pupil coordinates归一化光瞳坐标numerical aperture(NA)数值孔径object space物空间object-image conjugate物像共轭objective物镜object-space telecentric物方远心object-to-image distance物像距off-axis aberration轴外像

18、差offense against sine condition(0SC)违背正弦条件http:/www.DBXI.org第 6 页，共 33 页optical axis光轴optical density光密度optical invariant光学不变量optical path difference(OPD)光程差optical path length(OPL)光程optical transfer function光学传递函数overcorrected aberration过校正像差overcorrected astigmatism过校正像散overcorrected distortion过校正

19、畸变overcorrected spherical aberration过校正球差overhead projector投影仪paraboloid抛物面parallax视差paraxial chief ray近轴主光线paraxial focus近轴焦点paraxial marginal ray近轴边光线paraxial optics近轴光学paraxial ray近轴光线paraxial raytrace近轴光线追迹paraxial region近轴区partial dispersion部分色散peak-to-valley(P-V)峰谷值PVPechan prism别汉棱镜Pechan-roo

20、f prism别汉屋脊棱镜penta prism五角棱镜periscope潜望镜Petzval objective匹兹万物镜Petzval sum匹兹万和Petzval surface匹兹万面photometry光度学photopic response视觉响应pincushion distortion枕形畸变piston常数项plane mirror平面镜plane parallel plate平面平行板point spread function(PSF)点扩展函数polishing抛光Porro prism普罗棱镜power光焦度power of an optical surface光学面的

21、光焦度presbyopia远视眼primary aberration初级像差principal plane主平面prism diopter棱镜屈光度prism dispersion棱镜色散prism system棱镜系统projection lens投影镜头projection screen投影屏projector投影仪pupil瞳孔pupil aberration光瞳像差http:/www.DBXI.org第 7 页，共 33 页radiance辐射亮度radiometry辐射测量学radius of curvature曲率半径rare earth glass稀土玻璃ray bundle射线

22、束ray fans像差图Rayleigh criterion瑞利标准Rayleigh scattering瑞利散射real image实像real object实物rear cardinal point后基点rear focal length后焦距rear focal point/plane后焦点/面rear principal plane后主面reduced diagram简化图reference image point参考像点reference sphere参考球reference wavefront参考波前reflectance反射率reflex prism反射棱镜reflex view

23、finder反射取景器refraction invariant折射不变量refraction matrix折射矩阵refractive index折射率refractivity折射率relative aperture相对孔径relative partial dispersion ratio相对部分色散率relay lens中继透镜residual aberration剩余像差reticle分划板reverse Galilean telescope逆伽利略望远镜reverse Galilean viewfinder逆伽利略取景器reverse raytrace逆光线追击reverse telep

24、hoto zoom逆摄远变焦reversion prism反像透镜right angle prism直角棱镜roof mirror屋脊反射镜roof prism屋脊棱镜root-mean-squared spot size均方根光斑尺寸sag矢高sagittal coma弧矢慧差sagittal focus弧矢焦点sagittal ray fan弧矢光线扇面schematic eye简化眼schott optical glass肖特光学玻璃scotopic response暗视觉响应secondary spectrum二级光谱Seidel aberration赛德尔像差Seidel aberr

25、ation coefficients赛德尔像差系数shape factor形状因子http:/www.DBXI.org第 8 页，共 33 页sign convention符号法则single lens reflex system单反透镜系统skew ray空间光线Snells law of refraction斯涅耳折射定律spatial filtering空间滤波spatial frequency空间频率spherical aberration球差spherochromatism色球差splitting lens分裂透镜spot diagram点列图stain resistance耐污染性

26、star test星点检验strehl ratio斯特列尔比surface vertex表面顶点tangential coma子午慧差tangential focus子午焦点tangential image子午像tangential ray or meridional ray子午光线telecentricity远心度telephoto objective摄远物镜telephoto zoom摄远变焦telescope望远镜thick lens厚透镜thin lens薄透镜thin prism光楔third-order aberration三级像差third-order optics三级光学tot

27、al internal reflection(TIR)全反射transmittance透过率transverse aberration垂轴像差transverse axial chromatic aberration垂轴色差transverse magnification垂轴放大率tunnel diagram棱镜展开图undercorrected spherical aberration欠校正球差unfolding prism展开棱镜vertex distance顶点距离viewfinder取景器vignetting渐晕virtual image虚像virtual object虚物visual

