英语句子结构讲解

1、英语句子结构句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两局部构成, 即主语局部和谓语局部，这两局部也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语， 定语，状语，表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成局部。一.句子成分分析1. 主语subject 句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式，动名词，从句担任 常置于句首。Professor Zhang is a famous scientist.名词I like football.主格代词Two plus five is seve n.数词To swim in the Lijia ng River is a

2、 great pleasure.不定式Smoking dose harm to the health.动名词When we are going to have an English has not been decided. 主语从句2. 谓语predicate 对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后 面。谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语1.简单谓语由一个动词或者动词短语构成The train leaves at 6 o ' clock动词She takes good care of her mother.动词短语2.复合谓语由情态动词或其他助动词加动词

3、原形构成You may keep the book for two weeks.情态动词 + 动词原形She doesn' t seemto like dancing.助动词 do+ 动词原形He has caught a bad cold. 助动词 has+ 动词原形补充：协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词Auxiliary Verb 。被协助的动词称作主要动词Main Verb 。最常用的助动词有:be, do, have, shall, will,should, would.助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：He does n't like En glish.

4、他不喜欢英语。does n't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义 由系动词加表语构成即主系表结构We are students. 状态系动词 be+ 表语He looked a bit excited. 表象系动词 look+ 表语补充：系动词亦称联系动词 Link Verb ，作为系动词。有些不具词义；有些具有词义，但 不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语亦称补语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。1 .状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be 一词，例如：He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。2 .持续系动词用来表示主语继续或

5、保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, stay, lie, remai n,stand.例如：He always kept sile nt at meet ing.他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3 .表像系动词用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有 seem,即pear, look, 例如：He looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems to be very sad.他看起来很伤心。4 .感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sou nd, taste, 例如：This ki

6、nd of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5 .变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall,get, go, come, run 例如：He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。6 .终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out,表达"证实","变成"之

7、意，例如：The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success.他的方案终于成功了。turn out 表终止性结果3. 宾语object 表示动作的对象或承受者，常由名词，代词，不定式短语，动名词短语，从句担任。 放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：They are teachers.名词He is going to buy a book. 名词I play with him.代词He prete nded not to see me. 不定式She didn ' t knowhat to do next.不定式短语

8、He practises speak ing En glish every day. 动名词I enjoy liste ning to popular music.动名词短语Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?宾语从句补充：宾语的种类：1 直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果，通常指物。Lend me your dictionary, please. me 是间宾，dictionary 是直宾2 间接宾语表示动作所向或所为的人或物，通常指人。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前，也可位于之后，但此时在它前面必须加介词toThe compa ny sent u

9、s _a_few computers last year.He sent a birthday gift to me yesterday.3复合宾语有些动词出了接宾语外，还需要一个词来说明宾语的身份或状态，以补充其意义的缺乏, 这样的词或短语叫做宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语，他们在逻辑上 有主谓关系。如果直接宾语是不定式，动名词或从句，常用it作形式宾语They elected him their mon itor.代词 + 名词I found the baby always happy. 名词 + 形容词I find it easy to an swer this quest

10、i on. it 作形式宾语4. 宾补objective complement有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语外还要有一个宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的情况。这些及物动词常见的有 make, let, have, get, find, call, see, con sider, cause 等。 Electricity can make a mach ine run.I con sider the book too expe nsive.5. 表语predicative 用来说明主语的性质，特征或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。置于系动词之后。He is a stude nt.名词This tabl

11、e is Ion g.形容词6. 定语attributive :对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示，通常位于被修饰的成分前注意：它和表语的区别在于定语后面可以直接接名词，表语必须接在 系动词之后This is a red s un.He is a tall boy.说明 1: 当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everythi ng , someth ing 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语。I tell him somethi ng interesting .说明2:不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。The boys

12、in the room are in Class Ten.7. 状语adverbial用以修饰adj. /adv. /v.及整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，位置灵活。修饰形 容词或副词时放在它们之前。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后。通 常由副词担任。The bag is too heavy.修饰形容词 heavy，置于之前He went out just now.修饰畐寸词 now，置于之前I often write to him.修饰动词 write，置于之前The students study hard.修饰动词 study,置于之后小结：通常情况下，主语和宾语前的

