高一英语专题复习一：被动语态外研社知识精讲.doc

1、高一英语专题复习一：被动语态 外研社知识精讲.doc高一英语专题复习一：被动语态外研社【本讲教育信息】1 .教学内容：专题复习一：被动语态2 .重难点讲解：高一英语必修三中的主要语法点有：被动语态，动词不定式和定语从句，另外还涉及了主谓 一致、间接引语及连接词的用法。被动语态专题复习(一)被动语态的构成形式(1) 动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式，被动 语态由be+过去分i构成，be随时态的变化而 变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：(2) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般 现在时例 Visitors are requested not to to

2、uch the exhibits.(3) has /have been done 现在完成时例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we ' re ready to start.(4) am/is /are being done 现在进行时例 A new cinema is being built here.(5) was/were done 一般过去时例 I was given ten minutes to decidewhether I should reject the offer.(6) had

3、been done过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.(7) was/were being done 过去进行时例 A meeting was being held when I was there.(8) shall/will be done 一般将来时例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if thefactory closes.(9) should/would be done 过去将来时 例 The news would be se

4、nt to the soldiermother as soon as it arrived.(10) shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用)例 The project will have been completedbefore July.(11) should/would have been done 过去将来完成时(少用)例 He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2 .被动语态的特殊结构形式(1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词+ be+过去分词。例 The ba

5、by should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.(2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被 动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主 语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主 语的是间接宾语。例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.(3)当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变 为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语， 其余不动。例 Someone caught the

6、boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.(4)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官 动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building.（5）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如

7、 “动词+介词”，“动词+副词”等，也可以用于 被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。 其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3 .非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing形式及不定式to do也有被动语态 （一般时态和完成时态）。例 I don ' t like being laughed atn the public.（二）如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各 种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语1 .讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动 作的执行者（这时可省 by短语）。例 My b

8、ike was stolen last night.2 .借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3 .为了更好地安排句子。例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一 个主语就够了）（三）It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, sa

9、y, suppose, think 等可 以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+ that从句”或 “主语+ be+过去分词+ to do sth."。有：It is said that 据说,It is reported that 据报道）It is believed that大家相信）It is hoped that 大家希望）It is well known that 众所周知）It is thought that大家认为,It is suggested that 据建议。例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.

10、 （= The boy is said to have passed the national exam.）（四）谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1 .英语中有很多动词如 break, catch, clean, drive , lock, open, sell, read, write , wash 等, 当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常 用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特 征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door won tlock.（指门本身 有毛病

11、）The door won ' t be locked.（指不会有人 来锁门，指“门没有锁”是人的原因）2 .表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语， 如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些 报纸是如何引出来的呢？3 .系动词没有被动形式，但有些表示感受、 感官的系动词 feel, sound, taste, book, feel 等

12、在 主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例 Your reason sounds reasonable.(五)非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动 形式表被动意义。1 .在 need, want, require, hear 等词的后面， 动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于 动词不定式的被动形式。例 The house needs repairing (to be repaired ).这房子需要修理。2 .形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表 示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例 The picture

13、-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)3 .动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和 名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代 词构成主谓关系，不定式的主动形式表示被动 含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do 与things 是动宾关系，与 I是 主谓关系。)试比较：I ' lgo to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? （此处用不定式的

14、被 动语态作定语表明 you不是post动作的执行 者。）4 .在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语 补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不 定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式 表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit,hard）difficult ? important ,impossible, pleasant, interesting 等。例 This problem is difficult to work out . （可 看作 to work out 省略了 for me）.5 .在too to结构中）不定式前面可加逻辑 主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意

15、义。例 This book is too expensive （for me） to buy.6 .在there be句型中）当动词不定式修饰名 词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人， 用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例 There is no time to lose （to be lost）.（用 to lose可看成 for us to lose;用 to be lost,谁 lost time不明确。）7 .在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用 主动表主动，被动表被动。然而，由于古英语的 影响，下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的 主动形式表示被动意义。例 Wh

16、o is to blame for starting the fire?（六）介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语 表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用， 含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被 动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行 中”。常见的有：under control （受控制），under treatment （在治疗中）,under repair （在修理中） under discussion （在讨论中）,under construction（在施工中）。例 The building is under cons