28、 acuity视锐度wave aberration polynominal波像差多项式wavefront波前wavefront aberration波前像差wavefront expansion波前展开wavefront tilt波前倾斜wavelength波长wavenumber波数http:/www.DBXI.org第 9 页，共 33 页wide angle lens广角镜头working distance(WD)工作距离working f-number工作F数ynu raytrace ynu光线追迹zonal aberration带光像差zoom lens变焦镜头www.DBXI.or

29、g第 10 页，共 33 页f-透镜f-theta lensF数F-number(f#)阿贝数Abbe number阿贝正弦条件Abbe sine condition阿米西棱镜Amici prism艾里斑Airy disk暗场照明dark field illumination暗视觉响应scotopic response暗适应dark adaptation凹面镜concave mirror半视场half field of view(HFOV)薄透镜thin lens倍率色差lateral chromatic aberration边光焦点marginal focus边光线marginal ray变

30、焦镜头zoom lens变形系统anamorphic system表面顶点surface vertex别汉棱镜Pechan prism别汉屋脊棱镜Pechan-roof prism波前wavefront波前倾斜wavefront tilt波前像差wavefront aberration波前展开wavefront expansion波数wavenumber波像差多项式wave aberration polynominal波长wavelength玻璃代码glass code玻璃图glass map不变量invariant不晕面aplanatic surface部分色散partial dispers

31、ion参考波前reference wavefront参考球reference sphere参考像点reference image point测量学metrology常数项piston场镜field lens场曲field curvature超焦距hyperfocal distance出射窗exit window出射度emittance出瞳exit pupil(XP)出瞳距eyerelief(ER)初级像差primary aberration垂轴放大率transverse magnification垂轴色差transverse axial chromatic aberration垂轴像差tran

32、sverse aberration带光像差zonal aberration单反透镜系统single lens reflex system单色像差monochromatic aberration挡板baffle倒像棱镜inversion prism道威棱镜Dove prismwww.DBXI.org第 11 页，共 33 页等效焦距equivalent focal length等效空气厚度equivalent air thickness等晕isoplanatism低膨胀玻璃low-expansion glass低色散low dispersion第一主点first principal point第

33、一主平面first principal plane点扩展函数point spread function(PSF)点列图spot diagram电磁波谱electromagnetic spectrum顶点距离vertex distance多面抛物面反射器faceted parabolic reflector二级光谱secondary spectrum二极管激光器diode laser二面角dihedral angle二面线dihedral line二元光学binary optics发光强度luminous intensity发光效率luminous efficiency反射定律law of re

34、flection反射棱镜reflex prism反射率reflectance反射取景器reflex viewfinder反像透镜reversion prism方向余弦direction cosine放大镜magnifier非球面aspheric surface菲涅尔反射系数Fresnel reflection coefficient菲涅尔透镜Fresnel lens费马原理Fermats principle分划板reticle分裂透镜splitting lens分束棱镜beam splitter prism峰谷值PVpeak-to-valley(P-V)符号法则sign convention辐

35、射测量学radiometry辐射亮度radiance辐照度irradiance复合显微镜compound microscope复消色差镜头apochromat傅里叶变换透镜Fourier transform lens伽利略望远镜Galilean telescope干涉interference高级像差higher-order aberration高斯公式Gaussian equation高斯光学first-order optics高斯区域Gaussian region格里高利望远镜Gregorian telescope工作F数working f-number工作距离working distanc

36、e(WD)共轭conjugate共心的concentric光程optical path length(OPL)光程差optical path difference(OPD)www.DBXI.org第 12 页，共 33 页光度学photometry光功率luminous power光管light pipe光焦度power光亮度luminance光密度optical density光通量luminous flux光瞳像差pupil aberration光线追迹ynu raytrace ynu光楔thin prism光学不变量optical invariant光学传递函数optical trans

37、fer function光学面的光焦度power of an optical surface光轴optical axis广角镜头wide angle lens广义非球面generalized asphere归一化光瞳坐标normalized pupil coordinates归一化像高normalized image height过剩光焦度excess power过校正畸变overcorrected distortion过校正球差overcorrected spherical aberration过校正像差overcorrected aberration过校正像散overcorrected a

38、stigmatism黑体辐射源blackbody source横向放大率lateral magnification横向像差lateral aberration红外探测器infrared detector红外无焦系统infrared afocal system虹膜iris后基点rear cardinal point后焦点/面rear focal point/plane后焦距back focal distance(BFD)后焦距rear focal length后主面rear principal plane厚透镜thick lens弧矢光线扇面sagittal ray fan弧矢慧差sagitta

