语言与社会期末问题及答案汇总

1、1.Howdoyouunderstandtheinfluenceofcultureoncommunication?1)Cultureiseverythingandeverywhere.Ourculturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstothoseandcountlessquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowyouliveandcommunicatewithinthisworld.2)Cultureisthefoundationofcommunication,andwhenculturesarediverse,communicati

2、onpracticesmaybedifferent.Countlessaspectsofculturehelpdetermineandguidecommunicationbehavior.3)Theworldlooks,sounds,tastes,andfeelsthewayisdosebecauseourculturehasgivenyouthecriterionofperception.2.Whatarethemajorfactorsthatinfluencelanguagecommunication?Thethreeelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperc

3、eptionandcommunication:(1)culturalvalues.Itinformamemberofacultureaboutwhatisgoodandbad,rightandwrong,trueandfalse,positiveandnegative,andthelike.Culturalvaluesdefinewhatisworthdyingfor,whatisworthprotecting,whatfrightenspeople,whatarepropersubjectsforstudyandforridicule,andwhattypesofeventsleadindi

4、vidualstogroupsolidarity.Mostimportant,culturalvaluesguidebothperceptionandbehavior.(2)worldview(religion).AworldviewisaculturesorientationtowardsuchthingsasGod,nature,life,death,theuniverse,andotherphiosophicalissuesthatareconcernedwiththemeaningoflifeandwithbeing.(3)Socialorganization.Themannerinw

5、hichaculturearganizesitselfisdirectedtotheinstitutionswithinthatculture.Thefamilieswhoraiseyouandthegovernmentswithwhichyouassociateandholdallegiancetoallhelpdeterminehowyouperceivetheworldandhowyoubehavewithintheworld.3.Discussthedifferencesbetweenpositivepolitenessstrategiesandnegativepolitenessst

6、rategieswithexamples.(1)Positivepolitenessstrategies:thoseshowingthecloseness,intimacy,andrapportbetweenspeakerandhearerNagativepolitenessstrategies:thoseindicatingthesocialdistancebetweenspeakerandhearer(2)PositivePoliteness:isredressdirectedtotheaddresseespositiveface,hisdesirethathiswantsshouldbe

7、thoughtofasdesirable.Redressconsistsinpartiallysatisfyingthatdesirebycommunicatingthatonesownwantsareinsomerespectssimilartotheaddresseeswants.ThelinguisticrealizationsofPositivePolitenessareinmanyrespectsrepresentativeofthenormallinguisticbehaviorbetweenintimates.Nagativepoliteness:Redressiveaction

8、addressedtotheaddresseesnegativeface.Addresseewantstohavehisfreedomunhinderedandhisattentionunimpeded.SpecificandfocusedtominimizetheparticularimpositionthattheFTAWord文档effects.PolitenessinWesternculturesisalwaysconsideredwithnegativepolitenessbehaviour.(3)CategoriesofPositivePoliteness:Claimcommong

9、round;Categoriesofnegativepoliteness:useindirectspeechacts;question;hedge(deliberatelyvagueexpression);bepessimistic;minimizetheFTA;givegifts4.TrytofindexamplestoillustratethepositiveandnegativestrategiesusedintheChineseculturalcontextconsideringthefactorsofin-groupvs/outgroupmembershipincommunicati

10、on.(1)Positivestrategies:Usein-groupidentitymarkers;Usinganyoftheinnumerablewaystoconveyin-groupmembership:addressforms,languageordialect,jargonorslangandellipses.Examples:Honey,canyougivemethebeer?Heybrother,whatsgoingon?Howaboutadrink?(2)Negativestrategies:Opposingtensions:desiretogiveheareranoutb

11、ybeingindirect,andthedesiretogoonrecord.Solvedbythecompromiseofconventionalindirectness,theuseofphrasesandsentencesthathavecontextuallyunambiguousmeaningswhicharedifferentfromtheirliteralmeaning.Examples:Canyoupleaseshutthedoor?Youcouldntpossiblytellmethetime,please?5.Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenpe

