呼吸科常用英文

1、!乎吸科常用英文询问病史case historyYou need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a history

2、of tobacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.General/biographical data,marital status, nativity, occupation, informant, time of admission and record, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health status(well, ordinary or bad), any infectious

3、diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how many years), alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spouse's health status, menorrhea (menarche age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last me

4、nstruation period or age of menopause, any menstrual pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions ,premature delivery, stillbirths, difficult labor; family history (any congenital diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings

5、and children)常用的症状symptomsfeverCough咳嗽Sputum (dry, purulent 脓性的,copious green sputum 大量绿色痰, tenacious yellow sputum 黄粘痰，frothy white sputum 白色泡沫痰, rusty sputum铁锈色痰wheezingDyspnea during exertion or at rest 呼吸困难Orthopnea端坐呼吸Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea夜间阵发性呼吸困难Shortness of breath (SOB)Chest tightness

6、胸部紧迫感Exercise intolerancepleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛Pharyngalgia; pharyngodynia 咽痛Hemoptysis 咯血Bucking 呛咳Sneeze喷嚏snore打鼾malaise不舒服myalgia 川L扁insomia 失眠hoarseness 声嘶dysphonia发声困难常见的体征physical signsclubbed fingers 杵状指：increased longitudinal and transverse curvature Joss of concave nail fold angle, bogg

7、iness of nail bed and increased soft tissue bulk of distal phalanx, drumstick- likenicotine stainingcyanosis:blue discolouration of mucosal membranes and skin ,caused when mean capillary concentration of deoxyhemoglobin more than 5g/dl, 02 saturation less than 85%,PaO2 less than 8KPaperipheral cyano

8、sis: cold blue peripheries, e.g. nail beds due to cold exposurescentral cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lipshand flap: due to C02 retentionasterixis扑翼样震颤papilloedema视乳头水肿chemosis球结膜水肿enlarged supraclavicular and axillary lymph nodesincreased respiratory ratetachycardia心动过速pulsus paradoxus

9、: >10 mmHg Jon inspiration (seen in severe asthma)barrel chesthyperexpanded, decreased expansionkyphosis驼背,脊柱后凸Inspection:tachypnea呼吸急促accessory muscles of respiration: sternocleidomastoid muscle, arm support, alae flaringwide or narrow intercostal spacetactile vocal fremitus 触觉语颤subcutaneous cre

10、pitus 皮下捻发感Percussion:resonancedullnessflatnesshyperresonancetympanylower borders: scapular line X left/right intercostal spacerange of mobilityAuscultation:vocal resonance 语音共振ronchi: wheeze, stridor, crackles, Velcro-like soundesmoist rales : coarse, medium, fine, crepitus 捻发音pleural friction rubs

11、complete absence of breath soundsankle edemaweight loss, cachexia 恶病质，cachectic 恶病质的decreased food appetite, loss of appetite, anorexia 食欲减退常做的检查 examinations or laboratory findings(to take,undergo, perform ,receive or have)temperature charts 体温图 (take one's body temperature)sputum pot 痰盂Blood/u

12、rine/stool routine, occult blood testBlood biochemistrySputum /blood culture and drug sensitivity testsputum cytologyPulse oximeter 脉氧i十：continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturationArterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/ femoral artery puncturePaCO2: partial pressure

13、of carbon dioxide in arterial blood hypercarbiaPaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood hypoxemiarespiratory failure:type 1: decreased 02 supply, PaO2 < 60 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)due to diffusion failure or V/Q dismatch (ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)pulmonary edema, pneumon

14、ia, infarction, fibrosis,or pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, shunttype 2: decreased CO2 removal, PaCO2>50 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)due to alveolar ventilation failureobstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasisrestrictive: neuromuscular (sedatives, myasthenia), structural (ankylosing s

15、pondylitis), pleural diseases,obesityChest X-ray/radiograph:reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticular, linear, military nodules 粟粒 样结节)coin lesions 硬币样cavities 空腔:amphoric 空翁音的(breathing like blowing over a bottle top)opacification 浑浊：consolidation (air space infiltrate):confluent shadowing and air bron

16、chogramcollapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)segmental atelactasispleural effusionmediastinal mass: thyroid ,thymoma, teratoma, TB lymph nodes,terrible diagnoses including lymphoma and aneurysmChest CT scan( computed tomography)Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)PET-CT of the whole body(posi

17、tron-emission tomography)Abdominal ultrasoundskin prick test 皮肤点刺试验(dust mites 尘蛾，pollen 花粉， cockroach 螳螂)tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative(of tuberculin) test, PPD test)Pulmonary function test: Spirometry呼吸量测定法，肺量测定法 obstructive lung diseases: airflow limitationFEV1/FVC FVC RV and T