39、l coma弧矢焦点sagittal focus互补色complementary colors会聚角convergence angle惠更斯目镜Huygens eyepiece惠更斯原理Huygens principle慧差coma火石玻璃flint glass积分球integrating sphere基点cardinal points 基面cardinal planes畸变distortion激光测距仪laser rangefinder集光棒integrating bar几何波前geometrical wavefront几何光学geometrical optics几何近似geometrica

40、l approximation几何调制传递函数geometrical modulation transfer function(MTF)www.DBXI.org第 13 页，共 33 页几何像差geometrical aberration简化图reduced diagram简化眼schematic eye渐晕vignetting焦点focal point焦距focal length焦深depth of focus(DOF)角放大率angular magnification角分辨率angular resolution角锥棱镜corner cube节点nodal point 近点near poin

41、t近视myopia近轴边光线paraxial marginal ray近轴光线paraxial ray近轴光线追迹paraxial raytrace近轴光学paraxial optics近轴焦点paraxial focus近轴区paraxial region近轴主光线paraxial chief ray浸没透镜immersion lens景深depth of field净口径clear aperture聚光镜condenser均方根光斑尺寸root-mean-squared spot size卡塞格林望远镜Cassegrain telescope卡赛格林物镜Cassegrain objecti

42、ve开普勒望远镜Keplerian telescope柯拉照明Kohler illumination柯西色散方程Cauchy dispersion equation空间光线skew ray空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency空间像aerial image孔径光阑aperture stop库克三片式物镜Cooke triplet扩束器beam expander扩展物体extended object拉格朗日不变量Lagrange invariant朗伯光源Lambertian source棱镜屈光度prism diopter棱镜色散prism dis

43、persion棱镜系统prism system棱镜展开图tunnel diagram离焦defocus理想像点（无像散）像点anastigmat临界角critical angle临界照明critical illumination流明lumens漫射照明diffuse illumination盲点blind spot冕牌玻璃crown glass目镜eyepiece耐候性climatic resistancewww.DBXI.org第 14 页，共 33 页耐酸性acid resistance耐污染性stain resistance内窥镜endoscope逆伽利略取景器reverse Galil

44、ean viewfinder逆伽利略望远镜reverse Galilean telescope逆光线追击reverse raytrace逆摄远变焦reverse telephoto zoom牛顿公式Newtonian equation牛顿环Newtons rings牛顿望远镜Newtonian telescope抛光polishing抛物面paraboloid硼硅酸盐玻璃borosilicate glass匹兹万和Petzval sum匹兹万面Petzval surface匹兹万物镜Petzval objective偏向棱镜deviation prism偏心度eccentricity平场元件f

45、ield flattener平方反比定律inverse square law平面镜plane mirror平面平行板plane parallel plate普罗棱镜Porro prism曝光exposure前基点front cardinal points前焦点front focal point前焦距front focal distance(FFD)前焦面front focal plane前焦长front focal length前主平面front principal plane潜望镜periscope欠校正球差undercorrected spherical aberration强度inten

46、sity切趾apodization球差spherical aberration屈光度diopter曲率curvature曲率半径radius of curvature取景器viewfinder全反射total internal reflection(TIR)全视场full field of view(FFOV)热膨胀系数coefficients of thermal expansion热吸收玻璃heat absorbing glass熔融石英fused silica入射角angle of incidence入瞳entrance pupil(EP)瑞利标准Rayleigh criterion瑞利

47、散射Rayleigh scattering赛德尔像差Seidel aberration赛德尔像差系数Seidel aberration coefficients三次慧差cubic coma三级光学third-order optics三级像差third-order aberration色差chromatic aberrationwww.DBXI.org第 15 页，共 33 页色球差spherochromatism色散dispersion色散棱镜dispersing prism射线束ray bundle摄远变焦telephoto zoom摄远物镜telephoto objective剩余像差re

48、sidual aberration实物real object实像real image矢高sag视差parallax视场field of view(FOV)视场光阑field stop视场角angular field of view视觉响应photopic response视锐度visual acuity数值孔径numerical aperture(NA)双目镜binocular双曲面hyperboloid双远心double telecentricity斯涅耳折射定律Snells law of refraction斯特列尔比strehl ratio梯度折射率gradient index梯形畸变k