13、成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间词作状语放 在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下：定语主语状语谓语定语宾语状语女口： The tall boy often go to the big zoo.The happy child went his home yesterday.二.句子类型句子主要有三种类型：简单句，并列句，复合句。一简单句英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个根本句式。这五个根本句式可以演变 出多种复杂的英语句子。我们常说的五大句型就是指的简单句的五种类型。换言之，绝 大多数英语句子都是由这五个根本句式生成的。这五个根本句式如下：1. Things changed.主 +谓2.

14、 Trees are gree n.主+ 系 +表3. We don' t beaChildren.主 + 谓 + 宾4. He_ gave his sister the pia no.主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语5. I found the book easy.主+谓+ 宾 +宾补二.并列句由并列连词连接、含有两个或更多主谓结构的句子叫并列句。一、表示转折比照关系的并列连词1. but但是，可是，而，却连接两个简单句，有时句中某些词可以省略；连接两个并列成分，可以放在一个句子的句首，后面不 接逗号。例：I hope you don't mind me asking ， but

15、where did you buy those shoes ?2. yet但是；尽管如此可连接两个句子，用逗号分开，也可在yet前加and，还可以放在一个句子的句首。例：The car is old ， yet it is in good condition.这辆车旧了，但车况很好。3. while而，但是，可是，却while作连词用时，可表示比照或转折关系。例：I do every single bit of housework while my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.二、表示因果关系的并列连词1. for因为由并列连词f

16、or引导的分句常置于句子后部，而且常用逗号与前面的分句隔开。for分句主要是对前一分句补充说明理由或推断原因。for分句不能用来答复 why问句。例：I did my best not to show pleasure ，but what I was feeli ng was pure happ in ess，for my words hadthe power to make people laugh.2. so因此可以连接两个句子，中间有时用逗号隔开；也可在 so前加and ;还可以放在一个句子的句首。例：The shop does n't ope n un til 11 a.m.

17、，so it loses a lot of bus in ess.三、表示选择关系的连词oror连接并列成分时，意为或者，还是；用于否认句中，意为也不，这时不宜用and ;还有否那么,要不然"之意，相当于otherwise.例: Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get dow n to bus in essright away？四、表示并列关系的并列连词1. and和，同，与，又，并且例: Stand over there and you'll be able to see it better.2. not only bu

18、t also 不仅而且例: Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of havi ng one exam in ati onafter ano ther.3. neither nor既不也不例: They worked neither for fame nor for personal gains.他们工作一不为名，二不为利。4. both and 既又例: A man should have both courage and wisdom.人既要有勇气又要有智慧。五、其他并列连词1. not but不是而是It was not the bon

19、es of an ani mal but of a huma n being.这不是一只动物的骨头，而是人的骨头。2. rather than 而不是；与其宁愿Rather tha n ride on a crowded bus , he always prefers to ride a bicycle.3. whe n 正当那时，相当于 and at that timeJasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park when shewas bitte n on the leg by a lion.三复合句 复合句是由一个主句

20、加上一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主语从句广名词性从句表语从句宾语从句同位语从句状语从句L定语从句Who will go is not important.主语从句引导词who 系 表Guilin is_not what it used to be主 系表语从句引导词whatThe teacher told childre n that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.主 谓 间宾宾语从句引导词thatThe problem whether we should continue to do the experime nt has

21、bee n solved.主同位语从句引导词whether系表If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.条件状语从句(if引导)主 谓 宾The man who is shak ing hands with my father is a policema n.主 定语从句(who引导)谓宾补充：状语从句分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、程度1时间状语从句常用的关联词有：as, after, before, since, till/ until, when, while, as soon as, wheneverWait ( until you are called ).(When spring came ) , leaves turn green.2) 地点状语从句常用的关联词有： where, wherever, any wherePut it ( where you found it).Sit down ( whe