12、rformativesandconstativesaccordingtoAustin?(1)Conditions:trueorfalse(constative)-theconstativesutteranceisverifiableanditiseithertrueorfalse;felicityconditions(performative)-theperformativesrequirenotonlytheappropriatecircumstances.butalsotheappropriatelanguage.(2)grammaticalcriterion:theperformativ

13、everbisinthepresenttenseandeachsentencehassfirstpersonsubject(3)lexicalcriterion:state(constative)hereby(performative)6.Pleaseexplainthemaindistinctionbetweentheconceptofutteranceandtheconceptofsentencewithexamples.Word文档(l)Utterancecansucceedasanactofcommunicationevenifthespeakerdoesnotpossesstheat

14、titudeheisexpressingOccasionallyutterancesarebothnonliteralandindirect.Forexample,onemightutterIlovethesoundofyourvoicetotellsomeonenonliterally(ironically)thatshecantstandthesoundofhisvoiceandtherebyindirectlytoaskhimtostopsinging.Whenutteringthesentences,thespeakerisactuallydoingsomething,insteado

15、fstatingordescribingsomething(2)TherearemanysentenceswhosestandardusesarenotstrictlydeterminedbytheirmeaningsbutarenotimplicaturesorfigurativeuseseitherThesentencedoesnotexpressacompleteproposition.SentencesusedforethicalevaluationSentencemeaningisconstitutedbyitsliteralmeaningandreferenceincontext.

16、Themeaningisconveyedbytheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses(locutionaryact)followingthesyntacticandsemanticrules.7.Illustratethefunctionofcontextininterpretingthemeaningoflanguageincommunication.文本一：Contexttoacertainextent,reducethebarriersofcommunication,makecommunicationmoresmooth,sothatcommunicat

17、ioncanreceivegoodresults.Languageenvironmentisessentialforunderstandinglanguage.(1) Contextisanimportantmeanstoresolveambiguity:Anylanguagehasmanywordsareambiguous,usedinasentenceusuallyembodiesameaning,itmustmakeachoicebasedoncontext.Inalanguageenvironment,thespeakeronlypeopletoexpressameaning.Poly

18、semyisalsoverycommoninEnglish,andsomekindofmeaningcanoftenbereflectedthroughthecontext.However,theexistenceofpolysemyandambiguitydoesnotcauseconfusionincommunication,becausethespecificcontextcanmakeitsimple.(2) Contextisthebasisforunderstandingthemeaningofasentence:Thesentencemeaningbesidesthelitera

19、lmeaningandtheimpliedmeaningoutside.Theconversationalimplicatureispeople,becauseofadiscoursemeaningdoesnotcomplywiththeprinciplesofconversation.Itisthetruemeaningofwordsaccordingtothecontextof,interpretationofdiscourseimplicationovertones.文本二：speakersofalanguagemustpossessinordertoexpresstheirintent

20、ionsandinterpretthoseofothers.Inordertoinvestigatehowwecanmakemeaning“byusinglanguageitisnecessarytobringinthenotionofcontext,thatis,thewaythevariouselementsarecombined,howtheyrelatetotheworldatlarge,andthepurposesforwhichtheyareused.ThissideofWord文档languagestudyisgenerallycalledpragmatics.Thecentra

21、lmessageofpragmaticsisthatmeaningdoesnotcomeready-madeorpackagedinwordsorsentences,butisconstructedbyspeakersandhearersthroughprocessesofinterpretation,inthecontextinwhichthelanguageisused.Therearethreelevels(orlayers)ofcontext:a)thelinguisticcontext;b)theinteractionalcontext,orthewaysinwhichpeoples

22、utterancesareorganizedandfollowoneanotherinaregularmanner;c)thesocialcontext,orthewaysinwhichinstitutional,socio-economic,cultural,andpoliticalconsiderationsinfluenceandareinfluencedbytheverbalactionsofpeople.Therefore,touseEnglishappropriately,effectivelyandcriticallyinawiderangeofsituations,itisve

23、ryimportantforlearnersofEnglish,8 .Pleaseexplainthedifferencesofculturalcontextwithexamples.(课本178页划线局部)9 .Explaintheconceptsoflanguagestyle“andregister“withyourownexamples.(1)languagestylemeansduetotheauthorslifeexperienceandartisticaccomplishmentofthecreationofthedifferentfeatures,languagestyleisa