49、eystone distortion天文望远镜astronomical telescope调节accommodation调制传递函数modulation transfer function(MTF)通量flux瞳孔pupil桶形畸变barrel distortion投影镜头projection lens投影屏projection screen投影仪overhead projector投影仪projector透过率transmittance透镜弯曲lens bending凸透镜concave lens凸透镜convex lens望远镜telescope违背正弦条件offense against

50、sine condition(0SC)屋脊反射镜roof mirror屋脊棱镜roof prism无焦系统afocal system无效放大empty magnification五级场曲fifth-order field curvature五级畸变fifth-order distortion五级球差fifth-order spherical aberration五级线性慧差fifth-order linear coma五级像散fifth-order astigmatism五角棱镜penta prism物方远心object-space telecentric物镜objective物空间objec

51、t space物像共轭object-image conjugatewww.DBXI.org第 16 页，共 33 页物像距object-to-image distance稀土玻璃rare earth glass显微镜microscope线扩展函数line spread function相对部分色散率relative partial dispersion ratio相对孔径relative aperture像差理论aberration theory 像差平衡aberration balancing 像差图ray fans像方远心image-space telecentric像空间image sp

52、ace 像模糊image blur像散astigmatism像质评价image evaluation肖特光学玻璃schott optical glass消色差achromatization消色差双胶合透镜achromatic doublet星点检验star test形状因子shape factor虚物virtual object虚像virtual image衍射diffraction衍射受限系统diffraction limited system优化函数merit function有焦系统focal system有效焦距effective focal length(EFL)余弦四次方定律cos

53、ine fourth law鱼眼镜头fish-eye lens圆锥常数conic constant远点far point远视hyperopia远视眼presbyopia远心度telecentricity展开棱镜unfolding prism长焦距镜头long focus lens照度illuminance照明系统illumination system折反射系统catadioptic system折射不变量refraction invariant折射角angle of refraction折射矩阵refraction matrix折射率index of refraction折射率refracti

54、ve index折射率refractivity枕形畸变pincushion distortion正像棱镜image erection prism正像棱镜系统erecting prism system正像透镜erector lens直角棱镜right angle prism直视棱镜direct vision prism中继透镜relay lens中间焦点medial focus中间面medial surface轴外像差off-axis aberrationwww.DBXI.org第 17 页，共 33 页轴向longitudinal轴向光线误差longitudinal ray error轴向色差

55、axial chromatic aberration轴向像差longitudinal aberration主光线chief ray主平面principal plane柱面透镜cylindrical lens转像棱镜image rotation prism准之光collimated light子午光线meridional ray子午光线tangential ray or meridional ray子午慧差tangential coma子午焦点tangential focus子午面meridian plane子午像tangential image自准直显微镜autocollimating mic

56、roscope纵向放大率longitudinal magnification阻尼最小二乘damped least squares组合透镜comppound eyepiece最小波前方差mimimum wavefront variance最小偏离mimimum deviation最小偏向角angle of minimum deviation最小圆mimimum circle坐标系统coordinate systemAbbe numberAbbe sine conditionaberration balancing aberration theory accommodationachromatic

57、 doubletachromatizationacid resistanceaerial imageafocal systemAiry diskAmici prismanamorphic systemanastigmatangle of incidenceangle of minimum deviationangle of refractionangular field of viewangular magnificationangular resolutionaperture stopaplanatic surfaceapochromatapodizationaspheric surface

58、astigmatismastronomical telescopeautocollimating microscopeaxial chromatic aberrationback focal distance(BFD)bafflebarrel distortionbeam expanderbeam splitter prismbinary opticsbinocularblackbody sourceblind spotborosilicate glasscardinal planescardinal points Cassegrain objectiveCassegrain telescop

59、ecatadioptic systemCauchy dispersion equationchief raychromatic aberrationclear apertureclimatic resistancecoefficients of thermal expansioncollimated lightcomacomplementary colorscompound microscopecomppound eyepiececoncave lensconcave mirrorconcentriccondenserconic constantconjugateconvergence ang

60、leconvex lensCooke tripletcoordinate systemcorner cubecosine fourth lawcritical anglecritical illuminationcrown glasscubic comacurvaturecylindrical lensdamped least squaresdark adaptationdark field illuminationdefocusdepth of fielddepth of focus(DOF)deviation prismdiffractiondiffraction limited syst