18、LC KCO<0.7 J 个 Jrestrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and small lung volumesintraparenchymal >0.75 J J J J extraparenchymal variable J J J normal FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 secondFVC: force vital capacityTLC: total lung capacity RV: residual volumeKCO: transfer factor (

19、 diffusion rate)PEFR: peak expiratory flow rateflow-volume loop (inspiration and expiration)bronchoprovocation/challenge test 支气管激发试验：histamine or methacholine-inhalationbronchodilatation支气管舒张试验:salbutamol沙丁胺醇fiberoptic bronchoscopy: biopsies, bronchial brush samples for pathological examation, bron

20、chial washings)bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) protected specimen brush (PS transthoracic percutaneous needle aspirationpercutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance ( for peripheral tumours)video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided lung biopsyopen lung biopsypleural biopsybiopsy of enlarged lymph nodesD-Dimer

21、selectrocardiogram (ECG) echocardiogram 一声心动图V/Q isotope scan ( ventilation/perfusion scanning) spiral CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography) pulmonary angiographyDoppler USS thigh and pelvis (USS: ultrasound scanning) cardiac monitorPSG( polysommography)常见弛病名diseases一acute upper respiratory tract

22、infection 急性上呼吸道感染 common cold普通感冒influenza 流感pharynigitis 咽炎acute broncho-bronchitis急性气管-支气管炎pneumonia 肺炎community acquired pneumonia (CAP)社区获得性肺炎 hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP)度晚获得性肺炎 nosocomical pneumonia (NP)医院内肺炎 bronchiectasis支气管扩张 chornic bronchitis慢性支气管炎pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿chronic obst

23、ructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPD COPD急性发作bronchial asthma支气管哮喘allergic rhinitis 过敏性鼻炎respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭lung abscess 肺脓肺pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核病lung cancer:肺癌primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管肺癌squamous cell carcinoma 鳞癌adenocarcinoma 腺癌bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma

24、支气管肺泡细胞癌small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)小细胞肺癌pulmonary metastasis 肺转移瘤pulmonary embolism (PE)肺栓塞pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE)肺血栓栓塞症pulmonary infarction 肺梗死deep venous thrombosis ,DVT 深静脉血栓形成empyema 脓胸pneumothorax 气胸pyopneumothorax 脓气胸chronic suppurative disease 慢性化脓性疾病congenital cyanotic disease先夫

25、性紫绡性心脏病cor pulmonale肺源性心脏病 pulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压pulmonary encephalopathy 肺性脑病right heart failure; right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病interstitial lung disease, ILD弥漫性面质性肺疾病idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特及性肺纤维化cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, CFA 隐海性纤维化性肺泡炎 co

26、nnective tissue related lung diseases 结缔组织相关性肺疾病 systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE 系统性红斑狼疮rheumatoid arthritis, RA 类风湿性关节炎systemic sclerosis, SSc 系统性硬化scleroderma 硬皮病sjoren's syndrome 感知综合征 polymyositis多发性肌炎 dermatomyositis 皮0JL炎sarcoidosis 结节病Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, PAP 肺泡蛋白沉积症Idiopathi

27、c pulmonary hemosiderosis特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病Langerhans cell granulomatosis朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病Eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿Histiocytosis X组织细胞增多症XWegener granulomatosis Wegener 肉芽肿extrinsic allergic alveolitis夕卜源性过敏隹肺泡炎pneumoconiosis 尘肺drug-induced lung disease 药物性肺病aspergillosis 曲 菌病：allergic bronchopulmonary asper

28、gillosis (ABPA)pleural disease 胸膜疾病broncho-pleural fistula 支气管胸膜疹oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病,鹅口疮osteoporotic bone change 骨质疏松样改变glaucoma青光眼cataract白内障acute lung injury , AU 急性肺损伤acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征 urticaria尊麻疹eczema湿疹hypertension 高血压diabetes糖尿病常用的药物drugs or agents be ad

29、ministered, treat sb. withempirical 经验性的，prophylactic 预防性，remedial 治疗性Expectorant 祛痰药Mucolytics祜液溶球剂bronchodilatorB2-agonists: short-acting :salbutamol 沙丁胺醇long-acting: salmeterol 沙美特罗muscarinic antagonists: ipratropium bromide 异丙托滨胺aminophylline 氨茶碱steroids inhaled: budesonide 布地奈德， beclomethasone