24、writerwithspecialstyleworksofcreativelanguage.Forexample,Pureandfreshandelegant:libai,Stalldepressed:Dufu,QingJianpopular:Baijuyi,Thepowerfultragic:Quyuan,Comfortquiet:Taoyuanming,Boldsweep:Caocao.(2)Registerisoftenanindicatoroftheformalityorofficialnatureofanoccasion,oramarkofauthority.Linguistsmak

25、ethedistinctionthatregistervarieswithuse,ratherthanwiththeuser.Forexample,mostpeoplesspeechcontainspointers,lexical,syntactical,andphonological,oftheirclassorsocialstatus.Suchspeechchangesregisterwhenitisalteredtofitanoccasion,suchasappearingincourtorspeakingtoabureaucrat,writingascientificpaper,mak

26、ingabusinesspresentation,o门nteractingwithanolderrelativeorsmallchild.10.Somepeoplearguethatgenderdifferenceinlanguageuseisakindofsubculturaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomen.Whatisyouropinionontheissue?Inmyopinion,wedonotPayattentiontothedifferencesofgenderlanguagedifferencesbutalsofocusonthesimilaritie

27、sbetweenmenandwomeninlanguage.Inordertofullyexplaintherelationshipbetweenlanguageandgender,weshouldpaymoreattentiontothedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenmenandwomen.Althoughmanyscholarsbelievethatmenandwomencomefromdifferentcultures,thisWord文档kindofcultureisjustadifferentsubculture.Themainstreamcult

28、ureplaysaveryimportantroleintheprocessofthesocializationofmenandwomen.Sowhetheritismaleorfemale,theywillbeintheprocessofsocializationtolearnthevaluesandbehaviorofthemainstreamculture,butalsolearntoscorethevaluesandbehavioroftheirownsubculture.Inthisway,theirbehavior,includinglanguagebehavior,musthav

29、ebothsimilaritiesanddifferences.Soitisnotreasonableforresearcherstostudythedifferencesalone.Therefore,inourstudyoflanguageandgendershouldabandonsuchaconcept:suchastheoverthrowofthenullhypothesis;ifonlytheoverthrowofthenullhypothesis(thedifferencethatmenandwomenhavesignificantresearch)makessense,actu

30、allykeepnullhypothesisresearchisfound.Onlyinthisway,wewillnotintentionallyexposethefactsandseekevidencetoprovetheexistenceofdifferences.11 .Explainwhybilingualism/multilingualismisasociallyrelatedphenomenon.Inthetraditionalcivilizationperiod,thebilingualphenomenonexistinanaturalway,bilingualphenomen

31、onappearedduringthisperiodismainlydependingontheregionaldivision.Inthemoderncivilizationperiod,thebilingualphenomenonmainlyexistsintheeconomicanddiplomaticpurposes.Withtheimplementationofglobalintegration,bilingualphenomenonandlanguagephenomenonwillbemoreobvious.Languageistheproductofsociety,sothebi

32、lingualphenomenon,bothnationalbetweendifferentlanguagesandthedifferentlanguages,betweendifferentfamiliesbelongtoasocialphenomenon.Peoplelivinginaparticularsocialenvironmentintheenvironmentarecommonlyusedinaparticularlanguage.Asthechangeofitslivingenvironment,thelanguagetheyusehasbeenchanged.Atthesam

33、etime,differentareasorwithdifferentethnicpeoplecommunicatewitheachotheralsocreatesapersoncantaketwoormorethantwolanguagevariant,italsomakeswhatwecallthebilingualormultilingualphenomenon.Therefore,itisnothardtofind,bilingualphenomenonisasocialphenomenonoflanguageapplication.12 .Discussiononthephenome

34、nonofusingEnglishasameansofinstructionofsubjectcourseinmanyChineseuniversitiesfrombilingualperspective.Multilingualapplicationsinimportantinternationalconferences,multilingualisminculturalexchanges,bilingualteaching,theintroductionofforeignlanguageeducationreformtheoriginalteachingmaterials,bilingua