17、truction （is being constructed ）.2. "beyond+名词"结构，"出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief （令人 难以置信），beyond one' s reach鞭长莫及）， beyond one' control （无法控制）,beyond our hope.我们的成功始料不及。例 The rumour is beyond belief（=can' t bebelieved）.3. “above+名词”结构，表示“（品质、行为、 能力等）超过、高于”。例 His honest c

18、haracter is above all praise.=His honest character cannot be praised enough.4. “for+名词”结构，表示 “适于、 为 着”。如：for sale （出售）,for rent （出租）等。例 That house is for sale. （= That house is to be sold）.5. “in+名词”结构，表示“在过程中或 范围内”常见的有：in print （在印刷中）in sight （在视野范围内），等。例 The book is not yet in print. （=is not yet

19、printed ）6. “on+名词”结构，表示“在从事 中”。 常见的有：on sale （出售）on show （展出）,on trial （受审）。例 Today some treasures are on show in the museum （= are being showed）.7. “out of+名词”结构；表示“超出 之 外“）常见的有：out of control（控制不了）out of sight （超出视线之外）out of one ' s reach（够不着）,out of fashion （不流行）等。例 The plane was out of cont

20、rol （can' t be controlled ）.。8. “within+名词”结构，“在内、不超 过”。例 He took two days off within the teacher ' s permission.（七）被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语 承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所 处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当 于形容词。其区分办法如下：1 .如果强调动作或句中有介词 by引导出动作 的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结 构。例 The glass is broken.（系表结构）The glass

21、was broken by the boy.（被动语 态)2 .如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一 般为被动语态。例 The door is locked.(系表结构)The door has already/just been locked. (被动语态)3 .被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外， 还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动 词be只有一般时态和完成时态。例 The machine is being repaired.【典型例题】1 .高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析(1) In some parts of the world, teawith milk and sugar.

22、(NMET1993 )A. is serving B. is served C. servesD. served(2) This is Ted ' s phone. We miss him a lot.He trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002 )A. killed B. is killedC. was killed D. was killing(3) Have you moved into the newhouse?一Not yet, the rooms. (NMET1991 )A. are being painted

23、B. are paintingC. are painted D. are being painting(4) When and where to go for the on-salaryholiday yet.(上海春 2003)A. are not decided B. have not been decidedC. is not being decided D. has not been decided(5) The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets.(上海春2

24、001)A. was booked B. had been bookedC. were booked D. have been booked答案：BCADB2.高考对非谓语动词语态的考查当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者 时，须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语 之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键(1) Having a trip abroad is certainly goodfor the old couple, but it remains whether they will enjoy it. ( NMET2002 )A. to see B. to be seen C.

25、 seeing D. seent really(2) While shopping, people sometime s can ' help into buying something they donneed.(上海 1996)A. to persuaded B. persuadingC. being persuaded D. be persuaded(3) I feel it is your husband who for thespoiled child.(上海 2002)A. is to blame B. is going to blameC. is to be blamed

26、 D. should blame 答案：BCA练一练：1. The computers on the table Professor Smith.A. belongs B. are belonged toC. belongs to D. belong to2. 一What do you think of the book? Oh, excellent. It ' worth a second time.A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read3. The squirrel was lucky that it just misse

27、dA. catching B. to be caughtC. being caught D. to catch4. This page needed again.A. being checked B. checkedC. to check D. to be checked5.many times, the boy still didn ' know how to do the exercisesA. Having taught B. Having been taughtC. taught D. Teaching答案：DCCDB【模拟试题】1. If city noises from i

28、ncreasing ) peopleshout to be heard even at dinner.A. are not kept ; will have toB.arenot kept; haveC. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are and perfected now.A. developedB.havedevelopedC. are being developedD. will have

29、been developed3.the sports meet might be put off.Yes, it all depends on the weather.A. I ' ve been told B. I ' ve toldC. I ' m told D. I told4. I need one more stamp before my collectionA. has completed B. completesC. has been completed D. is completed5. Rainforests and burned at such a

30、speedthat they will disappear from the earth in the near future.A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut6. The new suspension bridge by the endof last month.A. has been designed B. had been designedC. was designed D. would be designed7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it.A. breaks B. has brokenC. was broken D. had been bro