30、倍氯米 松,fluticasone氟替卡松systemic: prednisolone po., hydrocortisone iv.mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium 色甘酸钠leukotriene receptor antagonists: montelukast 孟鲁司特respiratory stimulants:lobelinenikethamidecardiac tonic 强心剂diuretics利尿剂albumin白蜃白antitussive agents 镇咳药ammonium chloride 氯化镀ambroxol 氨浸索

31、 (mucosolvan 沐舒坦)常用的治疗措施low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae 鼻导管，Venturi face-mask nebulizer 喷雾躯：finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial depositionmetered dose inhaler (MDI)continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-tight-fitting mask (non-invasive)intermittent positive-pressure v

32、entilation (IPPV)non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive(via intubation 插管，tracheostomy 气管造口术，tracheotomy 气管切开术)、synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步间歇 指令通气pressure support ventilation, PSV 压力支持通气thoracocentesis胸腔穿刺术chest

33、 drain/drainage 引流术chemotherapy 化疗radiation therapy 放疗pneumonectomy 肺切除术lobectomy of lung, pulmonary lobectomy 肺叶切除术thoracotomy开胸术，胸廓切开术pleurodesis胸膜剥脱术pleurectomy胸膜切除术pleural adhesion胸腹粘连术thromboendarterectomy血栓动脉内膜切除术inferior vena cava filter 下腔静寐过滤器常见的疾病chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most

34、days of 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purulent sputumbronchiectasis:cystic 囊性的/varicose 曲张样/cyclindrical 柱状-tram-tracks 轨道样 hemoptysisphysiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural drainagelong term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmon

35、alemedical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotating courses of antibioticssurgical: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysislung abscessusually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical;in the supine patient , abscess develops in apical lower lobe or posterial upper lobe.pneum

36、othoraxaccumulation of air in pleural space, with secondary partial collapse of subpleural bleb ruputurelactrogenic: positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy ,esp. biopsy types: closed, open, tensionmediastinal deviation :trachea and apex shift contralaterallyCXR: translucency +collapse: visible

37、rim between lung and chest wall>2 cm =>50% lung volume lossaspiration 吸引术，intercostal drainrefractory or recurrent: pleurodesis, pleurectomy, bulla stapling or laseringpleural effusionchest pain and progressively worsening of shortness of breathTransudate 漏出液：redistribution of Starling forces

38、across microcirculation, diuretics can result in rapid resolution, protein <30g/L or pleura: serum protein <1/2 or pleura: serum LDH<羽；often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia, embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism .Exudate 渗出液：capillary permeability inc

39、reases or lymph drainage decreasesoften seen in infection ,neoplasia, surgery or trauma.CXR: meniscus-shaped,rises towards axillaAppearance: clear straw-coloured: suggests transduateturbid, green: indicates exudates(pus cells) or empyema (bacterial infection)bloody( haemothorax 血胸)：tumor ,pulmonary

40、embolism, acute pancreatitis, traumawhite) chylothorax 乳糜胸)：lymph ,blocked thoracic duct, usually due to tumourTherapy: transudate: diureticsexudates: repeated drainage (thoracocentesis)intrathoracic streptokinase via chest drain: to lyse fibrinous adhesionspleural adhesion: tetracycline, bleomycinl

41、ung cancerhoarseness: due to left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsydysphagiapancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate ganglion resulting in Horner syndromehypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathysuperior vena cava obstruction (SVCO): headache, shortness of breath; conjunctival edema, plethora, vein dilati

42、on, pericardial tamponade( JVP 个ABPj,quiet HSparaneoplastic syndromes: endocrinef ACTH: Cushing's; B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss; PTH: hypercalcaemia especially squamous cell carcinoma), skin (dermatomyositis)immunocompromised e.g. shingles 带状疱疹squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primar

43、y lung tumours, but decreasing incidence relatively good prognosis if localized, squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemiaf PTH-rp secretion)adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early,

44、 gland-like and mucin-secretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagulable statesmall cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early, small AUPD cells with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromes commonbronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of ad

45、enocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation , e.g. fibrosing , copious clear mucoid sputumNSCLC: surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemotherapySCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)secondary lung cancer: breast, oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon i

46、f liver metastasis), melanoma, bone (sarcoma), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma, testes etc.obstructive sleep apnoeaobstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (024/,patient awakes from sleep), awakenin

47、g with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention, increased accident risk, polycythaemia, systemic hypertension and pulmonary hypertensionCauses: central obesity( fat deposition around upper airway leads to airway narrowing, abdominal fat elevates diaphragm),structurai features of

48、 upper airway (nasal obstruction: rhinitis,polyps, deviated sputum; adenotonsillar hypertrophy, micrognathia; macroglossia due to hypothyrodism/amyloid/Down's; cervical masses: goiter,laryngeal stenosis), smokingf exacerabates hypoxia), alcohol (acts as a sedative thereby reducing upper airway t