35、lTVbroadcasts,cross-culturalcommunicationininternationalaffairsandinternationaltrade,etc.,allthesephenomenashowtotheworldthatChinaismovingintoabilingualsocietycloser.Byacceptingeducationoftheschool,almostalltheChinesestudentscanspeakatleasttwolanguages.Inaddition,sinceChinajoinedtheworldtradeorganiz

36、ation,bilingualphenomenonalsobecomesmoresignificantandprominent.Inavarietyoflargeandmedium-sizedcityroadsignscanbeseeneverywhere,inbothChineseandEnglishadvertisingandtrafficalsousethebilingualsigns,manytouristattractionsalsoaskedthetourguide,driverandshopsandrestaurantswaitersspeakmandarinandWord文档E

37、nglish,someevenaskedformorelanguages.AttheOlympicGamesinBeijingin2022andfurtherprovethatthebilingualandmulti-lingualphenomenonismustbethetrendofthedevelopmentofsociety.13.Howtodistinguishbetweenalanguageandadialect?Pleaseuseexamplesforyourexplanation.Therearenouniversallyacceptedcriteriafordistingui

38、shinglanguagesfromdialects,althoughanumberofroughmeasuresexist,whichsometimesrendercontradictoryresults.Theexactdistinctionisthereforeasubjectiveone,dependentontheusersframeofreference.Insomecasesdifferenceofdialectshadesintodifferenceoflanguage.Wherethelinebetweenthemisnotclear,groupsthatarelinguis

39、ticallydistinctareconsideredtospeakdifferentdialectsofthesamelanguageiftheycangenerallyunderstandeachother,althoughwhatconstitutesthismutualintelligibilityisitselfnotalwaysclear.Thelinebetweendialectsofonelanguageandseparatelanguagesissomewhatarbitrary.However,whereverwedrawtheline,threepointsshould

40、beclear:(1)Everylanguagehasmultipledialects.(2)Everyspeakerofeverylanguageisalsoaspeakerofatleastonedialectofthatlanguage.(3)Sincethepronunciationconventionsofadialectconstituteanaccent,everyspeakerofeverylanguagespeakswithsomeaccent.Thereisnosuchthingasspeakingwithoutanaccent.14.Researchontheinflue

41、nceofEnglishonmodernChineseandreportyourfindingswithexample.(1)Fromtheperceptiveofpositiveaspects:Firstly,withthespreadofBritishdemocracy,Chinesepeoplessenseofdemocracyhasbeenstrengthenedgreatly.Secondly,forChinesepeople,thespreadofBritishindividualismisarevolutionofthoughts,especiallyfortheyoungpeo

42、ple.Thirdly,BritishcapitalistconstitutionalmonarchyprovidedagoodmodalforChineseexplorationofpoliticalsystem.(2)Fromtheviewofnegativeaspects:SomeChineseindulgeinBritishculture,whichisunfavorableforChineseculturalhesitance.TaketheEnglishforexample,nowChinesepeoplearelearningEnglishwiththehighlyenthusi

43、asmsinceEnglishhasbecomethelanguagewhichisusedallovertheworld.AndEnglishplaysanimportantroleinoureducation,employment,promotionandcommunication.Thatistosay,EnglishhasbecomeapartofChinesepeoplesdailylife.However,theChineselanguagelearningisinanembarrassingsituation.ComparedtolearningEnglishwithhighly

44、enthusiasm,moreandmoreChinesestudentsholdanunconcernedattitudetowardsChineseculture.15.DiscussboththeadvantagesanddisadvantagesofEnglishasagloballanguagewithexamples.Word文档TheEnglishlanguageiseverywhere.Itisthemostwidelystudiedlanguageintheworld.ThereisnodoubtthatEnglishhasbecomeagloballanguageinbus

45、iness,diplomacy,educationandpolitics.Advantages(1) Everyonewouldhaveareasonableexpectationofbeingabletocommunicatenomatterwheretheywere.(2)Internationaltradewouldbefacilitatedbyincreasedopportunitiesforcommunicationbetweennations.(3)Somehostilitiesbetweennationsmightbeavertediflanguagebarrierswereno

46、longerafactor.Disadvantags:(2) ManylanguageshavediedbecauseofthespreadofEnglish.Manystillhavelostalargenumberofspeakersandareboundtobedoomedinthenearfuture.(3) Englishhasadiversityofaccentsandspellingconventionsdependingoncountry,soteachingEnglishcreatesuncertaintyastowhichspellingandcolloquialrules

47、shouldbefollowed.(3)EnglishisassociatedwithcolonialforceslikeEnglandandtheUSwhichcontinuetoexertpoliticalandeconomicpressuresoncountriessothattheyfeeltheymustlearnthelanguageratherthandesiringtolearnit.(4)Newideaswouldbelesscommonaspeoplesthinkingbegantoconformtothesameepistemology.16.1 nwhatsenseis

48、languageapartofhumansocialbehavior?(1) Languageisoneofthemostpowerfulemblemsofsocialbehavior.Inthenormaltransferofinformationthroughlanguage,weuselanguagetosendvitalsocialmessagesaboutwhoweare,wherewecomefrom,andwhoweassociatewith.Giventhesocialroleoflanguage,itstandstoreasonthatonestrandoflanguages

49、tudyshouldconcentrateontheroleoflanguageinsociety.(2) Sociolinguisticshasbecomeanincreasinglyimportantandpopularfieldofstudy,ascertainculturesaroundtheworldexpandtheircommunicationbaseandintergroupandinterpersonalrelationstakeonescalatingsignificance.(3)Aslightlydifferentconcernwithlanguageandsociet

50、yfocusesmorecloselyontheeffectofparticularkindsofsocialsituationsonlanguagestructure.(4) Anotherapproachtolanguageandsocietyfocusesonthesituationsandusesoflanguageasanactivityinitsownright.(5)Inapproachinglanguageasasocialactivity,itispossibletofocusondiscoveringthespecificpatternsorsocialrulesforco

51、nductingconversationanddiscourseWord文档(6)Itisalsopossibletoexaminehowpeoplemanagetheirlanguageinrelationtotheirculturalbackgroundsandtheirgoalsofinteraction.17.Whyisitimportanttounderstandtheinterrelationshipsbetweenlanguageandsociety?文本一：Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandsocietyhasforlongbeenasubjec

52、tofinterestforscholarsandstillcontinuoustobeso.Thepresentstudydiscussestherelationshipbetweenonespecificarealanguageuse,namelylinguisticetiquette,andsocio-culturalrelativesoftheHindi-speakingcommunity.Thesearetwofindingsofthepresentstudy,whichareworthnoting:(A)theuseofthelinguisticetiquettesystemref

53、lectssocialstratificationand(b)socialchangebringsaboutacorrespondingchangeinthesystemoflinguisticetiquette.Onthebasisofthese,thestudysupportstheviewthattherelationshipbetweensocietyandlanguage,atleastoneaspectofit,iscausal.文本二：Theuseoflanguageformsaclosedloop,sinceitismodelledontheloopofprojectionan

54、dintrojection.Thedifferencebetweenthetwoloopsissimplythatthepsychologicaloneisbasedonindividualmeaningsandthelinguisticoneonsocialvalues.Thislinkbetweenlanguageandsocialvaluesisoneofidentity,butonlyaslongassocietyisstaticorisevolvingslowly.Inastaticsociety,thelanguageisthesociety.Societyisitslanguag

55、e.Thetwoareone.Languageandsocietyaretwodifferentsystemssincethestructurewithinlanguagecentresonthestaticsignifierwhilstthestructurewithinconsciousnessorientatesonthedynamicsignified.Intimesofstabilitythedynamicstructureofconsciousnessisputonhold,solinguisticvaluesandsocialvaluesareone.However,associ

56、etychangessothedynamicstructuregraduallycomesintotheforeground.Perhapsitismoreaccuratetoputthiseffecttheotherwayaround:asthedynamicstructureofconsciousnessbecomesaccentuated,sosocietybeginstochange.18.Explainyourownunderstandingoftheinter-relationshipsbetweenlanguageandsocioculturalaspectswithexamplesfromreallife.Whenwetalkaboutthefunctionsoflanguage