49、one),neuromuscular or CNS diseasesPSG( polysommography): overnight sleep studyTherapy: conservative: weight loss, avoid alcohol /smoking/sedatives, avoid supine positioncontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)mandibular advancement device (MAD)adenoidectomy (curative in children) uvulopalatopharyn

50、goplasty 悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术 maxillomandibular osteotomyobesity-hypoventilation syndrome: collapse of alveoli at end-expiration, decreased compliance due to weight of abdomen and chest wall, central respiratory drive J常用的化疗药cisplatin 顺铛Gemcitabine吉西他滨:一 Gemzar （盐酸吉西他滨注射剂） paclitaxel; taxinol 紫杉醇（Taxol 泰素） do

51、ce匕xel多西他赛（泰素帝） 常见的抗生素 beta-lactam antibiotics: inhibit cell wall synthesis penicillin skin test amoxicillin阿莫西林 piperacillin/tazobactam sodium 哌拉西林/他北坐巴坦钠 ticarcillin/ clavulanate potassium 替卡西林/克拉维酸钾 cephamycin头狗菌素类 cefradine头也拉咤 cefaclor头福克洛 cefoperazone/sulbactam 头泡哌酮/舒巴坦 ceftriaxone头抱曲松 cefpira

52、mide头抱毗咤 ceftazidime头抱他定 ceftizoxime头狗座污 carbopenems碳青霉烯类 azactam氨曲南 meropenem美罗培南 imipenem and sodium cilastatin亚胺培南/西司他丁钠（泰能 tienam）Glycopeptides 糖肽类 inhibit cell wall assembly vancomycin万古霉素 norvancomycin去甲万古霉素 teicoplanin替考拉林Macrolides 大环内酯类：inhibit protein synthesisroxithromycin 罗红楚素 clarithrom

53、ycin 克拉霉素 azithromycin阿奇霉素 erythromycin 红霉素 Aminoglycoside antibiotics: 氨基糖甘类 reno- and ototoxic inhibit initiation and elongation process during protein synthesis amikacin阿米卡星（丁胺卡那） gentamicin庆大霉素 streptomycin 链霉素Sulfamido磺胺类sulfamethoxazole compound （SMZ.CO）Quinolones 喳诺酮类：inhibit DNA gyrase norfl

54、oxacin诺氟沙星 ofloxacin氧氟沙星 levofloxacin左氧氟沙星 gatifloxacin加替沙星 moxifloxacin莫西沙星 ciprofloxacin 环丙沙星 Tetracycline四环素类minocycline美满霉素Nitromidazole硝基麻口坐类metronidazole 甲硝唾tinidazole 替硝口坐ornidazole 奥硝理Antitubercular agents 抗结核药rifampicin利孑将坐rifapentine 利福喷丁isoniazide, isonicotinic hydrazide acid INH 异烟月井pyra

55、zinamide 口比嗪酰胺ethambutol 乙胺丁醇Antifungal/antimycotic drug 抗真菌药nystatin制霉菌素amphotericin 两性霉素 Bfluconazole 氟康理voriconazole伏立康理itraconazole 机曲康口坐Antivirus agentsribavirin利巴韦林oseltamivir奥司他韦acyclovir阿昔洛韦ganciclovir 更昔洛韦valaciclovir伐昔洛韦foscarnet sodium, phosphonoformic acid 瞬甲酸钠(可耐)lamivudine拉米夫定entecavi恩

56、替卡韦常见的病原微生物，microorganism, microbe 微生物bacterium 细菌lipopolysaccharide (LPS)脂多糖antibiotics 抗生素pyrogen致热原exotoxin 外毒素endotoxin内毒素Gram stain童兰染色Colony forming unit, CFU 集落形成单位antibacterial agents 抗菌药resistance 耐药性ESBLs： extended spectrum B-lactamases 超光谱 B 内酰胺酶MRSA： methicillin-resistant staphylococcus

57、aureus 耐甲氧西林金 黄色葡萄球菌bacteremia 菌血症toxemia毒血症endotoxemia内毒素血症septicaemia 败血症pyemia脓毒血症pathogen致病焜pathogenicity 致病性virulence 毒力median lethal dose (LD50)半数致死量median infective dose (ID50)*数感染量virus病毒replication 复制viremia病毒血症normal microbiota, microflora, normal flora, physiological microbiota IE常微生物群flora disequilibrium 菌群失调dysbacteriosis菌群失调症opportunistic infection 机会性感染conditioned infection条件致病性感染endogenous infection 内感染exogenous infection 外源性感染antimicrobial s